Reading Speed Research Articles

A 14T radiation hardened SRAM for space applications with high reliability

SummaryStatic Random Access Memory (SRAM) is vital in aerospace applications, but it may experience soft errors in strong radiation environments. This paper proposes a reconfigurable radiation SRAM with two operating modes catering to different environmental requirements: (1) traditional triple modular redundancy mode used when the radiation environment is strong and (2) SRAM cell expansion mode used when the radiation is not very strong. For example, when the memory capacity of a single module is 8 k, the memory capacity is 8 k in traditional triple modular redundancy mode, but it can be tripled to 24 K in extended mode. As can be obviously seen, this design can adjust the size according to the needs. In SRAM cell expansion mode, the proposed 14T SRAM cell enables the memory to maintain radiation resistance. Compared with DICE, RHBD‐12T, and WHIT, the read speed is improved by 3.8%, 5.7%, and 11.5% respectively, but compared with WE‐QUATRO, the read speed is reduced by 1.9%. The hold static noise margin is 1.378 times than DICE, 1.201 times than WE‐QUATRO, 1.045 times than RHBD‐12T, and 1.14 times than WHIT, respectively. The proposed 14T cell in this paper exhibits the highest critical charge value compared with the other cells. Combined with the expansion mode of the reconfiguration design, it shows great stability.

Lexical processing in children with hearing impairment in oral word reading in transparent Arabic orthography

AbstractWord recognition mechanisms constitute an essential contribution to reading achievement in both deaf and hearing children. Little is known about how children with hearing impairment (HI) manage to read aloud words in the vowelled Arabic transparent script which provides full vowel information. This study aimed to compare word and pseudoword reading accuracy and speed between 32 Lebanese children with HI and 32 younger hearing Lebanese children. The two groups were carefully matched for reading comprehension and oral comprehension levels. Length, word frequency, and lexicality effects were assessed to characterize the functioning of the lexical and sublexical reading procedures. Reading errors were also analyzed to document reading difficulties in transparent Arabic orthography in the sublexical route. The results show significant effects of length, word frequency, and lexicality on reading accuracy and speed in both groups. They also indicate underdeveloped sublexical and lexical routes in children with HI who read less accurately and faster than the younger hearing children. Reading errors are numerous in children with HI. The data are discussed in light of the Dual Route Cascaded model. Suggestions are made about how to improve reading processes in children with HI.

The Influence of Phosphene Synchrony in Driving Object Binding in a Simulation of Artificial Vision.

Electrical microstimulation techniques used in visual prostheses are designed to restore visual function following acquired blindness. Patterns of induced focal percepts, known as phosphenes, are achieved by applying localized electrical pulses to the visual pathway to bypass the impaired site in order to convey images from the external world. Here, we use a simulation of artificial vision to manipulate relationships between individual phosphenes to observe the effects on object binding and perception. We hypothesize that synchronous phosphene presentation will facilitate object perception as compared to asynchronous presentation. A model system that tracks gaze position of normal, sighted participants to present patterns of phosphenes on a computer screen was used to simulate prosthetic vision. Participants performed a reading task at varying font sizes (1.1-1.4 logMAR) and under varying levels of phosphene temporal noise while reading accuracy and speed were measured. Reading performance was significantly affected by temporal noise in phosphene presentation, with increasing desynchronization leading to lower reading scores. A drop in performance was also observed when the total latency between the gaze position and phosphene update was increased without adding temporal noise. Object perception (here, text perception) is enhanced with synchronously presented phosphenes as compared to asynchronously presented ones. These results are fundamental for developing an efficient temporal pattern of stimulation and for the creation of high-fidelity prosthetic vision.

