Speed Of Cylinder Research Articles

Design and Experiment of Side-Shift Stubble Avoidance System for No-Till Wheat Seeder Based on Deviation-Perception Fusion Technology

To improve the stubble avoidance rate of no-till wheat seeders under the environment of corn stubble, the side-shift stubble avoidance system was developed in the present study based on deviation-perception fusion technology. Firstly, the amount of implement deviation compensation was accurately obtained by the information sensing system. Then, a fuzzy PID algorithm was proposed to optimize the performance of the control system. Finally, the simulation model of the control system was developed by Matlab/Simulink. The simulation results showed that the regulation time required for the system response curve to reach the steady state was 1.0 s, and the maximum overshoot was 8.2%. To verify the performance of the side-shift stubble avoidance system, an orthogonal test was conducted. The optimal combination of parameters was obtained, including the operation speed of 1.3 m/s, the hydraulic cylinder speed of 25 mm/s, and the straw mulch amount of 1.2 kg/m2. The field verification test was performed under the optimal parameters, showing the stubble avoidance rate was 90.6%, and the mean value of the sowing variation coefficient was 27.12%, which fully satisfied the requirements of stubble avoidance and sowing operation.

Adapting the control of the magnetic bearings of a highly flexible and gyroscopic rotor to the excitations by the motor

A test rig was built to perform fatigue tests on thick-walled cylinders made of fibre reinforced plastic (FRP). During the fatigue test, the rotational speed of an FRP cylinder is periodically varied until it fails. The FRP cylinder is connected to a drive spindle that accelerates and decelerates it using a permanent magnet synchronous machine (PMSM). To avoid excessive wear, the rotor is supported by active magnetic bearings (AMB). After the fatigue test was finished with the first cylinder, a new cylinder was attached to the test stand. With this new specimen, previously uncritical radial vibrations became more severe. For high accelerations, these vibrations led to instability of the rotor. However, high accelerations are desirable to perform the fatigue tests in the shortest possible time. Hence, the AMB control should be made insensitive to these vibrations. Since the vibrations depend on the acceleration of the rotor, it is reasonable to assume that they are induced by the PMSM. To reduce the vibrations, these excitations from the PMSM are included in the model-based controller parametrization process for the radial AMB, in which the parameters are adjusted via optimization. With the adjusted control, the amplitude of the vibration was significantly reduced and higher accelerations were possible. The described parameter tuning process can easily be adapted to different AMB systems with disturbances and changes in the system.

Refinement of Wheat Straw Harvester for Paddy Straw Harvesting and Bruising

Refinement of a wheat straw harvester was done for chopping of paddy straw. Blower of the wheat straw harvester was replaced by two bruising cylinders and a concave. Pointed knife guards of the cutter bar were replaced with V-shaped serrated blades fixed below the cutting blades. The machine was operated in paddy fields having straw load 6.25 t.ha-1 and 8.58 t.ha-1 at forward speed of 0.55, 0.70, and 0.97 m.s-1. Straw bruising cylinder speeds of 640, 725, and 810 rpm were used. The percentage of chopped straw of size up to 125 mm, weighted mean size of chopped straw, mulch thickness, and coefficient of variation of uniformity of straw spread were in the range of 71.28-86.41%, 57.6-81.2 mm, 53.9-60.0 mm, and 20.54-22.17%, respectively, under all treatment combinations. The fuel consumption and field capacity of the machine were in the range of 8.88-12.08 l.ha-1 and 0.27-0.55 ha.h-1, respectively.

Hybrid dynamic optimal tracking control of hydraulic cylinder speed in injection molding industry process

<p style='text-indent:20px;'>Injection speed control is one of the most essential components in the injection molding process. It is critical to implement fast and reliable injection speed optimization control for the effective manufacturing of injection molding products. In this paper, the speed tracking control problem of the hydraulic cylinder of an injection molding machine driven by a typical servo motor is studied. An efficient two-stage optimization framework that leverages the ideas of both control parameterization (CP) and particle swarm optimization (PSO) is proposed for generating the optimal signal input to achieve the required injection speed tracking over a certain time. To this end, the dynamic model of the hydraulic system in the injection molding equipment is firstly established and the optimal controller design problem is transformed into sequential optimal parameter decision problems, and the explicit expressions of the gradient information of the objective function as well as the constraint on the parameters of the decision variables are derived. Then, the PSO combined with the CP and gradient-based algorithm is utilized to to solve the parameters of the controller efficiently. The two-stage optimization framework proposed in this paper can improve the convergence speed of the CP method and the precision of the PSO and easy-to-implement in engineering and industrial deployment. Finally, the feasibility and effectiveness of the proposed design method are verified by experimental simulations.</p>

