Speed Control System Research Articles

Cause Analysis and Preventive Measures for Deterioration of Steam Turbine Lubricating Oil

Lubricating the oil system of the steam turbine in the power plant is an important part of maintaining the normal operation of a steam turbine. The quality of oil directly affects the safe and stable operation of steam turbines. If the oil quality deteriorates, it is very easy to cause major accidents such as wear of steam turbine bearings, jamming of the speed control system, and even burning of bearings, failure of steam turbine speed control system leading to overspeed. This research method uses a literature review. In the operation of the power plant, it is common for lubricating oil to exceed the standard particle size and water content, and there are many reasons for this. This article analyzes the causes of lubricating oil deterioration and explains more specific preventive measures. Conclusion Deterioration in oil quality and excessive particle size can easily lead to serious consequences. Therefore, it must be controlled from the inspection of new oil entering the factory, sampling and testing, and monitoring of the operation stage, to improve the maintenance process.

Characteristic analysis method for integrated multi-parameter hydro-viscous speed control system

Hydro-viscous clutch has become an inevitable choice for special vehicle transmissions. As a nonlinear dynamic system with large lagging link, its timing performance is affected by input rotational speed, lubricating oil temperature and pressure and other factors. However, from the control perspective, the speed regulation law, formation mechanism control characteristics, global model of hydro-viscous speed control system (HSCS) are unclear. To solve these problems, this paper presents a comprehensive analysis of the Hydro-viscous Speed Control System (HSCS), focusing on its steady-state and dynamic speed control characteristics. A data-driven model is established to describe the relationship between input rotational speed, output speed, control oil pressure, and lubricating oil temperature. The findings provide a foundation for optimizing HSCS structure and parameters, enhancing the performance and reliability of such systems in special vehicle transmissions and establishing a temperature-speed control system for special vehicle transmissions.

Evaluation of Performance Improvement Rate of Plastic Production System Using ARENA: A Case Study of Phoenix Plastic Services

Production improvement has become essential to all industrial activity because of the fierce competition among today's production systems and organizations and the unquenchable customer demand. The shorter product life cycle has significantly increased the demand for prompt reactions to increase the productivity and efficiency of these industrial systems. This study examined the evaluation of performance improvement rate of plastic production system using ARENA. The report provided by the plastics industry was used in the study to analyze and assess the rate of performance improvement of the plastic manufacturing system. The location of the bottleneck was determined by the research following a thorough analysis of the plastic company's data, which included information on all manufacturing lines and procedures. The research employed Arena to assess and compute the rate of improvement in system performance while accounting for the material transporting process throughout the production line. The conveyor velocity maintains a lock at 75m/min, despite the company's report stating that the transports run at 30m/min. The optimized and unoptimized processes when obtained from a finished recycling process running for 1000 working hours, indicate that the conveyor process had 1045 and 1027 entity input and output, respectively, and the transporter process had 953 and 929 entities input and output respectively. The remaining number left when considering the number that enters the system with the number that leaves the system went to waste, resulting from the sorting and demagnetization process. The introduction of the conveyor brings 10.549% in the production rate and 50% decrease on expenses spent in labor. Through the conveyor system's speed control factor, which is an automated procedure, the system's percentage increment may be further raised. By raising the conveyor system's speed, more items will be produced. Conveyor system installation free up more space for additional production-related equipment, increasing products formed and the company's profit. The cost of purchasing and installing the conveyor will be covered by the excess profit.

Improving the Dynamics of an Electrical Drive Using a Modified Controller Structure Accompanied by Delayed Inputs

This paper presents the operation of a modified speed controller with a standard PI/PID structure that includes the preprocessing of the controller’s input signal, focusing on the past behavior of control errors. The modification involves adding a delay line, with the outputs of the individual line segments summed with a weighting method, as detailed in the paper. One of the significant advantages of this method is its use of a standard industrial controller structure, which makes it highly practical and easily implementable in existing systems. By relying on well-established control frameworks, this approach reduces the need for specialized hardware or complex modifications, allowing for smoother integration and lower implementation costs. The delay-based signal shaping shows excellent properties for the electric drive system powered by a hard-switching PWM converter. The set of weighted delays acts as a filter whose parameters are chosen using the quality function to test different configurations for optimal performance. When tested in a speed control system for a Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor, the modifications improved the control quality index, indicating better performance and efficiency. Importantly, the system allows for reducing or eliminating the gain in the differentiating part of the controller, which decreases motor current chattering and noise. This paper includes an experimental verification of the proposed solution in a laboratory setting under semi-industrial conditions.

