Drum Speed Research Articles

Development a Locale Thresher Machine for Separating Peanut Crop

A threshing process for peanut crop is considered one of the most essential agricultural operations. Therefore, the research aimed to develop a local threshing machine for separating and extracting the peanut pods from straw and other materials. This was done by replacing the normal concave with a new one with opening of 7×7cm per opening (square shape). The front sieve is replaced with its last holes in the form of slides, with a distance of 0.5 cm. And adjusting the clearance between the threshing drum and concave in range of 7cm for drum-type (1) and the clearance between the threshing drum and concave should be 5cm for drum-type (2), The experimental work was carried out at El Delengat district, Behera Governorate. The performance of the thresher was tested under three crop feeding rates of 15, 20, and 25 kg/min, meanwhile, four speeds for a threshing drum 300, 350, 400, and 450 rpm (10.99, 12.82, 14.65, and 16.48m/s) and two types of threshing drums were tested, drum-type (1) 44 knives with a concave clearance 7cm and drum-type (2) 22 knives with a concave clearance 5cm. The results conducted that, the highest threshing efficiency (99.47%) was obtained by drum type (2) under 450 rpm drum speed and 15kg/min feeding rate. The modified drum type (2) showed the lowest broken pods with an average of 1.93%. The lowest required power (12.2 kW) was shown under 300 rpm drum speed and 15 kg/min feeding rate.

Development of a root crop grinder

The article presents design of the developed root crop grinder, and also compares theoretical and laboratory studies of the root crop grinding process. The article describes a number of dependences: the power spent on root crop grinding, idling and cutting on the rotational speed of the chopper drum, throughput capacity on rotational speed of the chopping drum and grinding specific energy consumption on the cutting speed. The research results can be used in design development of root crop grinders for livestock enterprises.

Manufacture and Development of a Small Threshing Machine

This study was conducted to manufacture a miniature version of the widespread threshing machine in Egypt and to evaluate its performance. The threshing machine was manufactured at Tanta Motors factory (Emagro), and its performance was evaluated at Etay El Baroud Agricultural Research Station in 2020 in two independent experiments according to the threshed crop. The crops of soybean and dry bean were threshed at different drum speeds of 350, 400, 450 and 500 rpm (9.34, 10.67, 12.01 and 13.34 m/s) and three feeding rates of 300, 400 and 500 kg/h for performance evaluation. The results indicated that the drum speed of 450 rpm (12.01 m/s) and feeding rate of 500 kg/h were the optimum for both crops, as the lowest criterion costs of 948 and 908.4 L.E/Mg were achieved for soybean and dry bean respectively. Also; the threshing efficiency of 98.03% and 97.79%, seed damage of 2.72% and 2.55%, cleaning efficiency of 97.77% and 97.61%, specific consumed energy of 37.93 and 35.41 kWh/Mg and private cost (operating and fixed costs) of 526.5 and 480 L.E/Mg were obtained with soybean and dry bean respectively.

STUDY ON SOME DIFFERENT OPERATING PARAMETERS AFFECTING THE PERFORMANCE OF COMPOST TURNING MACHINES

Experiments were carried out to evaluate the performance of two compost turning machines for producing organic fertilizer by recycling agricultural wastes. To fulfill the objective of this research work, some operating parameters affecting the performance of the two compost turning machines were taken into consideration: Three different types of field crop residues of rice straw, cotton stalks and corn stalks, four different machine forward speeds of 1.0, 1.2, 1.4 and 1.6 km/h, four different turning drum speeds of 150, 200, 250, and 300 rpm and four turning times of 1, 2, 3 and 4 times/month were considered. Evaluation of the compost turning machines was carried out taking into consideration compost density, period to compost maturity, machine productivity, energy requirements and final compost quality. The obtained data revealed that the compost density, the period to compost maturity, the machine productivity, energy requirements and final compost quality were in the optimum range with the use of the self-propelled compost turning machine under conditions of 1.4 km/h forward speed, 250 rpm turning drum speed and three turning times/month. Results also revealed that corn stalks required the least period for maturity of 8 weeks, followed by rice straw of 12 weeks while cotton stalks required the longest period for maturity of16 weeks.