Mixed Convection Flow and Heat Transfer of Two Rotating Cylinders in a Trapezoidal Enclosure Filled with Porous Medium

The goal of this research is to investigate numerically mixed convection flow and heat transfer characteristics from two rotating cylinders in a trapezoidal enclosure filled with porous material for a variety of factors including rotation speed and direction, Richardson number, and the location of the cylinders. The results of this presentation were checked against accessible data and determined to be very similar. The heat transmission properties within the trapezoid were found to be substantially dependent on the Richardson number, speed, and direction of the spinning cylinders, as well as the location of the cylinders according to the findings of this study. Furthermore, it was discovered that the CW-CW casing produced more heat transfer as compared to the CCW-CW scenario for various Richardson numbers when the cylinders placed vertically. Furthermore, this research revealed that, for higher Richardson values, the rotation speed has no effect on the heat transfer increase inside the trapezoidal enclosure. The effect of the cylinders’ location on the average Nusselt number was also studied in this investigation. It was found the placing the cylinders in the vertical direction produced higher heat transfer compared with horizontal location for a trapezoid heated from below.

The effect of rice milling time and feed rate on head rice yield and color properties

This study has been carried out to evaluate the head rice yield, kernel broken and the chance of color depend on milling time and feed rate. In this study, threshed rice kernels by combine-harvester at different cylinder speeds, rice harvesting season in 2018, were used for experiment test. According to results, head rice yield decreased slightly as the cylinder speed increased, with yields varying between 71.40 % and 70.28 %. Processing time was found to have a highly significant effect (p<0.01) on the quantities of unbroken kernel, broken kernel, bran, yield and husk. The highest rate of broken kernel was obtained at a processing time of 25 seconds, and the lowest values were obtained at a processing time of 10 seconds. With a processing time of 10 seconds, the quantities of unbroken kernel, broken kernel, bran, yield and husk were 70.74, 3.260, 0.810, 74.37 and 24.82 %, respectively. When the processing time was 25 seconds, the quantity of broken kernel decreased from 70.74 percent to 62.86 percent, and yield decreased from 74.37 % to 67.58 %. The broken kernel ratio increased from 3.26 percent to 4.633 percent and bran ratio increased from 0.8642 percent to 1.822 percent. Husk ratio, on the other hand, increased from 24.82 % to 30.60 %. In other words, as the processing time increased, so did the bran ratio and husk ratio. The highest whiteness value of 70.92 was obtained at a processing time of 25 seconds; while the lowest whiteness value of 63.81 was obtained at a processing time of 10 seconds. There were declines in a and b values as processing time increased, although the differences were not statistically significant. The highest a and b values were obtained at a processing time of 10 seconds, with -0.690 and 15.01, respectively. In conclusion, when processing paddy to rice, processing time needs to be increased to obtain a whiter rice; to have fewer broken kernels and a higher head rice yield, on the other hand, the processing time needs to be short.

Hybrid Nano-Jet Impingement Cooling of Double Rotating Cylinders Immersed in Porous Medium

