Speech Stereotypes Research Articles

Students’ attitudes to lecturers’ English in Englishmedium higher education in Denmark

This study examines the evaluative reactions of university students to their nonnative lecturers’ English skills in English-medium instruction, i.e. when English is used as a lingua franca in an academic context. In particular, we examine the relationship between perceptions of English language proficiency and perceptions of general lecturing competence (defined here as knowledge of subject and teaching skills). Statistical analyses of 1,700 student responses to 31 non-native English-speaking lecturers at a major business school in Denmark revealed that the students’ perceptions of the lecturers’ English language proficiency is a significant predictor of their perceptions of the lecturers’ general lecturing competence and vice versa. We interpret this as a two-way relationship caused by speech stereotypes similar to those which have been demonstrated in socialpsychological experiments. This effect should be addressed when universities use student ratings to evaluate teaching in English-medium content courses.

Linguistic Representation of Gender Stereotypes in Spanish

The purpose of this study was to analyse gendered speech standards and patterns in Spanish, considering lexical and grammatical features. The following methods were used in the study: deductive, content analysis, and structural. Furthermore, the lexical materials of researchers who have addressed the issue of gender stereotypes in speech were considered. The results of the study showed that in Spanish, gender stereotypes can transmit and reinforce inequalities between men and women through the use of certain words, phrases, word combinations, and constructions. This is due to the way language is used and understood in society. Linguistic gender stereotypes in Spanish develop in the grammatical, lexical, and semantic fields, considering speech customs that can both strengthen and weaken the role of the individual. The content analysis revealed that gender-neutral templates are beginning to be actively used in the modern Spanish environment, leading to the inclusiveness of the language. With the global development of attitudes towards gender roles, speech stereotypes are changing, most notably in statements, addresses and forms of politeness. However, to effectively overcome linguistic inequality in speech, it is necessary to comprehensively implement the ideology of inclusiveness and gender culture in the fields of education, society, and government, using practical mechanisms that consider race, class, culture, and the role of each person in society.

Behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia with stereotypic speech: a case report

Behavioral variant of frontotemporal dementia with stereotypic speech: a case report

Problems of Discourse Typology in Linguistics

When defining the term Discourse, the difference between its content and structure converges on the basis of speech, the presentation of one's own thoughts. Social activity requires consideration of discourse in the context of communicative activity, taking into account its inseparable socio-psychological characteristics. In linguistic science, even in the context of the structure of discourse, the vision of scientists-researchers in the general solution has not been formed. Nevertheless, it is obvious that there is a certain system of steps of organized communication and the structure of the exchange of speech actions. In the article, some typology sections are conventionally named “typology”, “structural typology”, “comparative typology”, “regional typology”, “counterlinguistics”, “linguistic universals”, “translation grammar”, “comparative typological linguistics” and others. The terms “matching” and “comparison method” are often synonymous. Such a proliferation of terms shows that linguistic typology is not yet firmly established as a science. In linguistics, it includes the discipline of each section and all types of linguistic typology, the juxtaposition of comparative and typological methods, the typological description of related and unrelated languages, characteristic and uncharacteristic studies, etc. To determine such contradictory views, these studies were and are necessary. On the one hand, modern journalistic discourse is characterized by an abundance of template forms of Moderna, ready-made blocks, turns and speech stereotypes. On the other hand, journalism is full of methods and forms that are not fixed in the language sphere and created in a certain speech situation with a certain communicative purpose. Among the many media typical of Moderna discourse, the main focus is on influencing the information and emotions of the addressee and achieving a positive communicative result. These concepts are also significantly disclosed in the article.