Performance Optimization of Groundnut Shelling Using Response Surface Methodology

Abstract This study evaluated the influence of drum speed, moisture content, and feed rate on the performance indices of groundnut sheller using Ex-Dakar groundnut variety. Response surface methodology was used to study the influence of input variables and optimize the processing conditions. The developed second-order polynomial model adequately described the performance responses, including output capacity, shelling and cleaning efficiencies, and kernel damage. The input variables indicated significant influences on performance responses. The optimized processing variables for the responses were drum speed of 210 rpm, moisture content of 8%, and feed rate of 350 kg∙h−1. The optimum responses obtained were output capacity of 302.52 kg∙h−1, shelling efficiency of 97.61%, cleaning efficiency of 53.16%, and kernel damage of 4.04%. These performance responses were validated experimentally and were close to the observed results.

Experimental investigation of a new design of drum solar still with reflectors under different conditions

This comprehensive study employed a new design of drum solar still which keeps the basin water depth constant using constant head tank. Three solar stills nominated as drum solar still (DSS), modified drum solar still (MDSS), and conventional solar still (CSS) were tested under the same environmental conditions to be able to compare between their performances in fair. Both DSS and MDSS had a free to rotate drum fixed on a rotating shaft run by a DC motor. A PV system was used to eliminate the use of the traditional sources of energy. Besides, the effects of using a flat-sheet glass cover instead of the semi-circular shape, mirrors on the rear high-wall, front small-wall from glass sheet, and nanoparticles on the performance of MDSS were investigated. Various drum speeds were tested to point out the optimum speed of rotation for the MDSS with and without wick. Results revealed that the MDSS obtained better performance than that of the other solar stills. In addition, the drum speeds 0.05 and 0.1 rpm were the optimum speeds for MDSS with and without wick, respectively. Besides, at 0.1 rpm, the productivity of the MDSS with reflectors and nanofluid was increased by 296% more than that of the CSS. While the maximum productivity rise obtained for MDSS with wick at of 0.05 rpm was 280%. Also, the cost of 1 L from the CSS and MDSS was 0.05 and 0.041 $, respectively.

An investigation of the effects of extraction and brushing variables on the properties of hedge sisal fibers using a raspador

ABSTRACT Natural fibers have emerged as an important component in the development of composite materials because of their mechanical properties. The properties are highly influenced by environmental conditions and processing techniques. This variability makes their usability in reinforcement unpredictable. There are satisfactory attempts to quantify the variation of the properties with environmental conditions. However, the quantification of how the properties vary with processing methods is unsatisfactory. This study, therefore, investigated and quantified the effects of processing variables on the properties of sisal fibers using a raspador. The raspador was designed, fabricated, and utilized in processing sisal fibers. Processing variables such as gap size, number of extraction and brushing elements, and drum speed were investigated. The mechanical properties were determined based on ASTM C1557 standard. High correlation coefficients were found between fiber properties and the processing variables. The brushing process, mostly ignored in many cases, improved the properties of the sisal fibers.

Loading Performance of a Novel Shearer Drum Applied to Thin Coal Seams

The poor loading performance of shearer drums restricts the development and production efficiency of coal in thin coal seams. Changing operation and structural parameters can improve the drum’s loading performance to some extent, but the effect is not obvious. A two-segment differential rotational speed drum (TDRSD) was proposed after analyzing the drum’s influence mechanism on coal particles. To further reveal the drum’s coal loading principle, the velocity, particles distribution, and loading rate were analyzed. The effect of the matching relationship of the rotational speed and helix angle between the front and rear drum are also discussed. The results show that a lower front drum rotational speed had a positive impact on improving the loading performance, and the loading rate first increases and then decreases with the increase in rear drum rotational speed. The optimal loading performance was obtained in the range 60–67.5 rpm. The front drum’s helix angle had no evident effect on loading performance, and the loading rate increase with the increase in the rear drum’s helix angle. The results provide a reference and guidance for operation parameters selection, structure design, and drum optimization.

