Circulation Speed Research Articles

Is Catastrophic Climate Change Turning Britain into a Hurricane Hotspot?

Uncharacteristically strong storm activity in the UK during recent years has focused attention once again upon climatic impacts. Rapid climate change, which in turn affects sea surface temperatures (SST), ocean circulation, and wind speed patterns, is most likely contributing to these unprecedented and prolonged storm events. Previous studies focused on individual factors rather than cumulative effects of climate change; however, a knowledge gap exists. Consequently, this quantitative study analysed the current influence of climate change on UK sea surface and mean air temperatures, together with mean wind speeds. It also assessed whether climate change scenarios will create favourable conditions for the genesis of catastrophic hurricanes in the UK using a 2-path analysis (SST, wind speed, temperatures). Accordingly, in situ SST, mean wind speed, and mean temperatures for the period 2000–2014 are analysed. Primary results revealed that increasing trends in regional SST (0.1–0.7 °C), mean temperature (0.4–0.8 °C), and wind speed (0.5–2 m/s) patterns. It is expected that significant changes in climate will cause sea surface temperature increases between 1 and 4 °C, which will accelerate temperature and wind speed further. These adverse changes would negatively affect future UK weather patterns and create positive conditions for the formation of super storms and high winds in the near future, although not necessarily hurricanes.

PP.15.27] USE OF 99 M TC-HMPAO BRAIN SPECT ON PATIENTS WITH RESISTANT HYPERTENSION TO ASSESS THE SAFETY OF RENAL DENERVATION

Objective: To determine the speed change of cerebral blood flow after radiofrequency ablation of the renal arteries in patients with arterial hypertension resistant to drug therapyDesign and method: The study included 13 patients (average age 54,2 ± 11.4 years) with arterial hypertension resistant to drug therapy. All patients underwent office blood pressure measurement, brain SPECT with 99m Tc-HMPAO at baseline and after 6 months after renal denervation Results: According to office measurements, baseline blood pressure amounted to 166,9/101,1 mmHg with the decline -24,6/-14,8 mmHg 6 months after denervation (p < 0.05). When comparing indices of regional cerebral blood flow obtained when brain SPECT showed no signs of deterioration of cerebral perfusion and reduce the speed of cerebral circulation. On the contrary, in some regions of the brain marked by a significant increase in the speed of cerebral blood flow: in the right rear parietal, occipital right and left frontal and right-lower areas (p < 0.05). These results allow us to speak not only about security but also the positive impact of renal denervation on cerebral blood flow, probably due to the persistent decline in systemic arterial pressure. No patient included in the study were recorded adverse side effects related to the denervation. Dynamics of the level of blood creatinine or signs of stenosis of the renal arteries after ablation have not been identified Conclusions: In patients with resistant hypertension conducting renal denervation contributes to a significant reduction of office blood pressure. When evaluating the effect of renal denervation on the brain as one of the main target organs of hypertension, revealed no reduction in the level of cerebral blood flow and cerebral perfusion, suggesting the safety of this procedure.

Reconstructing solar magnetic fields from historical observations

Aims. We aim to use the surface flux transport model to simulate the long-term evolution of the photospheric magnetic field from historical observations. In this work we study the accuracy of the model and its sensitivity to uncertainties in its main parameters and the input data.Methods. We tested the model by running simulations with different values of meridional circulation and supergranular diffusion parameters, and studied how the flux distribution inside active regions and the initial magnetic field affected the simulation. We compared the results to assess how sensitive the simulation is to uncertainties in meridional circulation speed, supergranular diffusion, and input data. We also compared the simulated magnetic field with observations.Results. We find that there is generally good agreement between simulations and observations. Although the model is not capable of replicating fine details of the magnetic field, the long-term evolution of the polar field is very similar in simulations and observations. Simulations typically yield a smoother evolution of polar fields than observations, which often include artificial variations due to observational limitations. We also find that the simulated field is fairly insensitive to uncertainties in model parameters or the input data. Due to the decay term included in the model the effects of the uncertainties are somewhat minor or temporary, lasting typically one solar cycle.

