Speed Of Eating Research Articles

Eating fast leads to insulin resistance: Findings in middle-aged Japanese men and women

Objective To examine relationships between speed of eating and insulin resistance. Methods Cross-sectional study of 2704 male (mean age and BMI: 48.2 y and 23.3 kg/m 2) and 761 female (46.3 y and 21.8 kg/m 2) non-diabetic Japanese civil servants, 75% clerical, and 25% manual laborers, using a two-part questionnaire on life-style factors and diet history with self-assessment of categorical speed of eating and energy intake over a 1-month period. We measured BMI, blood glucose and insulin concentrations and calculated insulin resistance using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance: (HOMA-IR). Results BMI correlated with eating rate in both sexes, and with daily energy intake in men. Multiple regression analysis of log HOMA-IR by categorical speed of eating, adjusting for age, energy intake and lifestyle factors showed a statistically significant gradual increase in HOMA-IR with increases in relative eating rate in men ( p < 0.001, for trend) and in women ( p < 0.01). Adjusting for BMI, this positive relationship appeared only in men ( p = 0.03). Conclusions Our results suggest that eating fast is independently associated with insulin resistance in middle-aged Japanese men and women.

Outcomes and Health-Related Quality of Life After Esophagectomy for High-Grade Dysplasia and Intramucosal Cancer

The reported morbidity and mortality associated with esophagectomy for high-grade dysplasia (HGD) and intramucosal cancer (IMC) have led asymptomatic patients to consider less invasive and possibly less effective treatments. This study provides a critical assessment of outcomes and health-related quality of life (HRQL) after esophagectomy for HGD and IMC. Cohort analytic study. Section of thoracic surgery at a tertiary referral center. All patients who presented between May 1991 and February 2003 with a biopsy-proven diagnosis of Barrett esophagus with HGD or IMC were assessed. Prospective analysis of postoperative morbidity, mortality, HRQL, and gastrointestinal symptoms. Follow-up was complete in 36 patients. Mean follow-up was 4.9 years (range, 0.5-12.0 years). The incidence of postoperative invasive cancer was 39%, with stages ranging from I to IIB. There were 4 major complications (11%) and no operative mortality. Twenty-eight patients were alive, with a cancer-free survival of 85%. The HRQL outcomes (Medical Outcomes Study 36-Item Short-Form Health Survey) were comparable with those of age- and sex-matched controls. Significant differences in postesophagectomy gastrointestinal symptoms were seen with a decreased incidence of heartburn (P < or = .001) and increased requirement for a slower speed of eating. Twenty-two (79%) of the 28 patients described their current eating pattern as "normal or insignificantly impacted." Esophagectomy for HGD and IMC can be accomplished with low morbidity and mortality. Furthermore, most patients are able to resume a normal eating pattern, and postoperative HRQL can be equivalent to that of the general population.

Gastric dilatation-volvulus in dogs

Gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) is a disease in which there is gross distension of the stomach with fluid or gas and gastric malpositioning. It causes pathology of multiple organ systems and is rapidly fatal. It is common in large- and giant-breed dogs. The disease appears to have a familial predisposition. Thoracic depth/width ratio also appears to predispose dogs to GDV. Implicated dietary factors include dietary particle size, frequency of feeding, speed of eating, aerophagia and an elevated feed bowl. A fearful temperament and stressful events may also predispose dogs to GDV. Abdominal distension, non-productive retching, restlessness, signs of shock, tachypnoea and dyspnoea are possible clinical signs. Initial treatment includes treatment of shock and gastric decompression. Surgical treatment should be performed promptly. There are no studies comparing the use of different anaesthetic agents in the anaesthetic management of GDV. Pre-medication with an opioid/benzodiazepine combination has been recommended. Induction agents that cause minimal cardiovascular changes such as opioids, neuroactive steroidal agents and etomidate are recommended. Anaesthesia should be maintained with an inhalational agent. Surgical therapy involves decompression, correction of gastric malpositioning, debridement of necrotic tissue, and gastropexy. Options for gastropexy include incisional, tube, circumcostal, belt-loop, incorporating, and laparoscopic gastropexy. Expected mortality with surgical therapy is 15–24%. Prognostic factors include mental status on presentation, presence of gastric necrosis, presence of cardiac arrhythmia and plasma lactate levels. Prophylactic gastropexy should be considered in dogs identified as being at high risk.

Vagal-sparing esophagectomy: a more physiologic alternative.