Production and Quality Evaluation of Young Thai Jasmine Rice Flake Using Drum Dryer

Immature rice grains contain high bioactive compounds. Drying has been used for the food preservation and reduction of agricultural waste. This study aimed to produce the rice flake from young Thai Jasmine rice grain (light green and soft texture) using double drum dryer at 120 °C, drum rotation speed 0.5, 0.7, and 0.9 rpm, and the ratios of grain to water of 1:3 1:5 and 1:7w/w. The nutritional properties of rice flake were also investigated. The results showed that increasing rotation speed gives a significant effect on the higher moisture content and water activity. Using lower water ratio with slowing down rotation speed resulted in higher brightness of the flake products including quicker dehydration. The selected optimal condition of preparing rice flake was 1:5 w/w young grain to water at 0.5 rpm drum speed. The flake contains fat, protein, carbohydrate, ash, approximately 0.004%, 6.140%, 88.686% and 0.92%, respectively. Phenolic content and antioxidant capacity of rice flake were decreased after drying. Total phenolic content of the flake was 280.931 mg GAE/g and antioxidant activities; DPPH, FRAP and ABTS were 254.158, 123.172 and 372.298 mg TE/g, respectively. Young rice flake remains a great nutritional value which has potential in the food industry.

Effect of binder and drum speed on hematitic fines balling

Determination of the physical properties of pellets is of great industrial importance since they are parameters that will allow a better use of the fines in the plants. Several studies relating different process variables with the pellet properties produced can be found in the literature, but it is still very difficult to predict the particle size distribution of the agglomerates of a new formulation only with the knowledge of its properties. In this study, the ore characterization was performed, evaluating the effect of the rotational speed of the drum and the performance comparison between two binders during green pellets granulation. Decrease of average diameter of the pellets with the use of a carboxymethylcellulosebased binder (Peridur 330, 0.4 kg/t ratio) was observed, in comparison with the conventional binder, bentonite (5 kg/t ratio). Bentonite-containing mixture has showed slightly lower porosity and lower permeability, also indicating a higher resistance of the pellets formed.

Test and Performance Evaluation of Engine Driven Warqe (<i>Ensete ventricosum</i>) Decorticator

Warqe processing is carried out dominantly by women using traditional tools such as a bamboo scraper, serrated wooden tool and metal knife where losses in quality and quantity are exceptionally high. Above all, the traditional way of warqe processing causes physically drudgery among the rural women. In an effort to alleviate the problem, an engine is driven warqe decorticating machine was designed, constructed, tested and evaluated at field conditions. The performance evaluation of the machine was made in terms of decorticating capacity, decorticating efficiency, percentage pulp loss, and fuel consumption. The performance evaluation was carried out at three levels of drum speeds (850, 950 and 1050 rpm), concave clearances (1, 3 and 6 mm) and feeding rates (0.037, 0.056 and 0.074 kg/s, these are based on the feeding rates of 1.00, 1.50 and 2.00 kg/27s) to determine the optimum combination of the same. The experimental design laid was factorial, in the split-split plot. The maximum decorticating capacity of 255.38 kg/hr was obtained at a drum speed of 850 rpm, concave clearance of 1 mm and feeding rate of 0.074 kg/s. The decorticating efficiency and percentage un-decorticated pulp highly depended on concave clearance rather than other factors. Maximum decorticating efficiency 98.97% and minimum pulp loss of 1.03% were achieved at drum beater speed of 850 rpm and concave clearance of 1mm. The production cost of the decorticator was found to be 28,322.00 Birr. The total operating cost of the decorticator estimated to be, 48,925.38 Birr and the payback period and benefit-cost ratio of the prototype decorticating machine were estimated to be 0.90 years and 1.64, respectively.

ВОЗМОЖНОСТИ УЛУЧШЕНИЯ КАЧЕСТВА ОЧЁСА ПРИ УБОРКЕ СОИ

The use of combing headers for soy harvesting is a promising direction for improving the harvesting process. The method of combing standing crops will reduce the harvest time by increasing working speed, improve the product quality by reducing grain crushing, and minimize the anthropogenic impact of harvesters on the soil because of their reduced number and weight of their working units as compared to harvesters with conventional threshing-and-separating units. This modifi cation will provide livestock industry with cheap feed resulting from grain-soybean heap processing. The purpose of the study was to design and improve technical means for harvesting soybeans with the method of combing. Research was conducted on the “Lazurnaya” soybean variety. The results of soybean weighing and the composition of the grain-soybean heap are presented. The obtained experimental data show a decrease in the loss from the non-combed fraction at increased combing drum speed and reduced ground speed, but this is accompanied by signifi cantly increased loss of soybeans. To improve the quality of soybean harvesting using the combing method, promising solutions for the modernization of the combing headers are considered: installation of an additional beater, which will prevent unwinding of the uncombed parts of the soybean stalks on the drum and their subsequent breaking off ; integration of a sieve into a combing header design to reduce the amount of impurities; the use of hinges to attach the comb to the drum and the stopper, which help prevent accidental contact of the comb with the fi eld surface.