Effects of DOC+CDPF on Emission Characteristics of Heavy-duty Diesel Vehicle

Based on the revolving drum test bench, an experimental study was conducted in heavy-duty diesel vehicle at China Stage Ⅲ with and without DOC+CDPF to investigate the effects of DOC+CDPF on the gaseous and particle emission characteristics under C-WTVC driving cycle. The results showed that from city circulation conditions to high way circulation conditions to high-speed circulation conditions, the CO, THC, CO2 and PM emission factors of the test vehicle without DOC+CDPF decreased while NOx and PN emission factors increased, the particle number concentration showed two peaks versus the size of the particles and accumulated particles predominated. After the test vehicle was equipped with DOC+CDPF, the emissions factors decreased and the faster the circulation speed, the greater the decreasing amplitudes of the emissions factors. Throughout the C-WTVC, the decreasing amplitudes of CO, THC, CO2, and NOx emission factors were 70.36%, 72.73%, 17.00% and 7.76%, the PM and PN emission factors decreased by 93.77% and 98.91% respectively. The particle number concentration still had two peaks versus the size of the particles and the nuclear mode particles predominated. Besides, the size of the accumulated particles peak diminished.

Hydrodynamics of slot-rectangular spouted beds: Process intensification

Effect of bed geometry on the hydrodynamics of slot-rectangular spouted beds was studied by means of CFD-DEM simulations. Axial and lateral velocity distributions of particles as well as axial gas velocity distribution were used for validation of the simulation with experimental data. Static bed height and U0/Ums were constant in all simulations. Minimum spouting velocity as well as velocity, voidage and axial flux distributions of particles were determined and compared for six bed cone angles (20°–70°). An improved correlation for minimum spouting velocity was proposed which includes the effect of bed cone angle for the first time. Novel curved bed geometry, inspired from improvement of particle motion, was also proposed. Solids circulation rates for beds with different cone angles were evaluated by tracing sample particles in the bed. Axial distribution of lateral solids flux, which shows the insertion location of particles from annulus to spout, was determined for different cone angles. Combination of solids circulation rate (speed of circulation) and lateral flux (quality of circulation) was used to discuss about the effect of geometry on the circulation of particles. The best circulation behavior was observed in the curved bed.

Lattice Boltzmann numerical simulation and entropy generation analysis of natural convection of nanofluid in a porous cavity with different linear temperature distributions on side walls

In this paper, natural convection in a porous cavity filled with Cu-water nanofluid is investigated using Lattice Boltzmann method (LBM). Horizontal walls of the cavity are adiabatic and vertical walls have a fixed linear temperature distribution. The effect of different boundary conditions on heat transfer characteristics is investigated and results are compared with each other. Fluid flow through porous media has been modelled by Ergun's relation and an in-house parallel LBM computational code is developed by using Bhatnagar-Gross-Krook model with additional force terms to account the porous medium and gravity effects. Effects of different boundary conditions (four cases) on heat transfer characteristics are investigated at different Rayleigh, Darcy and nanoparticle concentrations, and results are illustrated in terms of stream function, temperature distribution, Nusselt, relative Nusselt, flow circulation speed and entropy generation. For high and low Ra values, case D (the hottest and coldest points are at the top of cavity) and case C (the hottest and coldest points are placed at the top and bottom of the hot and cold walls respectively) show the best heat transfer performance, respectively. Also a decrement in Da, decreases Nu and an optimal Ra exists to maximize the relative Nu for each Da.

Influence of Moisture Conditioning on Linear Viscoelastic Behaviour of Bituminous Mixtures Used For Railway Trackbeds

Abstract The influence of moisture on the linear-viscoelastic properties of bituminous mixtures with and without polymer modified bitumen (PMB) to be used for railway trackbeds was addressed in this paper. Nowadays, the use of bituminous mixtures in railway trackbeds, particularly for new high-speed lines, is a common practice. The variation of the thermomechanical properties of bituminous mixtures needs to be characterized considering railway loading, circulation speed, and environmental exposure conditions. For this purpose, improved 3D complex modulus tests were performed on base-course type mixtures. A tri-dimensional constitutive model, called 2S2P1D (2 Springs, 2 Parabolic creep elements and 1 Dashpot), was used to model the viscoelastic behavior of the materials. A moisture conditioning procedure was used to induce moisture damage to the mixtures. The thermomechanical properties of the materials are compared for the conditioned and non-conditioned states. Low variation of the linear viscoelastic behavior of the studied materials after moisture conditioning was observed. The results allowed assessing the interest of using polymer modified bitumen for bituminous mixtures to be used in railway trackbeds.