A cooling system with impinging jets is used extensively in diverse engineering applications, such as solar panels, electronic equipments, battery thermal management, textiles and drying applications. Over the years many methods have been offered to increase the effectiveness of the cooling system design by different techniques. In one of the available methods, nano-jets are used to achieve a higher local and average heat transfer coefficient. In this study, convective cooling of double rotating cylinders embedded in a porous medium is analyzed by using hybrid nano-jets. A finite element formulation of the thermo-fluid system is considered, while impacts of Reynolds number, rotational speed of the double cylinders, permeability of the porous medium and distance between the cylinders on the cooling performance are numerically assessed. Hybrid and pure fluid performances in the jet cooling system are compared. It is observed that the cooling performance improves when the rotating speed of the cylinder, permeability of the medium and jet Reynolds number are increased. The heat transfer behavior when varying the distance between the cylinders is different for the first and second cylinder. Higher thermal performances are achieved when hybrid nanofluid with higher nanoparticle loading is used. An optimization algorithm is used for finding the optimum distance and rotational speeds of the cylinders for obtaining an improved cooling performance, while results show higher effectiveness as compared to a parametric study. The outcomes of the present work are useful for the thermal design and optimization of the cooling system design for configurations encountered in electronic cooling, energy extraction and waste heat recovery.

Magnetic-Mixed Convection in Nanofluid-Filled Cavity Containing Baffles and Rotating Hollow-Cylinders with Roughness Components

Mixed convective heat transfer in a nanofluid-filled lid-driven square cavity equipped with a rotating cylinder, horizontal baffles, and an external magnetic field is numerically examined in this study. A cylinder with triangular components is set at the centre of the cavity while two horizontal baffles are fixed to its vertical walls. The cavity is under the impact of the external magnetic field. Modified Maxwell’s model is taken into consideration to estimate the thermal conductivity of nanofluids. Galerkin FEM is applied to simulate nondimensional governing equations. The computations are carried out for specific ranges of physical parameters, and the results are illustrated through streamlines, isotherms, and average Nusselt number bar charts. Contours plotting indicate that flow circulation and distribution of temperature are significantly affected by the speed of a rotating rough cylinder. The fluid velocity remarkably increases with an increase in speed ratio and Reynolds number but it declines with Hartmann number, baffle length, and volume fraction. Heat transfer rate is substantially augmented by increasing the rotational speed of the rough cylinder, heights of triangular components, and suspended-nanoparticles which are also optimized for increasing baffle’s length and its horizontal arrangement. The findings of this investigation can be applied to improve the cooling efficiency of engineering equipment such as heat exchangers, energy storage systems, electronic equipment, solar collectors, and nuclear reactor safety devices.

Destalking of dry red chillies (Capsicum annum L.) and its characterization.

The prevalent manual destalking of dried red chillies is a labour-intensive, tedious, and unhealthy practice that can cause severe health ailments to the labourers. This study focuses on the design and fabrication of a mechanized system for removing stalks from dried chillies to reduce the drudgery involved in manual operation. The machine's primary components including hopper, rotating cylinder, triangular bridges, cutting blades, destalked chilli outlet, and stalk outlet were fabricated based on the design considerations and ease of operation. The machine was evaluated considering the independent parameters viz. feed rate, cylinder speed, and cylinder inclination for optimization of its performance using one-factor-at-a-time statistical design. Physical properties of chillies, destalking efficiency of the machine, and the effect of destalking on powder characteristics were determined. Optimal performance of the machine was achieved with the chillies having 8-10% (moisture), 6.5kg/h (feed rate), 20rpm (cylinder's speed), and 3° (cylinder's inclination) with destalking efficiency of 85-87%. The evaluation of powder characteristics also revealed the prominence of destalking with enhanced colour attributes. The developed machine is compact, efficient, economical, requires less labour and thereby it may encourage its adoption at the farmer's level and strengthening of the value chain of dried chillies.

Conjugate mixed convection heat transfer with internal heat generation in a lid-driven enclosure with spinning solid cylinder

The current study investigates conjugate mixed convection heat transmission with internal heat generation in a square enclosure driven by a sliding lid and a solid cylinder with a heat-conducting surface at its center. The enclosure has a stationary bottom wall that is kept at a constant hot temperature and a cold upper wall that moves consistently. The solid cylinder rotates both clockwise and counterclockwise at different angular speeds. Two-dimensional steady continuity, momentum, thermal energy equations, and boundary and interface conditions are solved using a commercial CFD tool based on the finite element method. By choosing Reynolds, Grashof, and Richardson numbers, as well as varying the rotating cylinder's speed and direction under three different scenarios incorporating volumetric heat generation, parametric modeling of the mixed convection regime is carried out. The streamline and isotherm plots are used to illustrate qualitative findings. In contrast, the average Nusselt number, normalized Nusselt number, average drag coefficient, and average fluid temperature are used to assess quantitative thermal performance measures. This study reveals that the system's thermal performance is less dependent on the solid cylinder's rotational speed and direction. It successfully depicts the heat transfer enhancement with increasing Reynolds and Grashof numbers. A thorough study of the current facts can lead to the best choice of regulating parameters.