Design and real-time implementation of a sliding mode observer utilizing voltage signal injection and PLL for sensorless control of IPMSMs

In this study, a sliding mode observer (SMO) based on high-frequency (HF) voltage signal injection and a phase-locked loop (PLL) is proposed for estimating the extended electromotive force (EEMF), rotor position, and rotor velocity of an interior permanent magnet synchronous machine (IPMSM).This approach addresses real-time estimation challenges associated with standard SMO and PLL at very low speeds and standstill. A reliable and accurate sensorless speed control system for IPMSM is then developed and implemented in real time using the proposed SMO and PLL, covering a wide range of speeds, including low-speed and standstill conditions. The SMO effectively estimates the EEMF, while the PLL extracts the rotor velocity and position based on these estimates. Compared to conventional SMO and PLL methods, real-time results from an 8-pole, 0.4 kW IPMSM demonstrate the superior efficiency of the proposed system.

Design and test of reel speed control system for soybean combine harvester in the strip intercropping mode

At present, the speed of the reel of soybean combine harvester is mainly adjusted manually, and basically does not have the ability to automatically adjust the speed of the reel according to changes in crops or working speed. In the maize-soybean strip intercropping mode, soybean plants are densely planted. During harvesting, the feeding rate increases, making it even more necessary to adjust the reel speed according to the growth status of the crops. This article uses PLC as the main control platform to design a reel speed control system for the existing combine harvester. Tests have shown that the control system can meet the requirements for reel speed control. The relative error of the reel control system’s speed test is 2.6%, the relative error of the operating speed is 6.77%, and the maximum relative error of the automatic control of the reel speed is 5.38%. Compared with traditional reel, it reduces header loss by 2.12%. The soybean combine harvester reel speed control system designed in this article can realize automatic adjustment of the reel speed, reduce feeding losses caused by changes in crop height, changes in feed volume, and untimely adjustment of the reel, and can reduce header loss, increased crop yield.

A nonlinear hysteresis compensation control of hydro-viscous drive in air transport operations

The Hydro-Viscous Drive (HVD) speed regulating system finds extensive application in air transport transmission systems to regulate the stepless speed or conduct overload protection. However, its intrinsic hysteretic behaviors, such as the asymmetric hysteretic and dead zone, could introduce inaccuracy and delay in control applications, posing challenges to system regulation. This paper investigates a Nonlinear Hysteresis Compensation Control (NHCC) that consists of two parts to control the HVD output speed by operating the valve under different engine operating conditions. In the first part, the Inverse Hysteresis Compensator (IHC) based on major loop data is introduced for the asymmetric hysteresis characterization and compensation of the HVD speed control system of the power generation and distribution, which aims to reduce the hysteresis and dead zone effect and expand the effective input range. In the second part, the Active Disturbance Rejection Controller (ADRC) is employed to mitigate the hysteresis effects of the compensated system and remove the steady-state error, which allows real-time compensation of the estimated perturbations as state feedback to achieve the required performance. An experimental laboratory station has been fabricated to evaluate the proposed method. The test results show that the NHCC method can regulate the fan speed to the desired value (|e|< 45 r/min at steady state) and broaden the effective input range to the full range under different engine conditions. Besides, the proposed control method can reduce the non-linearity of the input and output curves (from 18% to 4%) and compensate for the asymmetric hysteresis (from 38% to 5%).

Parametric correction in the control system of the electric propulsion of autonomous underwater vehicles affected by random inputs

The paper deals with the problem of controlling a DC propulsion motor of an autonomous underwater vehicle using a bidirectional non-isolated DC-DC converter. An automatic speed control system with a parametric controller was developed in the Matlab / Simulink package. To reduce energy conversion stages, dc-dc converters are often used to control dc motors AUV. The result of the work is an adaptive control system for the speed of the AUV propeller, which would provide high accuracy for a wide range of speeds and at the same time limit the maximum current and voltage at the armature. The indicators of the quality of performance in various modes of operation were determined, maps of the controller settings were compiled, and parametric correction was introduced. The operation of the system is analyzed and drawbacks are eliminated, such as voltage surges when switching from one speed to another, a decrease in overshoot and settling time. The performance of the system is analyzed under the conditions of random inputs from the propeller. The description of the laboratory stand for the study of the control system is given. A description of the laboratory study of the operation of the "DC converter—engine" system under conditions of random fluctuations in the moments on the motor shaft is given. It is shown that the proposed system has shown itself well under laboratory conditions and the experimental results are consistent with modeling in Matlab / Simulink.