Study of Thermal Oxidative Ageing and Gamma Irradiation Effects on Styrene Butadiene Rubber/Boron Carbide Based Composites

Purpose: Nuclear radiations have broad applications in our daily life, while unwanted radiations are harmful for man as well as environment. The main objective of this study is to search better shielding material for transportation of radioactive substances, to form a light weight safety dress for workers and defence solutions. Materials and methods: Composite of Styrene-Butadiene Rubber (SBR) containing 20 parts per hundred (phr) Boron Carbide (B4C) was prepared using Two Roll Mill. Thermo-oxidative ageing was performed at Pakistan Institute of Engineering and Applied Sciences (PIEAS) using ageing oven in air at circulation speed of 15 rev/min. Thermal oxidative ageing of samples were carried out at 70°C for 12 days in ageing oven. Gamma ageing of samples were carried out by using Gamma irradiation facility at Pakistan Radiation Services (PARAS) Lahore. This was performed using 60Co gamma irradiator in air at a dose rate of 1.02 kGy/h. The polymer composite are subjected to various doses of gamma radiation ranging from 100 to 400 kGy. Mechanical properties measurement were carried out for this composite are The tensile strength, elongation at break and young’s modulus were measured using universal tensile testing machine. The solvents used in this study are: Acetone, chloroform, distilled water, kerosene oil, methanol, 12% NaOH, 10% H2SO4 and Xylene for Swelling measurements of composite at room temperature about 24 h to 48 h. Neutron attenuation properties of the composite were investigated using BF3 detector in Pakistan Research Reactor-1 (PARR-1). Monte-Carlo simulation code (MCNP-5) and MCBEND was used to calculate the simulated results. Comparison of experimental and simulated result shows a good agreement with each other. Results: Monte Carlo simulation results are matching to the experimental results and it is seen that addition of boron carbide increase the attenuation of thermal neutrons to about 167% than unloaded sample. Normally no swelling for water, 12% NaOH, 10% H2SO4 and Ethanol proves good for these environments. Mechanical characteristics are also favorable and show bearable behavior of the composite. Conclusions: On the basis of experimentally observed behavior, characteristics and response to radiation, it can be concluded that styrene butadiene rubber/boron carbide based composites are the excellent materials for shielding radiations.

Tracing the North Atlantic's Bottom Waters

Chemicals released by two European nuclear fuel reprocessing plants, along with certain chlorofluorocarbons, are helping to constrain the speed and behavior of North Atlantic deep-ocean circulation.

Artificial neural network model for ground vibration amplitudes prediction due to light railway traffic in urban areas

The growth of density and circulation speed of railway transportation systems in urban areas increases the importance of the research issues of the produced environmental impacts. This study presents a field data analysis, obtained during monitoring campaigns of ground vibration, due to light railway traffic in urban areas, based on the artificial neural network (ANN) approach, using quantitative and qualitative predictors. Different ANN-based models, using those predictors, were evaluated/trained and validated. Using several criteria, including those that measures the possibility of ANN overfitting (RR2) and complexity (AIC), the best ANN model was successfully obtained for Lisbon area. This model, with 16 input elements (quantitative and qualitative predictors), 2 neurons on the hidden layer with a hyperbolic tangent sigmoid transfer function, and 1 neuron on the output layer considering a linear transfer function, has 0.9720 for the coefficient of determination and 0.5293 for the sum squared error.

Information Flow and the Quality of Scientific Knowledge Production

This is the first edition of Amadeus International Multidisciplinary Journal, a new open acess journal, which has the purpose to motivate and leverage the scientific production of researchers, professors and academics from various fields of knowledge. The speed of Science and circulation of information, impact the interactions that occur between the actors involved. It is through instruments like this, that new changes tend to happen. The purpose is to facilitate people's lives by improving their understanding of the world as well as elucidating issues before obscure.