Effect of inner cylinder configuration on liquid droplet dispersion and size distributions in a Taylor-Couette reactor

Effect of varying surface structures of the inner rotating cylinder on characteristics of droplet formed in a liquid–liquid Taylor-Couette (TC) reactor is investigated. Two novel surface structures of inner cylinders, designed with axially corrugated surface (N40) and with typical three-dimensional roughness (NZ40), respectively, were adopted for the investigation. The high-speed camera visualization was used to measure the droplet size while CFD modelling was applied to predict the fluid dynamics of TC flows with such two inner cylinders and a smooth surface inner cylinder, thus revealing the effect of inner cylinder configuration on the droplet formation in the TC flows. The experimental results have clearly indicated that both the rotation speed and surface configuration variation of the inner cylinders affect the generated droplet size and distribution. As the rotation speed increases, the droplet size is obviously reduced for all types of inner cylinder configurations. Compared with the conventional smooth surface inner cylinder, the two new types of inner cylinders with special surface structures can produce much smaller droplets, especially for the case of N40 surface structure inner cylinder, with which the smallest droplet size was found at all the experimental conditions. CFD modelling results have demonstrated that the surface configurations of inner cylinder can significantly affect the turbulence generation, consequently altering the distributions of turbulent kinetic energy and local turbulence shear strain rate. As a result, the droplet size was found to be controlled by the change of the local turbulent dissipation rate that was strongly associated with the surface structures of inner cylinders. Empirical correlations that correlate the droplet size with the Weber number and Reynolds number were proposed based on the high-speed camera visualization data.

The removal of Cr3+ using a vertical rotating micro-channel extractor with gas intensification and parallel model

A gas-liquid-liquid three-phase co-current vertical rotating micro-channel device is designed in this work to further strengthen the extraction process. The Cr3+-2-ethylhexyl phosphoric acid-2-ethylhexyl ester (EHEHPA) system was chosen to evaluate the new rotating micro-channel device in parallel mixing mode. The equilibrium distribution of Cr(Ⅲ) in the aqueous and organic phases has been indicated for the first time, which depends on the variation of Cr3+ concentration and the pH of the aqueous. And then, the effect of gas intake quantity (Qg) and parallel flow pattern has been studied. Meanwhile, in the state of the gas phase adding, the impacts on the extraction efficiency are investigated, which include the distance between inner cylinder and outer wall (D), rotational inner cylinder speed (R) and volumetric flow rate (Qaq, Qo). The calculated stage efficiency, material balance(operating) line and equilibrium curve also have been studied, which demonstrates that the extraction of Cr3+ in one vertical rotating micro-channel in parallel model is equivalent to two traditional extractors.

Stability analysis of spinning liquid-filled cylinders with exponentially varying cross section

In this paper, the stability analysis of a spinning liquid-filled cylinder with exponentially varying cross sections is carried out. Based on the spinning Euler–Bernoulli beam theory, the governing equation for vibration of the spinning cylinder is formulated by using Hamilton's principle. The relative perturbation motion equation of the rotating fluid is derived using the composition theorem of acceleration. Combined with the flow boundary conditions, the fluid forces exerted on the cylinder are obtained. Using the analytical method, the characteristic frequency equation of the system is determined. The stability of the considered system is determined by eigenvalue analysis. The accuracy of the proposed model is validated by comparing it with the existing data in the literature. Finally, a detailed parameter study is conducted to demonstrate the effects of mass ratio, cavity ratio, taper parameter, thickness ratio, and axial position on the vibration and stability of the system. The results show that these parameters play an important role in the instability, natural frequency, and critical spinning speed of the spinning taper cylinder partially filled with liquid.