To evaluate the function of the vagal nerves and the gastric reservoir after vagal-sparing esophagectomy. Esophagectomy as currently performed includes division of the vagal nerves and surgical alteration of the stomach, with attendant postoperative dumping, diarrhea, reduced meal capacity, and weight loss. Vagal-sparing esophagectomy has been introduced as a technique for removal of the esophagus while preserving the vagal nerves and gastric reservoir. The procedure is touted as having a low morbidity and is applicable to patients with end-stage benign or early malignant disease. A random sample of 15 patients at a median of 20 months after a vagal-sparing esophagectomy was compared to 23 asymptomatic normal subjects; 10 randomly selected patients, 29 months after esophagogastrectomy with colon interposition; and 10 randomly selected patients, 47 months after standard esophagectomy with gastric pull-up. Gastric mucosal acidification was tested with Congo red staining. Vagal secretory function was measured by gastric acid output and pancreatic polypeptide response to sham feeding. Vagal motor function was assessed by a technetium gastric emptying scan and a questionnaire to evaluate dumping and diarrhea. Gastric reservoir function was evaluated by measuring meal capacity and postoperative changes in body mass index. Vagal-sparing esophagectomy preserved the function of the vagi, as evident by an increase in gastric acid output, a rise in serum pancreatic polypeptide following sham feeding, and preservation of normal postoperative gastric emptying in 70% of the patients. After vagal-sparing esophagectomy, patients were free of dumping and diarrhea and were analogous to normal subjects in meal capacity but had a slight reduction in the speed of eating. Vagal-sparing esophagectomy preserves gastric secretory, motor, and reservoir function. Postoperatively, patients have normal alimentation, bowel regulation, and no weight loss. It is an ideal procedure for patients with end-stage benign disease, Barrett's esophagus with high-grade dysplasia, or esophageal carcinoma limited to the lamina propria.

Effect of stress on feeding behavior in rats: individual differences

Abstract The experiment was conducted to study individual differences in stress-induced changes of food intake in rats and to examine concomitant changes of non-eating behaviors. Eating and non-eating behaviors were measured during five consecutive test sessions under stressful noise (95 dB white noise, n =18) and control conditions (60 dB white noise, n =18). Two thirds of the stressed rats were classified as normophagic, one third showed hypophagic responses. Hypophagic rats spent less time eating and more time grooming and resting than normophagic and control rats. Hypophagic rats also showed an increased tendency of scanning movements during eating and an increased tendency to leave the food area. Their eating speed was significantly lower than that of the normophagic rats. Hypophagic rats were characterized by a heightened reactivity to stressors which may have counteracted the adaptation to the stressful feeding situation. Results point to a role of biological factors for individual differences in stress-induced changes of eating.

Non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus in large and giant breed dogs.

To identify non-dietary risk factors for gastric dilatation-volvulus (GDV) in large breed and giant breed dogs. Prospective cohort study. 1,637 dogs > or = 6 months old of the following breeds: Akita, Bloodhound, Collie, Great Dane, Irish Setter, Irish Wolfhound, Newfoundland, Rottweiler, Saint Bernard, Standard Poodle, and Weimaraner. Owners of dogs that did not have a history of GDV were recruited at dog shows, and the dog's length and height and the depth and width of its thorax and abdomen were measured. Information concerning the dog's medical history, genetic background, personality, and diet was obtained from the owners, and owners were contacted by mail and telephone at approximately 1-year intervals to determine whether dogs had developed GDV or died. Incidence of GDV, calculated on the basis of dog-years at risk for dogs that were or were not exposed to potential risk factors, was used to calculate the relative risk of GDV. Cumulative incidence of GDV during the study was 6% for large breed and giant breed dogs. Factors significantly associated with an increased risk of GDV were increasing age, having a first-degree relative with a history of GDV, having a faster speed of eating, and having a raised feeding bowl. Approximately 20 and 52% of cases of GDV among the large breed and giant breed dogs, respectively, were attributed to having a raised feed bowl.

Effects of eating space and availability of water in feeders on productivity and eating behavior of grower/finisher pigs.

Three experiments were conducted to determine the effects of eating space and availability of water within feeders on the productivity and behavior of growing/finishing pigs. In Exp. 1, 12 commercial feeders were classified as being either single-space (SS) or multiple-space (MS), and either as dry (D) or wet/dry (WD), resulting in two SS-D, four MS-D, three SS-WD and three MS-WD models. Each model was evaluated using four pens of 12 pigs, which were fed a mash diet throughout the growing/finishing period (25 to 106 kg). Pigs were videotaped when they were approximately 40 and 80 kg in weight to determine eating behavior. The number of feeding spaces did not affect the productivity of the pigs, but the presence of water within the feeder resulted in increases in ADFI (P < .05) and ADG (P < .05) and a reduction in carcass lean (P < .05). Pigs eating from SS feeders spent 15% less time eating than those fed from two-space feeders (P < .05), and occupancy rate for feeding spaces was increased by 75% (P < .05). The WD feeders also resulted in a reduction (17%) in eatingtime compared to D models (P < .01), and occupancy rate for WD feeders was similarly reduced (P < .05). Pigs spent 16% less time eating when they weighed approximately 80 kg than when they weighed 40 kg (P < .01). In Exp. 2, rate of eating was determined during a short test on the same 12 feeder models for both small (48 kg) and large (90 kg) pigs. Large pigs ate faster than small pigs, but eating rate was not affected by feeding space or presence of water in the feeder. In Exp. 3, eating rate was determined for small amounts of dry or wet feed. Premixing water with the feed (1:1 ratio by weight) increased eating speed (P < .01). We concluded that 12 pigs can be fed from a single-space feeder without affecting productivity. The inclusion of water within a feeder decreases time spent eating, but it increases ADFI and ADG. When pigs are small, they spend more time eating, and feeder occupancy rates are higher than when they are large.

