Speed Of Death Research Articles

UJI EFEKTIVITAS BEBERAPA KONSENTRASI EKSTRAK DAUN KETAPANG (Terminalia catappa L.) TERHADAP ULAT GRAYAK (Spodoptera litura) SECARA IN VITRO

Spodoptera litura is one of the important plant pests that are polyphagic. Spodoptera litura attacks can cause damage to up 80% on plants causing losses for framer. Control using synthetic pesticides is excessive because it causes negative for environment. Efforts that can be made are using biopesticides such as Terminalia catappa L. leaves. This research aims to obtain effective concentrations in controlling Spodoptera litura in vitro. The research was carried out in Pathology, Entomology and Microbiology, Faculty of Agriculture and Animal Husbandry and experimental farm of State Islamic University of Sultan Syarif Kasim from February to March 2019. This research used a Completely Randomized Design with 5 treatments, consisting of control, 9% EDK, 18% EDK, 27% EDk and 36% EDK with 3 replications. The parameters used are larvae stop eating (%), speed of death, mortality, toxicity of LC50 and larvae become pupae (%). The result showed the effective concentration in controlling Spodoptera litura was EDK 18%.

Expression and phylogeny of multidrug resistance protein 2 and 4 in African white backed vulture (Gyps africanus).

Diclofenac toxicity in old world vultures is well described in the literature by both the severity of the toxicity induced and the speed of death. While the mechanism of toxicity remains unknown at present, the necropsy signs of gout suggests primary renal involvement at the level of the uric acid excretory pathways. From information in the chicken and man, uric acid excretion is known to be a complex process that involves a combination of glomerular filtration and active tubular excretion. For the proximal convoluted tubules excretion occurs as a two-step process with the basolateral cell membrane using the organic anion transporters and the apical membrane using the multidrug resistant protein to transport uric acid from the blood into the tubular fluid. With uric acid excretion seemingly inhibited by diclofenac, it becomes important to characterize these transporter mechanism at the species level. With no information being available on the molecular characterization/expression of MRPs of Gyps africanus, for this study we used next generation sequencing, and Sanger sequencing on the renal tissue of African white backed vulture (AWB), as the first step to establish if the MRPs gene are expressed in AWB. In silico analysis was conducted using different software to ascertain the function of the latter genes. The sequencing results revealed that the MRP2 and MRP4 are expressed in AWB vultures. Phylogeny of avian MRPs genes confirms that vultures and eagles are closely related, which could be attributed to having the same ancestral genes and foraging behavior. In silico analysis confirmed the transcribed proteins would transports anionic compounds and glucose.

PENAMBAHAN DEKOMPOSER SEBAGAI BAHAN STIMULATOR UNTUK MENINGKATKAN EFEKTIVITAS PESTISIDA NABATI

Addition of Decomposers as Stimulators for Increasing the Effectiveness of Vegetable Pesticides. This study aims to determine the increased effectiveness of plant-based pesticides added with several types of decomposers. This study uses a Completely Randomized Design (CRD), with 5 treatments and 5 replications namely: FO: Control (water), F1: Plant pesticides without the addition of decomposers, F2: Vegetable pesticides + EM-4, F3: Vegetable Pesticides + Promi, F4 : Vegetable Pesticides + rice washing water. Observation variables consisted of mortality of contact poison, stomach poison, Lethal Time (LT 50%) and the speed of death as well as the attitudes and eating behavior of Parmarion martency. The results showed an increase in the effectiveness of plant-based pesticides that were significantly different from the control but not significantly different in each treatment where F3 treatment increased mortality by 0.05% (contact poison) from pesticide extracts without the addition of decomposers while the effectiveness of stomach poison only increased by 0, 14%. The fastest 50% lethal time in F3 treatment with 50% LT period was 48.4 hours with a mortality rate of 0.8 hours / individual in contact poison and 50% LT in stomach poison for 52.0 hours with a death rate of 0.6 hours /individual. Changes in behavior due to contact poisons are characterized by releasing grayish white fluid and then death is characterized by a rigid body that is easily reversed, and stomach poisoning behavior is characterized by experiencing less active, being in one place and dying in reverse.