Layered nonwoven filter embodied with packing density gradient measured by X-ray computed tomography for enhanced filtration performance

This research explores the possibility of tuning the structure of needle-punched nonwoven fabrics by incorporating layers of differently oriented fibres. The fibre orientation in carded batts is regulated with the help of carding parameters viz. feeder, cylinder, and doffer speeds. The carding parameters were optimized by using response surface methodology to obtain carded batts of differently oriented fibers, which were then placed distinctly to form composite layered nonwoven fabrics. The physical, mechanical, and functional properties of layered fabrics were evaluated. X-ray computed tomography technique was used for comprehensive evaluation of the packing densities at incremental thickness of layered fabrics. The obtained trends of packing density were found to be in good agreement with the measured properties of nonwoven fabrics. The creation of an inverse gradient of packing density in a layered nonwoven fabrics displayed close to highest filtration efficiency and close to lowest pressure drop.

Test and Optimization of Oilseed Rape (Brassica napus L.) Threshing Device Based on DEM

Gridded concave plate sieves are usually used for threshing operations of grain and oilseed crops. In response to the problems of high threshing loss rate and grain breakage rate when threshing oilseed rape, this research modified the threshing concave plate of oilseed rape (Brassica napus L.) harvesters to improve the performance and efficiency of oilseed rape separation. The improved threshing concave plate adopts a 360° wrap angle, and a guide plate with an adjustable inflow angle is designed on the inner side of the concave plate. The optimal combination of parameters for the threshing device is determined by simulation analysis and field testing. Single-factor simulations of the threshing cylinder speed and guide plate angle are carried out using EDEM, which showed that both are influencing factors for the force and speed of the oilseed rape particles. A three-factor and three-level orthogonal experiment was undertaken to validate the simulation analysis further. The threshing cylinder speed, concave plate speed, and guide plate angle were influencing factors. The threshing loss rate and grain breakage rate are evaluation indicators. The field validation tests are carried out on concave plates with 180° wrap angle and 360° wrap angle, the results showed that the concave plate with 360° wrap angle reduces the threshing loss rate by 4.25%, the grain breakage rate by 0.93%, and improved the harvesting efficiency by 0.31 km/h when the threshing cylinder speed was 81.89 rad/s, concave plate speed was 9.34 rad/s, and guide plate angle was 40°. This study demonstrates that the concave plate with a 360° wrap angle has better performance and operational efficiency, and it provides design ideas for threshing devices for other crop combine harvesters.

Parametric Study of Heat Transfer from An Annulus with Rotating Inner Cylinder

The present article presents a parametric study on the forced convection heat transfer from a heated rotating inner cylinder with the stationary outer cylinder in the presence of an axial flow. Both laminar and turbulent flows of air are considered. The following parameters were considered in the present research work: Reynolds number, the rotational speed of the inner cylinder, heat flux dissipated from the inner cylinder in addition to the annulus gap width. The results are presented to show the variation of the Nusselt number with the governing parameters for both laminar and fully turbulent flow. The results of the present study show that increasing either the Reynolds number, rotation speed, and/or the gap distance, leads to improve the cooling and enhancing the heat dissipation from the inner cylinder for both laminar and turbulent flows. The present numerical results show also that various heat flux values from the inner rotating cylinder have a negligible effect on the rate of the cooling process.

An experimental/numerical investigation and technical analysis of improving the thermal performance of an enclosure by employing rotating cylinders

This study experimentally and numerically investigated the effects of heater power and rotation speed of cylinders on the Nusselt number in a tank containing water. Two aluminum cylinders were placed horizontally at a certain height in the water tank with an isoflux heater inside each cylinder. Using the realizable k-ε turbulence model, the problem was numerically evaluated in 3D, steady-state, and incompressible conditions. Isotherms, streamlines, and Nusselt number variation around the cylinders were reported for each test case in the range of 1 < Ri < ∞, 3 × 108 < Ra < 7 × 108 and Re = 0, 1570, 3140, where Ri, Ra, and Re indicate Richardson, Rayleigh, and Reynolds numbers, respectively. The results showed that the rotation speed was the dominant factor. In addition, the Nusselt number increased by about 10% when the speed of rotation (ω) changed from half of the maximum to the maximum value. However, this increase was approximately 5% when the heater power (Q) changed. In the best scenario with Q = 1200 W and ω = 30 rpm, the Nusselt number was 108.1 by enhancing almost 19% heat transfer. Changes in average Nusselt number based on dimensionless parameters like Ra, Ri, and Re were observed, and the experimental data and correlations were compared.