Ventral tegmental injections of morphine but not U-50,488H enhance feeding in food-deprived rats

Food-deprived rats received microinjections of the preferential μ opiate morphine or the selective κ opiate U-50,488H (0.1, 1 and 10 nmol) into the ventral tegmental area (VTA). Meals were divided into discrete segments so that repeated measures of the speed of eating and the latency to initiate eating could be obtained. Morphine produced a dose-dependant increase in the speed of eating. Injections of saline or U-50,488H into the VTA or injections of morphine dorsal to the VTA were ineffective. Neither morphine nor U-50,488H had a significant effect on the latency to initiate feeding. These data suggests that μ but not κ opioid receptors in the VTA are involved in the regulation of feeding in food-deprived rats.

Effect of intravenous administration of apolipoprotein A-IV on patterns of feeding, drinking and ambulatory activity of rats

To characterize the anorectic effect of apolipoprotein A-IV (apo A-IV), we examined the effect of apo A-IV on the patterns of feeding, drinking and ambulation of rats fed ad libitum. A single dose of 200, 135 or 60 μg was infused intravenously through a chronically indwelling, right atrial catheter just before the dark period. Apo A-IV suppressed food intake by decreasing meal size, but did not affect the interval between meals, the speed of eating, or the latency to eat the first meal after infusion. The anorectic effect of apo A-IV was dose-dependent and was effective for about 3 h after the infusion. The anorectic effect of apo A-IV is specific because inactivation of apo A-IV abolishes its anorectic effect. The anorectic effect of apo A-IV is not shared by apo A-I. Apo A-IV had no effect on drinking behavior or ambulatory activity. The results seem to indicate that apo A-IV specifically decreases the meal size, which supports our hypothesis that apo A-IV may act as a physiological signal for satiation after the ingestion of a lipid meal.

Food consistency modulates eating volume and speed through brain histamine in rat

Changes in meal parameters of rats fed with different consistency of food were examined using hard and soft pellets. Meal size and eating speed of the first meal after 1800 h increased significantly in rats fed with soft pellets compared to those fed with hard pellets. Effects of histamine depletion on meals treated with hard or soft pellets were investigated after an intraperitoneal injection of 0.11 mmol/ kg α-fluoromethylhistidine (FMH), a specific suicide inhibitor of the histamine synthesizing decarboxylase enzyme. When rats were fed with hard pellets, FMH significantly decreased eating speed and prolonged meal duration without affecting meal size. When rats were fed with soft pellets, FMH increased meal size and duration, but not eating speed. The meal parameter of eating speed was significantly decreased and meal size and duration were increased in obese Zuckers, a hereditary histamine-depleted animal model, when compared to their lean littermates. These results indicate that proprioceptive sensation from the oral cavity may regulate meal parameters through histaminergic neurons in the brain.

Effects of pre-feeding on food-approach latency and food consumption speed in food deprived rats

Deprived rats were trained to receive a major portion of their daily food ration in meal segments of five 45 mg food pellets, presented for 36 sec each at 72 sec intervals. Latency to make oral contact with first pellets did not change over 18 meal segments, while the time to complete the eating of meal segments increased progressively. Pre-feeding with 45 or 90 pellets had little effect on latencies except in the last few trials in the 90-pellet condition. Pre-feeding had a marked effect on time to complete segments, increasing it in proportion to the number of pellets consumed. Thus satiation caused a progressive change in speed of eating, while it caused an all-or-none change in initiation of eating. That is, animals responded to new food pellets with normal latency up to the point when they stopped responding completely. With repeated testing the effects of prefeeding on both speed and latency measures was reduced; the animals ate more steadily, and came to eat every pellet, as familiarity with the situation increased.

Correcting the eating disorder in anorexia nervosa

The aim of the present study was to assess whether direct informational feedback using videotape recordings would improve abnormal eating behaviour in patients with anorexia nervosa. Eight inpatients participated in the study. A statistically significant improvement was noted in the occurence of obsessional eating behaviour and in table manners. However, there was no change in the speed of eating, disposal of food or behaviours which reduce caloric intake. The implications of these findings for the treatment and prognosis of anorexia nervosa are discussed.

Homeostatic competition between food intake and temperature regulation in rats

Rats obliged to leave a thermoneurtral box to feed at air temperatures (T a) of 25°, 5 or −15°C reduced the total time spent feeding and the duration of each meal as T a fell, but increased their food intake by eating faster. Increasing the palatability of the food offered at −15°C T a did not prolong feeding but further increased food intake and the speed of eating. The estimated maximum fall in rectal temperature during feeding at −15°C was small (0.48°±0.15°C, S.E.) but skin temperatures of ears and tail tip fell to near 0°C. These rats were able to maintain near-normal balances of food intake and body temperature by reallocating the times spent feeding and sheltering and by altering the speed of eating; they thus resolved a conflict between hunger and cold discomfort with little evidence of a strain on homeostasis.