Precipitation trend–Elevation relationship in arid regions of the China

Based on monthly precipitation data at 128 meteorological stations in the arid regions of the China (ARC), we investigated that the regional characteristics of precipitation trend and the precipitation trend–elevation relationship during the period of 1961–2012. There is growing evidence that the elevation-dependent wetting (EDWE), which is the precipitation wetting trend is amplified with elevation. The precipitation trend increases significantly with elevation except for the altitude from 500 to 1500m, the highest correlation appears above 1500m, increases by 13mm/decade with each 1000m. With the elevation increasing every 1000m, precipitation tendency rate increases by 7mm/decade from 1000 to 2000m and increases by 10mm/decade from 2000 to 4000m. EDWE has an impact on the change of the cryospheric systems, ecosystems and water resources, especially in arid regions of China. We discuss mechanisms that contribute towards EDWE: water vapor changes and warming-driven water circulation speeds up. We suggest future needs to increase evidence of understand the EDWE in other mountainous regions, and its controlling mechanisms through integrated the observational network of surface in-situ climate observations, satellite data and high-resolution climatic modeling.

Transcranial doppler in sickle cell disease (SCD) in Malagasy children

IntroductionLe doppler transcrânien est un outil efficace permettant de dépister les enfants drépanocytaires à risque d'AVC.MéthodesNous avons réalisé une étude descriptive transversale sur des enfants Malagasy âgés entre 24 mois et 15 ans (groupe 1: 57 drépanocytaires, groupe 2: 43 témoins) afin d’évaluer le profil vélocimétrique des artères cérébrales chez les drépanocytaires. Un examen Doppler transcrânien a été réalisé avec étude des flux sanguins cérébraux chez les enfants des deux groupes.RésultatsPour les sujets drépanocytaires, la vitesse moyenne (VM) de l'artère cérébrale moyenne était de 100,9 ± 26,8 cm/s, l'indice de pulsatilité (IP) de 0,73 ± 0,20, la différence entre les artères cérébrales moyennes droite et gauche (ACMr) de 19,8 ± 21,5 cm/s, le rapport des vitesses de l'artère cérébrale antérieure/artère cérébrale moyenne (ACA/ACM) de 0,7 ± 0,2. Pour les enfants non drépanocytaires, VM: 80,6 ± 19,3 cm/s, IP: 0,79 ± 0,14, ACMr: 17 ± 20,1 cm/s, ACA/ACM: 0,8 ± 0,2. La vélocité des enfants drépanocytaires était supérieure au groupe contrôle. Les vitesses ont été corrélées avec le taux d'hémoglobine et l’âge et non pas avec le sexe et le volume globulaire moyen.ConclusionLes vitesses circulatoires cérébrales sont élevées chez les drépanocytaires que les enfants non drépanocytaires et sont influencées par le taux d'hémoglobine et l’âge.

Globalisation of Cultural Circuits. The Case of International Awards for Fiction

Abstract In the international circuit of fictional texts from the last fifty years (perhaps even one hundred years, in some cases), several independent international organizations, academic and editorial platforms of critique and debate have been established. They have been organizing international contests, fine authorities of critical appreciation, evaluation and awarding of most prolific authors and most successful fictional texts: novels, short stories, stories or utopian and dystopian fictions. The allotment on cultural corridors, the geographical identification of both author and title dynamics which have been nominated at the most prestigious international awards for fiction demonstrates an increased emergence of several zones where wide international circulation texts were seldom, fifty years ago. In this paper, we suggest a reinterpretation and a comprehension of the political context from the contemporary fiction, by regrouping in one category, the three classical genres (historic novel, social novel, political novel) and also the universal fiction which implies characters and relations of power. Thus, we create a category which is known as „political fiction”. The increased individualization of this literary macro-genre called „political fiction” is also a creative answer to the high speed of circulation and at the general international amplitude with which contemporary socio-political novels are distributed.