FOLKLORE STEREOTYPES AS A STYLISTIC FEATURE OF ALEXANDER OSTROVSKY’S PLAYS: SPEECH OF MATCHMAKER WOMEN

The problem of speech stereotypes of the Russian wedding ceremony in the texts of works of fiction is discussed in the paper. What is subjected to specific analysis are the plays by Alexander Ostrovsky with the theme of matchmaking, where samples of oral folklore and wedding rituals are widely represented in the speech of the matchmakers. The samples of their poetry, replete with folkish and ritual wedding elements, are presented in the article with their analysis given from the side of content and form as well as comparison with their authentic folkish oral prototypes, including ones fixed on Kostroma soil as well, is made. The study is based on the works of well-known Russian folklorists who devoted their work to studying local traditions of the Russian wedding speech genres and folklore patterns accompanying them. Historical and cultural links of Alexander Ostrovsky’s dramaturgical creative work with live folklore and ritual folk traditions are established. In this respect, the high appreciation of the archival folklore and ritual collections of Kostroma, including the one in the walls of Kostroma State University, is revealed by the experts. In conclusion, it is pointed out that folklore speech elements in Alexander Ostrovsky’s drama are of substantial and stylistic importance, and these includes elements of Russian wedding ceremonies and many typified poetic examples of oral folklore conveyed through the speech of matchmakers.

Повседневное деловое общение: коммерческий чат, его специфика и роль в организации быта горожан

The article deals with the study of everyday virtual business communication. The digital age has a huge impact on individuals, significantly changing their lives, and the life of society is increasingly immersed in the virtual space. The material of the study is Internet communication, specifically group communication of citizens, residents of Saratov, in one of the commercial chats: the speech of women’s clothing sellers and buyers. The purpose of the study is to show the development of the chat genre and its functioning in business communication. The methods applied are those of participant observation and of discursive analysis. The specific features of the chat were manifested in a steadily followed topic of communication (no changes of topic occur). This reflects one of the important communication practices in people’s daily lives – the one related to the purchase / sale of goods. The business sphere leaves its mark on the choice of the type of communication: a mixed type of communication (semi-official) is being implemented. The dominant communicative strategy is the strategy of cooperative speech interaction, including courtesy tactics (tactics representing initial and final contact, gratitude expression tactics, compliment tactics, etc.). These developments represent the process whereby a culture of virtual business communication based on the principle of mutual respect is being formed. The article also studies linguistic features of the chat. In the speech of the communicants, the vocabulary of the thematic group “Clothes and hats” is mainly used: blouse, turtleneck, jeans, jumper, bonnet, etc. Another word group constitutes foreign vocabulary related to the world of fashion which has not yet been fixed in the Russian language (jeggings, snood, skinny, moms, etc.). Conversational signals used in the chat include diminutives (blouse, skirt, novelty), communicatives (for example, the conjunction A used in the initial position in interrogative constructions). The chat contains manifestations of the official business style in the field of trade – professional speech stereotypes: available, new arrival, etc. Attention is drawn to the use of emoticons: their set is limited and chat-specific. Chat communication can be defined as effective communication that improves the life of citizens.

The article concentrates on the analysis of speech behavior of the Soviet, American and Russian artist, sculpturer Mikhail Shemyakin. The topicality of the research is explained by the fact that the study of speech behavior of representatives of various p

The article concentrates on the analysis of speech behavior of the Soviet, American and Russian artist, sculpturer Mikhail Shemyakin. The topicality of the research is explained by the fact that the study of speech behavior of representatives of various professional groups is one of the important tasks of linguistic science. The study contributes to the development of a methodology for diagnosing speaker’s personal qualities by their speech, to the theory of studying stereotypical speech behavior of professional groups. The diverse use of communicative strategies and tactics by the artist demonstrates his linguistic competence. Skillful choice of tropes and figures of speech makes the artist’s speech lively and rich, creates bright aesthetic impression and testifies to his highly developed creative thinking, rich experience and the presence of clear life position.

‘Posledniy’ [Last] vs ‘Krayniy’ [Latest] in Ontological Presentation

The question of replacement in the synonymic pair last — latest is considered. Attention is paid to the characteristics of speech stereotypes and types of frames that form substitution in a synonymic pair. The results of a comparative analysis of the heuristics of linguo-creative thinking with the level of speech culture of communicants using catachresis in this pair are presented. The study of replacements in ontological coverage is carried out, taking into account the lexicosemantic, cognitive, generistic, extralinguistic, linguocultural and orthological aspects. The variety of functions of the studied synonymic pair in various types of discourse is described. The relevance of the study is due to the ongoing linguistic fashion to replace the lexeme last with the word latest. The authors dwell on the study of memes related to synonymous replacement, identifying their functions and features. It is shown that when the function of artistic figurative concretization of the depicted is actualized, a mimetic character is manifested in the application of this substitution. The parameters of social reality, which caused the replacements in the synonymous pair of the language fashion of the “first and second wave” are determined. A characteristic of the pragmatic meanings of reflexives in newspaper discourse is proposed in relation to the functions they perform. It is shown that the substitute latest becomes a reflexoid.