Comparative study on performance of high volume low speed (HVLS) fans with high-speed fans for the use in dairy barns

Proper ventilation in dairy barns is important in the summer as high temperatures and the accompanying heat stress can affect the health of the livestock. Although, high speed fans have been in use for a long time to cater to the needs of cooling, HVLS (High Volume Low Speed) fans have proved to be worthy of attention. The cooling effect of the large diameter HVLS fans were compared with that of high speed conventional drum fans in a simulated space using CFD models of the setups at their respective high rotational speeds. This particular work employs MRF (Moving Reference Frame) technique within the CFD simulation. The performance of both these setups were analysed at different heights and distances in order to meticulously compare the performance of the two setups more accurately. The air velocities from the HVLS fans were only slightly less than the high speed drum fans at a distance of 1 m while at increasing distances, the HVLS fan remained more effective than the high speed fans. Also, the HVLS fans covers larger area with more uniform airflow than the high speed fans.

Holistic investigation of the electrospinning parameters for high percentage of β-phase in PVDF nanofibers

PVDF is a piezoelectric polymer that exists in five phases with the β-phase contributing the maximum to its piezoelectricity. Electrospinning is the most popular method used by researchers for developing PVDF nanofibers-based sensors. A holistic study pertaining to all the important electrospinning parameters is done in this paper to quantify their effects on the percentage of β-phase in the electrospun PVDF nanofibers. A new strategy to group the different electrospinning parameters based on their effect on various phases of the electrospinning process has been devised. Spin distance has been found to have the maximum effect with a variation of 6.6% on the percentage of β-phase in the PVDF nanofibers. The other parameters with a large effect on the percentage of β-phase are the electric field between needle and collector, the speed of the drum and the flow rate of the solution with variations of 6.3, 5.9 and 5.7% respectively. The group of parameters with the largest effect on the percentage of β-phase is the one directly affecting the stretching of the nanofibers (containing spin distance, drum speed and electric field) in the PVDF solution in the electrospinning process. A sensor has been developed with the use of the optimized parameters on a flexible LCP substrate. The voltage output of the sensor is studied for different electrospinning time (mat thicknesses) for a dynamic strain stimulus and is found to be maximum for sensor developed with 1 h of electrospinning. This is a systematic and comprehensive study that can be utilized for any electrospinning set-up for optimizing the properties of the nanofibers.

Optimization of Process Parameters for Soaked Soybean Splits Roasting using Response Surface Methodology

Background: Generally, roasting of any food grains or legumes are carried out to improve the palatability and to improve the special characteristics like physical texture, colour and etc., Methods: This study was carried out to optimize the process parameter for soaked soybean splits in an open type LPG gas assisted soybean roaster using response surface methodology with process variables viz., soaking time and roasting time. The capacity of soybean roaster is 15 kg/batch, rotating drum speed with 24 rpm and power operated with a 0.5 hp electric motor. A central composite rotatable design (CCRD) was used to select variables level i.e. soaking time (60-180 min) and roasting time (4-10 min).Result: The effect of moisture content on some physical properties of soybean seed and split were determined. The results showed that the roasted soybean splits increased linearly in length, width, thickness, arithmetic mean diameter, geometric mean diameter, square mean diameter, equivalent diameter, unit volume and surface area, where in sphericity, aspect ratio and shape factor decreased linearly with the increase in moisture content of soybean splits. The process variable had a significant effect on Hunter color and textural properties. The optimized soaking time and roasting time in the developed roaster is 123.362 min and 7.702 min, respectively.

Finite element simulation of airflow in a field cleaner

The work is devoted to the study of the dynamics of the grain mass in a stripping field installation and a stationary installation for separating grain. At the first stage, a model of the air mass movement in the installation under consideration is constructed and, on the basis of a mathematical model that takes into account the turbulence of the air mass movement, using the finite volume method in the ANSYS package, the velocity and pressure field is calculated. The influence of the technological parameters of the installations on these fields is studied: the diameters and rotation speed of the stripping drum and the additional drum-fan, the shape of the surface of the upper deck of the installation chamber. The calculations performed allow us to choose rational geometric and kinematic parameters at which no stagnant zones arise in the chamber.