Kecepatan Membaca Tulisan Arab Melayu Kelas 2022 B Dalam Cerita “Orang China Masuk Open”

This research aims to determine and describe the reading speed of Malay Arabic texts for class B class 2022 students of the Indonesian Language and Literature Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, Riau University. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative and quantitative, with a sample size of 14 students class of 2022 B. The data collection technique used in this research is a test technique by providing a Malay Arabic text to obtain reading speed data with the help of a stopwatch to calculate speed time. Students complete reading Malay Arabic texts. Based on the research results, the reading speed of 2022 B students is 33.56 kpm. This shows that reading speed is still within the low criteria because it does not reach 200 kpm as the average criterion. Thus, the level of reading ability of students in the Indonesian Literature Language Education Study Program, Faculty of Teacher Training and Education, University of Riau class 2022 B is included in the low criteria.

Unilateral intraindividual comparison and bilateral performance of a monofocal spherical and diffractive extended depth of field intraocular lens mix-and-match approach.

To evaluate the intraindividual visual performance of a spherical and extended depth of field (EDOF) IOL used in a mix-and-match approach. Single centre (tertiary care centre), retrospective consecutive case series. Included patients had uneventful cataract surgery with implantation of a spherical monofocal IOL (CT Spheris 204) in the dominant eye and a diffractive EDOF IOL (AT LARA 829) in the non-dominant eye. Monocular and binocular defocus curves and visual acuity at various distances were assessed. In addition, binocular reading speed, contrast sensitivity, and patient satisfaction using QOV, Catquest 9SF, and glare/halo questionnaires are reported. A total of 29 patients (58 eyes) were included. We observed significant intra-individual differences for monocular DCIVA, DCNVA, UIVA, and UNVA. There were no differences in monocular BCDVA or UDVA. The monocular defocus curves for the two IOLs significantly differed at defocus steps between -1.0 and -3.5 D. 93.10% of patients reported they would opt for the same combination of IOLs. Excellent uncorrected and corrected distance visual acuity was demonstrated in both groups. The mix-and-match approach described in this study yielded good intermediate vision and improved near vision with high-patient satisfaction.

Incidence and factors for pseudoaccommodation after monofocal lens implantation: the Monofocal Extended Range of Vision study.

To screen patients with a monofocal intraocular lens (IOL) for incidence of unaided 20/40 and 0.3 LogMAR for distance and near (pseudoaccommodation) and to find factors for pseudoaccommodation. University Hospitals Sussex NHS Foundation Trust, Brighton, United Kingdom. Prospective study. This was a single-eye study ( ClinicalTrials.gov : NCT04011696). At 3 to 9 months, refraction, uncorrected and corrected distance and uncorrected near visual acuity (logMAR), spherical equivalent (SEQ), mesopic pupil size (PS), total eye spherical (Z 40 ), vertical coma (Z 3-1 ) aberrations, reading speed and smallest print size were assessed. Refractive astigmatism (RA) was classified as against-the-rule, with-the-rule, oblique and no astigmatism. Data on preoperative axial length (AL) and anterior chamber depth (ACD) were collected. 29 patients (9.6%, 95% CI, 6.5-13.5) had pseudoaccommodation. In cases vs controls, median SEQ, PS, total Z 40 , Z 3-1 , reading speed, smallest print size, preoperative ACD, preoperative AL were: -0.39 vs 0.0 diopters; 3.62 vs 4.10 mm; 0.01 vs 0.02 μm; 0.018 vs 0.022 μm; 106 vs 133 words per minute; 0.30 vs 0.50 logMAR; 2.94 vs 3.13 mm, 23.4 vs 23.7 mm, respectively. RA was not different between the groups. Univariate analysis revealed preoperative ACD (odds ratio [OR], 0.38, 95% CI, 0.16-0.94, P = .04), SEQ (OR, 0.61, 95% CI, 0.42-0.88, P = .01), total Z 40 (OR, 0.0003, 95% CI, 0.00-0.39, P = .03) and PS (OR, 0.39, 95% CI, 0.22-0.69, P < .041) to be significant. Whereas multivariable logistic regression identified: preoperative AL (OR, 0.62, 95% CI, 0.42-0.91, P = .02), SEQ (OR, 0.49, 95% CI, 0.31-0.78, P = .01), Z 40 (OR, 0.00, 95% CI, 0.0-0.01, P = .01) and PS (OR, 0.41, 95% CI, 0.23-0.75, P = .01) to be significant. A combination of low myopic SEQ, lower Z 40 , shorter preoperative AL, and smaller PS increases the chances of pseudoaccommodation.