An attract and kill tactic for click beetles based on Metarhizium brunneum and a new formulation of sex pheromone

Wireworms are a serious agricultural pest, with control efforts targeting soil-dwelling larvae almost ex- clusively. They appear yearly for a brief period as adult click beetles to mate and oviposit, and as adults, possess qualities that make them good candidates for an attract and kill control tactic: (i) susceptibility to certain ento- mopathogenic fungi; and (ii) attraction of males to female sex pheromones. To expand the range of wireworm control options, our study aimed to determine if banded applica- tions of a new granular formulation of Agriotes obscurus L. (Coleoptera: Elateridae) pheromone would increase beetle mortality when applied with banded Metarhizium brun- neum Petch (Ascomycota: Hypocreales: Clavicipitaceae) LRC112. Pheromone granules applied at 12.7 kg/ha (1 % wt/wt 1:1 geranyl hexanoate:geranyl octanoate) together with rice conidiated with 2 9 10 14 conidia/ha of M. brunneum LRC112 reduced beetle recapture by 98.2 % compared to M. brunneum alone. A lower rate (2 9 10 13 conidia/ha) of M. brunneum with pheromone granules re- duced recapture by 82.6 % compared to the lower rate alone. A significantly greater number of beetles aggregated at pheromone bands to acquire lethal doses of conidia in as little as 6 h, with conidia dose remaining unchanged up to 54 h later. Conidia dose acquired by beetles corresponded to treatment and was positively related to total beetle mortality and speed of death. Attracting and killing click beetles might represent a new tactical approach to control wireworm larvae by reducing click beetle fecundity. We expect the pheromone granules to also to have utility for click beetle mating disruption.

Further Observations on the Speed of Death in Hanging

Given that most fatal hangings are suicidal and occur in locations that have been selected to conceal this activity (thus maximizing the chances of a lethal outcome), there has been very little corroboration of the speed with which unconsciousness and death may occur. A 35-year-old male is reported who committed suicide by hanging immediately after talking to his spouse. Police investigations confirmed her reliability as a witness indicating that lethal anoxia in this case had occurred within a very short time (most likely in less than 1 min) of suspension. The speed with which death may result from hanging not only gives an insight into fatal pathophysiological mechanisms, but also provides useful information for situations where a lethal outcome is to be avoided, or is not intended. For example, individuals at risk of suicide who are being monitored in institutional facilities need to be constantly under direct visual surveillance as significant hypoxia can be rapidly induced, parents and caregivers with infants and children in potentially unsafe sleeping environments need to realize how swiftly death or irreversible anoxic brain damage may occur from neck compression, and those who engage in recreational asphyxia should be informed just how quickly a fatal outcome may ensue.

Characterization of Slow-acting Insecticides for the Remedial Control of the Formosan Subterranean Termite (Isoptera: Rhinotermitidae)

We describe a method to examine time trends in mortality of the Formosan subterranean termite, Coptotermes formosanus Shiraki, exposed to insecticides. Slow-acting toxicants required a longer time to kill termites at low concentrations than at high concentrations. The level of mortality and the speed of death were dependent on concentration. With acute toxicants, the time required to kill termites was similar at high or low concentrations, while the mortality levels were concentration-dependent. This speed of death at various concentrations of an insecticide can be quantified for comparison purposes using the proposed effective lethal time 90% (ELT90), defined as the amount of time required for an insecticide to kill 90% of the treated individuals within a maximum 14-day span. Slow-acting toxicants were characterized by ELT90 values that spanned a broad range of time, while acute toxicants exhibited a narrow range of ELT90 values.

The Speed of Death

The Speed of Death