The combined effect of carding and punching parameters on the structural, mechanical and functional properties of needle-punched nonwovens

Fresh and pollution-free air is very much required to breathe normal and healthy life. However, due rise in the usage of automobiles and industrialization, the pollution load is also increasing day by day. Hence efficient filter media is in high demand. In this research, a systematic study was planned and executed for the development of efficient and bio-degradable filter media. A total of five process parameters; carding parameters namely, feeder speed, cylinder speed, and doffer speed, and punching parameters namely punch density and depth of penetration were considered as input parameters were considered and their effect on the physical and functional properties of the final fabric were studied. Forty-six samples were prepared as per 5 factor-3 level Box and Behnken design. The properties such as fabric thickness, tenacity, air permeability, and filtration efficiency were evaluated. Finally, the carding and punching parameters were optimized for achieving the required characteristics of filter media and achieving the best performance.

Pneumatic cylinder speed and force control using controlled pulsating flow

An application for accurate and low-cost force and velocity control of a pneumatic actuator, which can be used in any pneumatic circuit, is described in this paper. Control of a pneumatic cylinder is proposed via a pulsating flow technique. The technique uses on/off solenoid coils in the direction control valves in lieu of expensive servo controllers, such as proportional directional control valves. Pulsating air frequencies of 1.5, 3, and 4.5 Hz are applied by the designed circuit to investigate inlet constant pressures ranging from 1.72 to 5.17 × 105 Pa. The speed and force of a pneumatic cylinder rod are controlled using the generated pulsating flow and the results show success of idea of ​​controlling the speed and force of the pneumatic cylinder rod using the pulse flow technique. Empirical correlations suitable for later use in automatic control circuits are derived and are shown to exhibit an accuracy of up to ∼ 90–95.5% in predicting output force and velocity. It is also used to select the required frequency to obtain the speed and force required for the cylinder. To validate the pneumatic cylinder speed and force control using pulse flow technique, simulations are carried out using the Automation Studio program. The results show an improvement in control of the pneumatic cylinder mechanical performance and demonstrate that improvements are a function of the frequency of compressed air source pulses and pressure. An empirical correlation is also derived for predicting the cylinder rod speed and force at any source pressure and pulse frequency.

Combing the standing crops with preliminary separation of loose grains

SUBJECT OF THE STUDY: Is the process of preliminary separation of loose grains from combed grain heap on the slatted bottom of the feed elevator of a combine harvester.&#x0D; AIMS: Is an efficiency evaluation of the combed grain heap separation on the slatted bottom of the inclined chamber of a combine harvester in the field and to compare the degree of crushing of free grain depending on its supply to the threshing device or directly to the cleaning system.&#x0D; METHODS: All studies were carried out on winter wheat of the Moskovskaya 56 variety with a yield of 30 c/ha. Plant height varied within 0,60,9 m with a grain ripeness of at least 98% and a moisture content of 14%. The serial grain header ZHO-5 OZON manufactured by PJSC Penzmash was aggregated by the Niva-Effect combine harvester with a constant speed of 8 km/h and a stripping cylinder speed of 485 min-1. The field experiments were divided into two stages. The first series of experiments was devoted to evaluating the efficiency of preliminary separation of combed grain heap on the slatted bottom of the experimental feed elevator. During the second series of the experiment, grain was harvested with a serial feed elevator without its preliminary separation.&#x0D; RESULTS: According to the results of the first series of studies, it was found that the passage of loose grain through the holes of the slatted bottom of the inclined chamber is 91,6%. At the same time, grain crushing in the feed elevator did not exceed 0,5%, and in the bunker 1,75%. During the operation of the combine with a serial feed elevator without preliminary separation of the combed grain heap, the crushing of the bun-ker grain was within 5,25%.&#x0D; CONCLUSION: The practical implementation of such a technical solution makes it possible to 3 times the grain crushing in a bunker by the working bodies of the threshing machine.