An inline sensing of coolant temperature inside a micro-channel for applications in ultra dense packed high power electronics

An indirect cooling mechanism with coolants flowing through micro-channels absorbing the heat emanating from the ultra dense high power electronics chips and field programable gate arrays (FPGA) has been reported as the successful thermal management process in recent times. In such schemes, it is imperative to control the flow rate of the fluid so as to maintain the normal operating conditions/temperature on the area to be cooled. Such requirement necessitates the measurement of the temperature inside the micro-channels so as to sustain the needed circulation speed of the coolant. In the present paper, experimental measurement of the temperature of the fluids flowing through a closed loop micro-channel, by inserting an inline all-fiber micro Mach – Zehnder interferometer (MMZI) inside the channel, has been reported. During the study, three different fluids viz. water, isopropyle alcohol and copper nano particle mixed iso propyle alcohol, were circulated, at different flow rates, inside the 0.6mm2 channel. The variations in the characteristics of the light waves propagating through the fiber due to the presence of the fluid and its flow rate were observed on the optical spectrum analyzer. The temperature sensitivity of the MMZI for three fluids, in terms of shift in the output fringe pattern was determined as 0.372nm/°C, 0.261nm/°C. and 0.249nm/°C, respectively.

Natural Evaporation Type Salt Manufacturing Process Resource Management using Distributed Embedded System

The conventional salt production a system in India is based on sea water solar evaporation method with huge human intervenes. The Advance Control Decision Support system can manage environmental problems efficiently and increase salt product quality at low cost solution. The proposed system is a model for the parameter readings, environmental conditions monitoring and controlling and reporting to the Expert system. This system monitors level measuring, water pH, humidity in environment, temperature of the field, wind/air circulation speed, etc, These data continuously acquired through field bus and wireless network communication. Then controlling system analyzes acquired data and activates different actuators automatically. In this paper Controller Area Network field bus and Zigbee wireless network communication is proposed for automatic controlled distributed embedded system in natural solar evaporation salt production process.

G99(P) Resuscitating resus:

Aims Critically sick children need to receive appropriate resuscitation as swiftly as possible. The Resuscitation Council state ‘Staff (should) have immediate access to appropriate resuscitation equipment and drugs’ with a ‘reliable system of equipment checks and replacement’. Clinical incident reporting and weekly simulation training identified latent environmental errors in the paediatric resuscitation bay in the emergency department of busy district general hospital. Our aim was to identify reasons for this and areas for improvement. Methods This was an observational study of time taken for trainees to find emergency equipment. Two lists were devised of simple airway and intravenous access and fluid bolus equipment. We timed one trainee finding specific equipment in our current resuscitation bay, identifying improvement areas using trainee and observer feedback. After a multi-disciplinary departmental meeting to consolidate opinion, an action plan was devised. We then redesigned the bay and retimed a trainee finding the same equipment. The changes involved creating three uniform circulation trolleys of paediatric cannulation and fluid bolus equipment. Labels were placed below each piece of equipment and photographic checklists created. The same principles were used for the airway trolley. Results Prior to the changes, Trainee 1 took a protracted amount of time to find a paediatric non-rebreath mask and during the circulation speed test, could only find half a culture kit after searching multiple trolleys and used the last bag of 10% dextrose in the paediatric bay. After our changes, Trainee 2 found all airway adjuncts in the airway trolley and only required one grab trolley to successfully collate all circulation equipment with a decrease in time. Conclusions Although two different trainees were used, both were similar grades with a similar amount exposure to the resuscitation bay. We showed with no money or extra resources you can ensure a safer environment for patients by ensuring uniformity and clear labelling. Staff reported finding the area easier to navigate, more intuitive and clearer to restock.