The Use of Virtual Screens in Perceptual Studies on Electric Light: A Comparison Between 2D, Panoramic, Cardboard, and Head-Mounted Displays

ABSTRACT This paper introduces the results of an experiment on lighting perception and reading speed where data collected in a physical space is compared to that collected in representations of that space simulated through a web survey and three VR Head-Mounted Displays (HMDs). The results build on an experiment, where perceptions of electric lighting conditions in a physical space were compared to those of the same space simulated in a single VR HMD (HTC Vive Pro). This study extends the previous scope to compare three VR HMD groups (cardboard VR, Oculus Quest 2, and HTC Vive Pro) to ratings of the same lighting conditions viewed through 2D-perspective or immersive panoramic images displayed in a web survey. Past research has compared perceptions of daylight and electric lighting scenes between physical and VR environments, but there is a lack of research that compares ratings of lighting conditions between VR HMDs and to other conventional image formats. For the VR HMD groups, the results revealed significant differences in reading speed between the physical space and cardboard VR HMD groups. An analysis of our subjective ratings showed all three VR HMDs producing fewer significantly different ratings from the physical space than either of the web groups, but ratings in the panoramic group outperformed the 2D-perspective group. The findings suggest that the type of VR HMD impacts reading speed in virtual lighting scenes and more immersive images produce less error than 2D-perspective images when compared to ratings in a physical space.

Enhancing Oral Reading Skills to Improve Reading Comprehension

Reading is a pleasurable activity. Reading skills contain several objectives and methods. An overall discussion on the identification of the problems that students may face in their schooling is an important aspect. The main objective of this study is to analyze and process the link between students' reading skills and their potential to make out the texts they read. The steps of using certain methods portrayed by secondary sources in the study based on the proper approaches and individual communication approaches. The process of using the steps of certain methods in this study have been portrayed in a manner that helps the students not only in their academic career but also their daily scheme of communication. The proper advancement of reading skills is the crucial topics of accuracy, reading speed, and other activities. This paper will enlighten the strategies while highlighting oral reading activities.

An Evaluation of the Repeatability of Visual Function Following Surgical Repair of Macula-Off Rhegmatogenous Retinal Detachment.

To evaluate the reliability and reproducibility of visual function assessments for patients with macula-off rhegmatogenous retinal detachment (RRD). This prospective study included patients with unilateral macula-off RRD of <10-day duration successfully treated with a single, uncomplicated surgery at least 1 year following repair. Visual function assessments were performed at time of enrollment and 1 month later. Testing included Early Treatment Diabetic Retinopathy Study (ETDRS) best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), low-luminance visual acuity (LLVA), low-contrast visual acuity (VA) 2.5% and 5%, contrast sensitivity assessment with Mars and Gabor patches, reading speed (acuity, speed, and critical print size), color vision testing (protan, deutan, and tritan), and microperimetry. Spectral-domain ocular coherence tomography (SD-OCT) was performed. Paired t-statistics were used to compare values between visits and between the study and fellow eyes. Fourteen patients (9 male, 5 female) with a mean age of 69 years at time of surgery were evaluated. Correlation coefficients across the two visits were highest for ETDRS BCVA (0.97), tritan color vision testing (0.96), and low-contrast VA 5% (0.96), while the average t-statistic was largest for low-luminance deficit (4.2), ETDRS BCVA (4.1), and reading speed critical print size (3.7). ETDRS BCVA did not correlate with SD-OCT findings. ETDRS BCVA can be considered a highly reliable and reproducible outcome measure. LLVA, protan color discrimination, contrast sensitivity, and reading speed may be useful secondary outcome measures. This study provides guidance on the selection of visual function outcome measures for clinical trials of patients with macula-off RRD.