Output speed control for hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission of tractor.

In order to improve the speed stability of tractors equipped with hydro-mechanical continuously variable transmission (HMCVT) during field operations, the speed regulation characteristics, torque characteristics, and power diversion characteristics of HMCVT are analyzed. And a comprehensive control strategy for HMCVT output speed is proposed by analyzing the factors affecting the fluctuation of output speed, which combines engine speed control and displacement ratio control of hydraulic speed control system. This strategy adopts fuzzy control to regulate the engine speed to maintain the stability of engine operation. Moreover, adopting feed forward compensation control for speed compensation enhances the anti-interference ability of the hydraulic speed control system. And combined with model predictive control, adjust the swash plate swing angle of the variable pump to reduce the fluctuation of HMCVT output speed. By establishing joint simulation model, the effectiveness of the control strategy was verified using tractor acceleration mode and step load disturbance mode. The results show that the strategy can reduce the fluctuation rate of engine speed and impact degree, shorten the adjustment time, and improve the stability of tractor operating speed.

Application of improved fish school algorithm in variable frequency speed control system

In order to solve the problems of long adjustment time and poor stability of the commonly used speed current variable frequency negative feedback speed control system in engineering, the author proposes an improved fish school algorithm application method in variable frequency speed control systems. A fish swarm algorithm optimized based on the arena method is applied to a variable frequency speed control system, and the optimization algorithm is applied to the speed control system to screen the PI parameters that meet the requirements of the speed control system. The simulation results show that compared with manual parameter tuning, the controller parameters optimized by the improved fish school algorithm have better control performance. In the absence of overshoot starting, the starting time was shortened by 0.21s, and the system response speed was improved. When a sudden load of 6 N m is applied, the speed drop is reduced by 3 r · min−1, and the recovery time is shortened by 0.15 s, resulting in stronger anti-interference performance of the system. Conclusion: The new algorithm shortens the control time and improves the robustness of the system.

SENSORLESS SPEED ESTIMATION OF THREE PHASE INDUCTION MOTORS BASED ON DYNAMIC MODEL

In speed control systems of induction motor electrical drives, real-time speed monitoring is necessary. Speed monitoring can be done using the direct method, which uses a mechanical sensor mounted on the motor shaft, or the indirect method, which is based on estimation, mainly from the dynamic model of the motor. Speed estimation based on the dynamic model of the motor in orthogonal coordinates is the most widespread method in sensorless speed control systems of three-phase squirrel cage induction motor electrical drives, especially those of high accuracy. This paper presents the open-loop speed estimator used for speed estimation in three-phase induction motors. The proposed speed estimators are based on the orthogonal coordinate’s dynamic model of an induction motor in a stator reference frame. This technical solution is simple and has a low cost. The currents and voltages of the two motor phases are the input variables of the estimator, while the output variable is the induction motor speed. The speed estimator model is built using LabVIEW software. The dynamics and accuracy of the estimator proposed in this paper have been tested experimentally. The speed measured by the industrial incremental encoder is compared with that of a speed estimator modeled in LabVIEW software. The obtained experimental results show a good match between the measured and estimated speeds under the step torque load changes of the induction motor.

Development of Lightweight 6 m Deployable Mesh Reflector Antenna Mechanisms Based on a Superelastic Shape Memory Alloy

This paper describes the design and experimental verification of a 6 m parabolic deployable mesh reflector antenna mechanism based on a superelastic shape memory alloy. This antenna mainly consists of a deployable primary reflector with a superelastic shape memory alloy-based hinge mechanism and a fixed-type secondary reflector mast, where a rotary-type holding and release mechanism and deployment speed control system are installed. The main feature of this antenna is the application of a superelastic shape memory alloy to the mechanism, which has the advantages of plastic deformation resistance, high damping, and fatigue resistance. A shape memory alloy is applied to the hinge mechanism of each primary reflector rib and to the rotary-type holding and release mechanism as a deployment mechanism. In addition, a superelastic shape memory alloy wire is applied to the antenna in the circumferential direction to maintain the curvature of the primary reflector. The effectiveness of the proposed mechanism design was verified through repeated deployment tests on models of the superelastic shape memory alloy-based hinge mechanism and the antenna system.