G553(P) Resuscitating resus: Abstract G553(P) Table 1

Context This project was based in a busy district general’s Paediatric resuscitation bay. Doctors, nurses and the resuscitation team were involved. Problem The Resuscitation Council states: ‘Healthcare organisations have an obligation to provide a high-quality resuscitation service’ and ‘staff have immediate access to appropriate resuscitation equipment and drugs’ with ‘A reliable system of equipment checks and replacement in place’. It states that appropriate airway equipment should be immediately available and circulation equipment accessible within minutes. The current Paediatric resuscitation bay was felt to not fully meet the above criteria. The resus bay was not an intuitive area and had no clear restocking guidelines with trust incident forms being logged for missing equipment during resuscitations. Assessment of problem and analysis of its causes Two lists of equipment were devised: one of simple airway equipment and one of equipment required to gain IV access and give a dextrose bolus. We timed one SHO trying to find specific equipment in our current resuscitation bay. The results were discussed in departmental meeting to consolidate the opinion of the Paediatric team, the Anaesthetic team, the Resuscitation officers and the Paediatric nurses, an action plan was devised to address the failings noted by staff in the department. Intervention The main instigated changes involved creating uniform circulation trolleys containing all the required equipment for paediatric cannulation and giving a bolus of rescue fluid. The bay had 3 grab trolleys and all were identical. To aid restocking, a label was placed below each piece of equipment to state what should be there and photographic checklists were created. The same principle was used for the airway trolley which, while being organised for weight, had an identical layout in each drawer and the same labelling system and checklist. Study design This was an observational study based on the time taken for SHO’s to find emergency equipment pre and post changes. Strategy for change The changes were implemented by a Paediatric SHO and F1 who redesigned, labelled and restocked the trolleys. This was organised prior to the new rotational doctors starting who were then inducted around the department by one of the study organisers. Measurement of improvement We timed SHO’s finding equipment pre and post changes. Results Prior to the changes SHO 1 took a protracted amount of time to find a paediatric non-rebreath mask and during the circulation speed test searched multiple drawers, could only find half a culture kit and used the last bag of 10% dextrose in the paediatric resuscitation bay. After our implementation, SHO 2 found all of the airway adjuncts in the airway trolley and only required one grab trolley to successfully collate all the circulation equipment with a decrease in time. Effects of changes Although two SHO’s were used, both were of a similar grade and had had a similar amount of exposure and experience within the resuscitation bay. Simple measures, requiring no additional equipment or money, were taken to standardise the area. Substantial improvements in time were noted in both tests. Nursing staff and doctors reported finding the area easier to use, more logical and clearer to restock. Lessons learnt Simple changes can make a demonstrable difference and improve patient safety. Message for others We showed with no money or extra resources you can ensure a safer environment for patients by ensuring uniformity and clear labelling.

Equilibrium temperature distribution and Hadley circulation in an axisymmetric model

Abstract. The impact of the equilibrium temperature distribution, θE, on the Hadley circulation simulated by an axisymmetric model is studied. The θE distributions that drive the model are modulated here by two parameters, n and k, the former controlling the horizontal broadness and the latter controlling the vertical stratification of θE. In the present study, variations in the θE distribution mimic changes in the energy input of the atmospheric system, leaving as almost invariant the Equator–poles θE difference. Both equinoctial and time-dependent Hadley circulations are simulated and the results compared. The results give evidence that concentrated θE distributions enhance the meridional circulation and jet wind speed intensities, even with a lower energy input. The meridional circulation and the subtropical jet stream widths are controlled by the broadness of horizontal θE rather than by the vertical stratification, which is important only when θE distribution is concentrated at the Equator. The jet stream position does not show any dependence with n and k, except when the θE distribution is very wide (n = 3) and, in such a case, the jet is located at the mid-latitudes and the model temperature clamps to forcing θE. Using n = 2 and k = 1, we have the formulation of the potential temperature adopted in the classical literature. A comparison with other works is performed, and our results show that the model running in different configurations (equinoctial, solstitial and time dependent) yields results similar to one another.

Effects of flow speed and circulation interval on water quality and zooplankton in a pond-ditch circulation system.

A pond-ditch circulation system (PDCS) shows great promises for ecological restoration of rural contaminated water in southern China. In this study, the optimal flow speed, circulation interval, and their combination for the system were investigated for higher pollutant removal efficiency and lower costs in three separate experiments: I, II, and III, respectively. In each experiment, there are three PDCSs (S1, S2, and S3) with different water circulation speeds or circulation intervals, respectively. The results demonstrated that in experiment I, total nitrogen (TN) removal rates, species numbers, and diversity indexes of zooplankton in S1 with a flow speed of 3.6L/h were significantly higher than those in S2 (7.2L/h) and S3 (10.2L/h), respectively. Similarly, in experiment II, S3 circulating every other 4h had significantly higher TN reduction rates, species numbers, and diversity indexes than S1 and S2 circulating every other 1 and 2h, respectively. In experiment III, water qualities in S1 (circulation of 3.6L/h + interval of 4h) were better than those in S2 (7.2L/h + 4h) and S3 (10.2L/h + 6h), respectively. Together, circulation at every other 4h (3.6L/h) is probably the optimal operating condition for the PDCS in remediating rural contaminated water.