Text-to-Speech Software and Reading Comprehension: The Impact for Students with Learning Disabilities

This literature review examines the use of text-to-speech (TTS) software as an accommodation for students with learning disabilities and its impact on improving reading comprehension. As the development and availability of TTS tools and assistive technologies have increased over the past decade, it is significant to explore how they are used to accommodate students at all levels of education to promote a universal design of learning. Based on a review of the current literature and utilizing self-regulated learning theory as a framework, four significant themes have emerged: (a) TTS being seen as a compensatory tool; (b) improving reading abilities and comprehension; (c) increasing student motivation and self-efficacy; and (d) the need for training for students, educators, and parents. Findings of this literature review revealed that overall, TTS software is commonly used as a compensatory tool (mainly at the postsecondary level), has assisted in students improving reading speed, fluency, and content retention, resulted in increased student self-efficacy in reading abilities and independent learning, and that there is a significant need to allocate training and technological resources to support students. As there are various directions for future research, exploring this area can contribute to schools promoting inclusive and accommodating learning environments.

Relationship of Reading Speed, Number of Lines and Number of Words on Indonesian Highway’s Variable Message Signal (VMM)

Relationship of Reading Speed, Number of Lines and Number of Words on Indonesian Highway’s Variable Message Signal (VMM)

Identifying dyslexia in school pupils from eye movement and demographic data using artificial intelligence.

This paper represents our research results in the pursuit of the following objectives: (i) to introduce a novel multi-sources data set to tackle the shortcomings of the previous data sets, (ii) to propose a robust artificial intelligence-based solution to identify dyslexia in primary school pupils, (iii) to investigate our psycholinguistic knowledge by studying the importance of the features in identifying dyslexia by our best AI model. In order to achieve the first objective, we collected and annotated a new set of eye-movement-during-reading data. Furthermore, we collected demographic data, including the measure of non-verbal intelligence, to form our three data sources. Our data set is the largest eye-movement data set globally. Unlike the previously introduced binary-class data sets, it contains (A) three class labels and (B) reading speed. Concerning the second objective, we formulated the task of dyslexia prediction as regression and classification problems and scrutinized the performance of 12 classifications and eight regressions approaches. We exploited the Bayesian optimization method to fine-tune the hyperparameters of the models: and reported the average and the standard deviation of our evaluation metrics in a stratified ten-fold cross-validation. Our studies showed that multi-layer perceptron, random forest, gradient boosting, and k-nearest neighbor form the group having the most acceptable results. Moreover, we showed that although separately using each data source did not lead to accurate results, their combination led to a reliable solution. We also determined the importance of the features of our best classifier: our findings showed that the IQ, gender, and age are the top three important features; we also showed that fixation along the y-axis is more important than other fixation data. Dyslexia detection, eye fixation, eye movement, demographic, classification, regression, artificial intelligence.

Accelerated alighnment of inertial navigation system On movable base

It is proposed and researched algorithm of accelerated alignment in motion of an integrated navigation system, which consists of a strapdown inertial navigation system (SINS) and a satellite navigation system (SNS). Such a standard SNS is considered, in which orientation angles are not determined, that is, heading, pitch, roll. The algorithm is suitable for use on objects where the velocity vector coincides with the longitudinal axis of the object, that is, the heading angle coincides with the path angle. These can be ground vehicles, other vehicles at zero drift (wear) angles. The paper examines the estimation of the error of the heading alignment, because the heading alignment (gyrocompassing) is usually the most difficult procedure of the initial alignment. When determining the heading error, the benchmark is the heading that can be determined from the satellite speed readings or from the readings of the hybrid navigation system, which is built on the SINS algorithm, in which the speed is not determined, but the speed from the SNS is used. The study was conducted by modeling. At the same time, the standard characteristics of SNS, gyroscopes and accelerometers are taken into account. For comparison, a simulation of the well-known integrated SINS was also carried out using a weakly coupled open integration scheme (compensation scheme) using the Kalman filter (FK). It is shown that the determination of the error can be performed in a few seconds, if the SNS is already working in normal mode. The accuracy of the determination increases with an increase in the speed of movement and the frequency of issuing input data. The proposed algorithm shows higher accuracy than the FK algorithm. In the given example, for a ground object in 30 s, the accuracy of the alignment is less than 5 arc.min.