The Pragmatics of Stereotypical Speech. Loss of Identity Through Translation Compromise

"The Pragmatics of Stereotypical Speech. Loss of Identity through Translation Compromise. This article explores the possibility of translating stereotypical language markers, from Japanese (source language) into Romanian (target language). The case study is conducted on a Japanese comic book (manga) titled Rurōni Kenshin -Meiji Kenkaku Roman Tan-, analysed in terms of pragmatic sense conveyed through the translations of certain deictics and appellatives used to differentiate between the two identities assumed by the main character. The translation compromises oftentimes required due to the lack of pragmatic equivalence lead to loss of pragmatic meaning, blurring out the differences in the personalities of the main character. Keywords: stereotypical speech, multimodal text, pragmatics, linguistic politeness, deictics "

Speech stereotypes in dialogic communication

Speech stereotypes in dialogic communication

Местоименная репрезентация экспериенцера при выражении безразличного и небезразличного отношения в русскоязычном дискурсе

The author of the article aims to test the assumption that the representation of the subject of an indifferent attitude in the phraseological units of the Russian language by the first-person pronoun is not accidental. The regularities of the experiencer's representation in messages about indifferent and non-indifferent attitudes are found in contexts with a stylistically neutral verb volnovat' [agitate, bother, cause concern, etc.]. The source of the material is the resources of the Russian National Corpus and Google Books Ngram Viewer. The corpus tools for extracting and processing information, methods of quantitative analysis, and generalization of the obtained data were used. In messages about indifferent and non-indifferent attitudes, constructed using the verb volnovat', the predominantly pronominal representation of the experiencer is found. The representations of the experiencer by the first-person pronoun menya [me] quantitatively prevail over other pronominal representations. Participants of the Russian-language discourse are more inclined to inform about the state of concern, a non-indifferent attitude to something, than about an indifferent attitude towards what constitutes a private or social being of a person. Messages with the representation of the experiencer by pronouns of the first and third persons, which statistically outperform messages with the representation of the experi-encer by pronouns of the second person, differ in the spheres and, accordingly, in the genres of their predominant use. Journalistic writing is more focused on communication in the “here and now” format, an open dialogue about what excites or should excite each and many; therefore, the experiencer in messages about a non-indifferent attitude is more often represented by pronouns menya [me], nas [us], ikh [them], in messages about an indifferent attitude -pronouns nikogo [nobody], menya [me], ikh [them]. In literary discourse, the narrator focuses on the inner world of the character, hence the most frequent representations of the experiencer are ego [his], eyo [her]. The pronominal representations of the experiencer are fixed in combinations with the verb volnovat' mainly in messages about indifferent and non-indifferent attitudes, localized in the present tense. The exception is representations of the experiencer by pronouns ego and eyo with the verb volnovat' in literary texts: combinations of these pronouns with the verb volnovat' in the past tense outperform by frequency the combinations with the verb forms in the present tense. The pronominal representations of the experiencer in combinations with the verb volnovat' are predominantly contact and prepositive, that indicates on the action of speech stereotypes, leading ultimately to the formation of speech patterns -the preservation of form and content in the form of combinations that blur the borderline between free word combinations and reproducible units.

Les « actes de langage stéréotypés » avec dire

This paper presents an analysis of the “stereotypical speech acts” (ALS), phraseological units which quantitatively and qualitatively have an important, although still underestimated, place among pragmatic phraseologisms. ALS are characterized by their utterance status, their non-compositionality and their pragmatic function comparable to a speech act. We aim to explore the very numerous ALS built in French from the forms of the verb dire, i.e., je te dis pas, tu l’as dit, on dit ça, tu m’en diras tant. We focus on two important points. On the one hand, the fact that the ALS is a speech act, which we submit to a critical analysis. On the other hand, their (non)-compositionality, which allows us to identify 3 types of ALS, also based on their pragmatic function. The numerous examples in this paper are based on an electronic corpus of literary bi-texts (60 million words).