Increasing the energy efficiency of an electric vehicle powered by hydrogen fuel cells

The article considers fuel cell electric vehicle energy efficiency improvement by means of traction battery remanent state of charge modern control algorithms application which based on fuzzy logic. Fuel cell vehicle traction system used as experimental setup for the study includes brushless dc motor, lithium-ion batteries pack and electronic differential approach implementation. The results of simulation modelling in MATLAB-Simulink software comparing conventional PID-controller based and fuzzy logic based controller for vehicle speed control systems are presented. Fuzzy logic controller provides an electric vehicle dynamic behavior tuning for different driving modes automatically transferring the control system to economy mode when it possible. However, the control system is able to provide fast dynamic behavior when it is required. The proposed control algorithm is tested by means of developed experimental setup. Experimental results validate conducted simulation modelling results and the proposed control algorithm. Application of the proposed fuzzy logic control algorithm to control the electric vehicle dynamic behavior allows energy efficiency improvement and driving range increase.

A multi-objective co-optimization method of controller parameters for the overall system of small pressurized water reactor

Small pressurized water reactors (SPWRs) normally have complicated and varying working conditions, and become an important direction for nuclear energy development. The overall system of SPWR, including the reactor coolant average temperature control system, the feedwater control system of the once-through steam generator (OTSG), the steam turbine speed control system and the steam dump control system, is used to guarantee the safe and stable operation. The overall system of SPWR is designed with multiple PI controllers. To accomplish intelligent self-tuning of PI controller parameters, reduce the dependence on human engineering experience, and improve the control performance of the overall system, a multi-objective co-optimization method(MMOCO) with PI controller parameters for overall system of SPWR is proposed. Firstly, based on the coordinated control theory and PI control algorithm, the overall system of SPWR is established. Then, a MMOCO for the overall system of SPWR is designed with the Non-Dominated Sorting Genetic Algorithm-II (NSGA-II). Finally, to compare the performance of the controller parameters derived from the MMOCO and the controller parameters obtained via the engineering tuning method, step load decrease transients are selected. The results show that the ability to control the overall system of SPWR is effectively improved after applying the MMOCO.

ADAS and automation-arelevant contribution to maintaining mobility of older drivers?

Driving is the most important and safest form of mobility for the majority of senior citizens. However, physical and mental performance gradually decline with age, which can lead to more problems, critical situations or even accidents. Vehicle technology innovations such as advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) have the potential to increase the road safety of older people and maintain their individual mobility for as long as possible.This overview article aims to identify ADAS that have the greatest potential to reduce the number of accidents involving older drivers. For this purpose, the accident and damage occurrence as well as the driving behaviour and compensation strategies of older people are examined in more detail. Suitable ADAS should compensate for typical driver errors, reduce information deficiencies and have ahigh level of acceptance. For older drivers, emergency braking, parking assistance, navigation, intersection assistance and distance speed control systems as well as systems for detecting blind spots and obstacles appear to be particularly suitable.Some of the disadvantages of ADAS are the lack of market penetration, acceptance problems and interface designs that have not yet been optimally adapted to the needs of older users. For older drivers in particular, it appears to be apriority to develop coherent and integrated solutions in the sense of cooperative assistance instead of pushing ahead with high and full automation with many system limits and exceptions, which can place high demands on attention, for example if the vehicle has to be taken over in acritical situation.

Speed regulation system based on proportional resonance self-coupling PI control

In this paper, an improved self-coupled PI control dual-loop control strategy is proposed for the vector control of permanent magnet synchronous electric speed control system, to improve the poor motor control effect caused by the dead zone of the inverter, the presence of harmonics in the motor magnetic field distribution, and the error in the sampling process of the current. In order to reduce the tracking error of the signal, an acceleration feed-forward method is adopted, and the self-coupled PI controller with an additional Levant differentiator is introduced into the speed loop of the permanent magnet synchronous motor to ensure the accurate derivation of the input signal containing noise to improve the robustness of the system. In addition, this strategy combines the proportional term of the autotuned PI control structure with the standard resonator to form a proportional resonant autotuned PI in the current loop, so that the permanent magnet synchronous motor can better compensate the current in the current loop control to achieve the effect of current harmonic suppression. Finally, the control mechanism of the servo system analyzed, and based on the mathematical model of the controlled object PMSM, the design method of the improved self-coupling PI control structure is given. The experimental results show that the proposed control strategy can reduce the impact of the motor's own parameter changes on the system performance and has a good current harmonic suppression in the low-speed domain, which verifies the effectiveness of the designed improved self-coupled PI controller.