The effect of blue light filter on visual and task performance.

This study aimed to determine the effect of the blue light (BL) filter on the different tasks performed on a laptop on a daily basis. Forty subjects were required to perform a 45-minute task on the laptop screen with or without the BL filter on two different days. In the first task, subjects were made to watch a video. In the second task, subjects were made to read a passage from the laptop for 3 minutes, and reading speed was calculated. In the third task, subjects were made to enter the data on the laptop. The time taken to fill in the data was recorded. After the completion of the task, questionnaires were administered. Pre- and post-task accommodative tests were performed. Forty emmetropes with a mean age of 21 ± 2 were recruited. In visual performance, the subjective response showed a significant difference in visual fatigue level with and without the filter. A statistically significant difference was seen in reading speed and data entry during task performance with and without the filter. Pre- and post-task accommodative parameters showed variable responses. This study showed that the use of a BL filter improves task performance, but subjectively, people experienced more visual fatigue while using the filter.

Impact of systematic dynamic maneuvers during computed tomography scan on the T classification of head and neck cancers

ObjectivesTo evaluate the impact of systematic dynamic maneuvers during CT scan on the T-staging of head and neck cancer (HNC). Materials and methodsCT scans from the initial workup of 443 consecutive patients treated for HNC in our institution were retrospectively analyzed. CT scans were performed in both expert centers (comprehensive cancer center and university hospital) and non-expert centers. We noted whether dynamic maneuvers (DM) were performed, in 3 categories, namely: DM not done (DMND), done and inadequate (DMDI), done and adequate (DMDA). In the group with DMDA, T-stage was evaluated without and with DM. Interobserver agreement for T staging was assessed after independent double reading of CT scans with and without DM by two radiologists in a random sample. ResultsAmong the 443 CT scans, DMND was observed in 36.3%, DMDI in 9.3% and DMDA in 54.4%. DMDA were significantly more frequent in expert than in non-expert centers (93.4 vs 6.6%, p < 0.001). In CT scans with DMDA, analysis of the 141 scans rated as T1, T2, T3, or T4 without DM showed agreement of 88.7% with scans with DM, corresponding to a reclassification rate of 11.3% (kappa = 0.85, 95%CI [0.78;0.92]). Among lesions initially classed as Tx without DM (N = 100), the reclassification rate was 76% including DM. ConclusionThe performance of systematic DM integrated into CT protocols is useful to reclassify the T stage in HNC and is essential in case of lesions initially classified as Tx without DM. DM should be performed routinely in expert and nonexpert centers.

Head-to-head comparison of [11C]methionine PET, [11C]choline PET, and 4-dimensional CT as second-line scans for detection of parathyroid adenomas in primary hyperparathyroidism.