FABRICATION AND TESTING OF A SEMI-MANUALLY OPERATED FISH SCALE REMOVER

Commercial fish scale removers are very expensive. This study was conducted in order to fabricate and test the performance of a low cost, stand-alone semi-manually operated fish scale remover. The randomized complete block design (RCBD) quasi-experiment was used to test the capacity and efficiency of the semi-manually operated fish scale remover. Three (3) different kinds of fish in Northern Samar (Bangus, Sagision and Kirawan) with three (3) different sizes of scales (Large, Medium and Small) were used in the testing of the fabricated fish scale remover at three (3) different speeds of the scaling drum (High, Medium and Low). The results revealed that the higher the speed of the scaling drum, the higher is the scaling capacity of the manually-operated fish scale remover. Likewise, the bigger the scales of fish being descaled, the higher is the scaling capacity of the manually-operated fish scale remover. The average scaling capacity of the fish scale remover is higher than the average scaling capacity of an experienced fish vendors for kirawan and sagision but is lower than that of the experienced fish vendors for bangus. On the other hand, the average scaling efficiencies of the machine for all the fish used in testing the machine were highest at medium speed setting of the scaling drum. The cost and return analysis on the operation of the semi-manually operated fish scale remover revealed that it will have an annual net income of P 48,724.37, a payback period of 50 days, and a rate of return of 3.82. The actual cost of constructing the semi-manually operated fish scale remover is ₱ 12,756.00.

Drying characteristics of sludge in a rotary drum for fast-drying application

High temperature metallurgical slag (temperature, >1450?C) and high moisture sludge (moisture content, >80 wt.%) are common wastes with huge outputs. Many problems, such as high cost, low level of harmlessness, and low efficiency, are encountered in current treatment methods. If these wastes can be recycled, they can be valuable secondary resources. Therefore, using the drum apparatuses to treat these two kinds of wastes is proposed. The process uses waste heat of slag to dry sludge with high moisture content and is a kind of alternative circulation treatment technology in which steel balls are used as ball milling media and intermediate heat carriers. Besides, this technology can break up slag or sludge in real time, thereby ensuring high heat or mass transfer rate. This study presents an experimental investigation of the dynamic drying process of wet sludge mixed with hot steel balls in a rotary drum. The relationship of operation parameters (including sludge moisture content, sludge treatment mass, steel ball diameter, and rotary speed of drum) and drying effect is obtained. There are three kinds of final drying results: completely dried to powder, few sludge agglomerations, and sludge-to-wall adhesion. If the operating parameters are set well, the sludge could be efficiently and completely dried and eventually in powder form.

Purification of specularite by centrifugation instead of flotation to produce iron oxide red pigment

This study used specularite, a high-gradient magnetic separation concentrate, as a raw material in reverse flotation. An iron concentrate with a grade of 65.1wt% and a recovery rate of 75.31% were obtained. A centrifugal concentrator served as the deep purification equipment for the preparation of iron oxide red pigments, and its optimal rotating drum speed, feed concentration, and other conditions were determined. Under optimal conditions, a high-purity iron oxide concentrate with a grade of 69.38wt% and a recovery rate of 80.89% were obtained and used as a raw material for preparing iron oxide red pigment. Calcining with sulfuric acid produced iron red pigments with different hues. Simultaneously, middlings with a grade of 60.20wt% and a recovery rate of 17.51% were obtained and could be used in blast furnace ironmaking. High-value utilization of specularite beneficiation products was thus achieved.

A hybrid personal vehicle designed and developed as an alternative to traditional transport

These studies can be attributed to design and construction a hybrid personal vehicle, which is based on the use of restored batteries of the following type hybrid car. The developed vehicle has a speed that depends on the size of the transmission system elements: the wheel speed is 24.07 km/h, the drum speed is 2.82 km/h. The battery life obtained by calculation is 62 minutes, and the average time obtained in road tests is 30.5 minutes, the difference between these times is due to the use of recycled batteries. It was also found that the inclination of the road on which the vehicle is moving affects the efficiency of the batteries Using such transport, we will have health benefits as well as reduced emissions of pollutants into the environment. These reasons should be of great importance when choosing mobility system within cities. It has been established that the vehicle complies with the established regulations for private motor vehicles in force in the city of Cuenca. Such personal vehicle, powered by a treadmill and equipped with an electric engine, was proposed as a new alternative to mobility in the city.