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Speed Control System Based on Fractional Order Integral Sliding Mode Control

Permanent Magnet Synchronous Motor Speed Control System Based on Fractional Order Integral Sliding Mode Control

Optimization of PID controller for stepper motor speed control system based on improved sparrow search algorithm

To improve the control accuracy of the stepper motor, a PID controller based on an improved sparrow search algorithm (ISSA-PID) is designed to improve the response speed as well as the robustness of the closed-loop speed control of the stepper motor by optimizing the position update formula and the step size control parameters based on the sparrow search algorithm. ISSA-PID is applied to the stepper motor speed control system in Matlab and tested by Ramp-up Load and applying perturbation simulation respectively. By comparing with traditional PID, Differential Evolution algorithm PID controller, Particle Swarm Optimization algorithm PID controller, and Ant Lion Optimization algorithm PID controller, the results show that ISSA-PID not only improves the convergence speed and accuracy but also performs better in terms of stability. Finally, the experimental platform of the stepper motor speed control system is built to experimentally verify the performance of the ISSA-PID controller, and the experimental results show that ISSA-PID has stronger robustness and faster response speed compared with the remaining four controllers.

Enhancing DC Motor Speed Control Performance Using Heuristic Optimization and Comparative Analysis of Control Methods

Direct Current (DC) motors are an important component that converts electrical energy into mechanical energy, used in a wide range of applications from industrial applications to home appliances. DC motor speed control has an important role in industrial processes to increase efficiency, realize precise movements and optimize energy consumption. In this study, various control methods and parameter optimization techniques for speed control of DC motors, which have a wide range of applications, have been systematically analyzed. The aim of the study is to develop an effective control strategy to ensure that DC motors reach the determined target speed by monitoring them in real time at different speeds and to minimize fluctuations caused by variable loads or external factors. In our study, Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID), Proportional-Integral (PI), and Proportional-Derivative (PD) control methods were used. The parameters of these controllers were tuned using Matlab Tuned, The Cheetah Optimizer (CO) Algorithm, a new generation heuristic optimization method, and Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), a widely accepted optimization method. The performances of the controllers were determined using criteria such as Integral of Absolute Error (IAE), Integral Squared Error (ISE), and Integral of Time multiplied by Absolute Error (ITAE). According to the results obtained, it was found that the PID, PI and PD control parameters determined using the CO Algorithm performed better than the controllers created using Matlab Tuned and PSO methods. New optimization methods, such as the CO Algorithm, have been found to have significant potential to improve the performance of control systems. Thanks to this study, it offers a practical approach for optimizing DC motor speed control in industrial processes. As a result, it has been found that the control parameters determined by the CO Algorithm have significant potential in improving the performance of DC motor speed control and control systems compared to other optimization methods.

Integrated Implementation of Computer vision and PID Control for Dynamic Speed Control of Line follower Robot

This research aims to develop a dynamic speed control system for line follower robots by integrating computer vision technology and PID control. The main challenge in controlling line follower robots is maintaining stability and speed while navigating various types of turns and complex paths. This study proposes the use of computer vision to detect paths more accurately and responsively, and PID control to dynamically adjust the robot's speed based on detected errors. The research methods involve simulating the e-puck robot in a Webots environment, developing algorithms for black line detection and error calculation, and designing the PID control system. The test results show that in Arena 1, the completion time with fixed base speed is 58.08 seconds, while with dynamic base speed it is 50.386 seconds, indicating a 13.3% reduction in completion time. In Arena 2, the completion time with fixed base speed is 71.584 seconds, while with dynamic base speed it is 66.624 seconds, indicating a 6.9% reduction in completion time. Thus, this control system is more effective in keeping the robot on the desired path, reducing deviations and improving path tracking accuracy.