Accurate preoperative localization is imperative to guide surgery in primary hyperparathyroidism (pHPT). It remains unclear which second-line imaging technique is most effective after negative first-line imaging. In this study, we compare the diagnostic effectiveness of [11C]methionine PET/CT, [11C]choline PET/CT, and four dimensional (4D)-CT head-to-head in patients with pHPT, to explore which of these imaging techniques to use as a second-line scan. We conducted a powered, prospective, blinded cohort study in patients with biochemically proven pHPT and prior negative or discordant first-line imaging consisting of ultrasonography and 99mTc-sestamibi. All patients underwent [11C]methionine PET/CT, [11C]choline PET/CT, and 4D-CT. At first, all scans were interpreted by a nuclear medicine physician, and a radiologist who were blinded from patient data and all imaging results. Next, a non-blinded scan reading was performed. The scan results were correlated with surgical and histopathological findings. Serum calcium values at least 6months after surgery were used as gold standard for curation of HPT. A total of 32 patients were included in the study. With blinded evaluation, [11C]choline PET/CT was positive in 28 patients (88%), [11C]methionine PET/CT in 23 (72%), and 4D-CT in 15 patients (47%), respectively. In total, 30 patients have undergone surgery and 32 parathyroid lesions were histologically confirmed as parathyroid adenomas. Based on the blinded evaluation, lesion-based sensitivity of [11C]choline PET/CT, [11C]methionine PET/CT, and 4D-CT was respectively 85%, 67%, and 39%. The sensitivity of [11C]choline PET/CT differed significantly from that of [11C]methionine PET/CT and 4D-CT (p = 0.031 and p < 0.0005, respectively). In the setting of pHPT with negative first-line imaging, [11C]choline PET/CT is superior to [11C]methionine PET/CT and 4D-CT in localizing parathyroid adenomas, allowing correct localization in 85% of adenomas. Further studies are needed to determine cost-benefit and efficacy of these scans, including the timing of these scans as first- or second-line imaging techniques.

Favorite Magazines and Reading Topics Among Saudi Female College Students

This study aimed to explore the magazines and topics that female college students like to read, and the topics that senior and junior high school reading textbooks contain. Findings of questionnaire-surveys with female college students at King Saud University revealed that 77% of the students read women’s magazines; 77% like to read about fashion and make-up; 66% read articles about movies, singers, and actors; 24% read poetry; 1-4% read religious, educational, literary, political, computer and internet, and historical articles. Analysis of the reading schoolbooks showed that 10% of the reading texts are devoted to Quranic verses and Prophet Mohammed’s Hadiths; 29% are about Islamic history; 13% focus on general topics, and 11% deal with classical literature. It can be concluded that female college students like to read magazines and topics that prevail in satellite T.V. broadcasting and social media such as Instagram. Both magazines and satellite T.V. shows marginalize young people’s local culture and distract them from vital social, and political issues. There is a discrepancy between the types of topics students read at school and those they like to read at home. Therefore, this study recommends that reading texts in the school textbooks be re-selected, re-constructed and re-designed in terms of layout, colors, pictures, paper quality, and choosing an attractive cover. It also recommends the utilization of online courses, blogs, mind-mapping software, mobile reading apps and audiobooks, digital reading, global topics and global culture, speed reading practice, and reading from multiple resources. High school and college students should be introduced to new books, magazines, and e-books. Extensive reading of serious topics should be started from the primary grades; reading texts should be diversified; developing students’ appreciation skills and visiting book fairs, public libraries, publishing houses, cultural centers should be emphasized as well.

Visual acuity and reading print size requirements in children with vision impairment

ABSTRACT Clinical Relevance The support of students with a vision impairment throughout education could be enhanced by assessing the functional reading ability of the individual. This visual assessment could inform educators of individualised student needs and potentially improve the academic achievement for these students. Background Support for children with a vision impairment within a classroom is typically based on clinical findings of distance visual acuity and visual fields. Therefore, determining optimal print size for reading is essential to ensure best academic outcomes. Secondary aims were to investigate the possible impact of underlying pathology on reading ability. Methods Forty-seven participants were recruited from a state-wide support service for children with a vision impairment in South Australia. Three visual acuity groups were formed based on World Health Organisation definitions of mild, moderate, and severe vision impairment. Correlation between clinical measures of distance visual acuity using the Freiburg Visual Acuity Test, were compared with reading acuity and critical print size (smallest font before reading speed reduced) using Minnesota low vision reading chart (MNREAD). Results No significant correlations were found for mild (0.20–0.49 logMAR) and severe (1.00–1.52 logMAR) vision impairment groups between distance visual acuity and reading acuity read (p = .64, CI [−.585, .395]/p = .82, CI [−.48, .58]) or critical print size (p = .78, CI [−.57, .45]/p = .43, CI [−.34, .68]. A significant correlation was found for the moderate vision impairment group: 0.50–0.99 logMAR for minimum reading acuity (p < .001, CI [.44, .91]) and critical print size (p = .03, CI [.05, .80]). Conclusions Standard clinical measures of distance visual acuity are an unpredictable estimate of reading ability in children with mild and severe vision impairment. Additional measures of functional near reading ability could provide a more meaningful indicator of reading ability and help provide optimum support to students through education.

De A a Z: efectos de un programa de intervención en lectura de segundo grado para lectores con dificultades

Many children in primary grades show difficulties with reading fluency, hardly reading text or doing it effortfully and fruitlessly, making intervention programs for struggling readers a priority for researchers and schools. This paper analyzes the results of a reading intervention program for 182 second-grade struggling readers (boys = aged 7-8 46.7%) from public schools. Students received a multi-component program, including repeated readings, word recognition, morphological analysis, text interpretation, and writing skills. Participants received about fifty 45-minute intervention sessions over the school year. Using a difference-in-differences, quasi-experimental between- (intervention and control group) and within-group longitudinal design (three-point measurements), we found that the intervention group progressed significantly faster than a classmate control group (n = 827, boys = aged 7-8, 52.4%) in all reading outcomes (speed, accuracy, and expressiveness). By the end of the school year, differences between the intervention and control groups in accuracy and expressiveness become small but are still large in reading speed. Implications for research and practice are presented at the end of the paper.

Do institutional or subject referencing style choices create barriers for students with specific learning disability?

Models of information literacy (Coonan et al., 2018; SCONUL, 2011) are explicit: critical thinking and ethical information use are essential skills within higher education (HE). Referencing is key to this, demonstrating how students select and apply information to create knowledge (Buckley, 2015; Angelil-Carter, 1995). Within HE there has been an increased focus on inclusivity and accessibility (Equality Act, 2010; United Nations, 2015; Department for Education and Department for Health, 2015). Growing numbers of students are declaring a disability (Advance HE, 2019) and reports suggest they are increasingly dissatisfied with their courses (Office for Students, 2020). Proportionally, students with disabilities achieve lower grades than students without (Advance HE, 2019), suggesting needs and expectations of students with a disability are not being met within HE provisions. The presentation discussed an ethically approved small-scale mixed-methods study carried out as part of a MA in Special Educational Needs and Inclusion. The research investigated student perceptions of referencing, whether adherence to specific referencing styles is a barrier for students with dyslexia and began investigating the impact of referencing styles on reading comprehension. The largest disability declared within HE is Specific Learning Disability (SpLD) (Advance HE, 2019), which includes dyslexia (American Psychological Association, 2013). Students with SpLD report lower confidence with academic writing than non-SpLD students (Kinder and Elander, 2012). Academic literacy skills are arguably intertwined with a sense of legitimacy and belonging (Gourlay, 2009): it is therefore vital to consider ways of improving inclusion for all students (Office for Students, 2020). The presenter observed that students with SpLD spent more time and energy on referencing than their non-disabled peers. This perception is corroborated by others (Sanders, 2010) and when combined with slower reading speeds (Hendricks and Quinn, 2000; Sanders, 2010; Serry et al., 2018) reduces time students have for critical subject engagement (Wengelin, 2007). Attendees gained an understanding of how students view referencing and whether the choice of referencing system disadvantages students with dyslexia. Attendees also took part in a reading comprehension test giving a taster of the next steps for research which requires collaborative partners.