The use of Multi-Sensory Environments with autistic children: Exploring the effect of having control of sensory changes.

Multi-Sensory Environments (also called sensory or Snoezelen® rooms) are specialised spaces that contain equipment to modify the environment. They are commonly used in special-needs schools with autistic children, but empirical investigation into how to best use Multi-Sensory Environments with autistic children has been limited. Based on converging evidence that autistic children may benefit from having control, we tested 41 autistic children (8 female) aged 4–12 years (mean = 8 years, standard deviation = 2.05 years) who used the Multi-Sensory Environment both with and without control over the sensory changes. Behavioural coding of video data showed that having control was associated with increased attention and reduced repetitive motor behaviours, sensory behaviours, activity levels, stereotyped speech and vocalisations. Social behaviour, anxiety, positive affect and arousal were not significantly affected by condition. Our findings demonstrate that how a Multi-Sensory Environment is used can affect autistic children’s behaviours. They also suggest that providing control of sensory changes to autistic children may help create better conditions for learning.Lay abstractMulti-Sensory Environments (also called sensory or Snoezelen® rooms) are rooms that contain equipment which can create light, sound and touch experiences. Multi-Sensory Environments are often used with autistic children, particularly in schools, but there is no evidence for how best to use them. We investigated whether having control over the sensory equipment in the Multi-Sensory Environment affected how a group of 41 (8 female) autistic children aged 4–12 years behaved. We found that when autistic children could control the sensory equipment, they paid more attention and performed fewer repetitive and sensory behaviours. They also used less stereotyped speech, produced fewer vocalisations and showed lower levels of activity. Other behaviours were not affected. Our findings demonstrate that how a Multi-Sensory Environment is used can impact behaviour and that providing control of sensory changes to autistic children may help create better conditions for learning.

A Distinct Three-Factor Structure of Restricted and Repetitive Behaviors in an Epidemiologically Sound Sample of Preschool-Age Children with Autism Spectrum Disorder

Prior studies investigating restricted and repetitive behavior (RRB) subtypes within autism spectrum disorder (ASD) have found varied factor structures for symptom groupings, in part, due to variation in symptom measurement and broad sample age ranges. This study examined RRBs among 827 preschool-age children, ages 35 to 71months, through an exploratory factor analysis of RRB items from the Autism Diagnostic Interview-Revised (ADI-R) collected through the Study to Explore Early Development. The factor structures of RRBs among children with confirmed ASD versus those with non-autism developmental concerns were qualitatively compared. Correlations between RRB factors and participant characteristics were examined in the ASD group. Three conceptually well-defined factors characterized as repetitive sensorimotor behaviors (RSMB), insistence on sameness (IS), and a novel stereotyped speech (SPEECH) factor emerged for the ASD group only. Distinct factors were supported by different clinical correlates. Findings have implications for improving differential diagnosis and understanding of ASD symptomatology in this age range.

Вивчення розвитку діалогічного мовлення у дошкільників з розладами аутистичного спектру

The article analyzes the research on the diagnosis of speech development among children with autism spectrum disorders. It is taken into account that a comprehensive idea of the state and features of a child's formation speech as a means of communication can be obtained only in the process of a comprehensive examination and analysis of his or her speech activity. It is proved that the majority of diagnostic techniques are not suitable for use in diagnosing of the level of speech and communication development of autistic children. It is noted that to assess the formation of dialogic speech of preschool children with autism, there are very few methodological developments, they are not perfect, and they should be adapted to the characteristics of each child. Diagnosis of the level of development of dialogic communication is to determine the level of formation of actual dialogic skills: the initiation of a communicative act, the ability to support and complete the conversation, coherence and logic of expression, intonation of dialogue; ability to communicate in pairs, groups, teams; ability to address with a request, a message, a demand, a greeting, to meet, to apologize, to thank, to say goodbye, to attract attention; an ability to use non-verbal means of communication; ability to ask questions, to use replica-stamps in speech, knowledge of dialogue etiquette and grammatical correctness. In accordance with the outlined indicators, a selection of diagnostic techniques aimed at determining the state of development of dialogic speech in children with autism spectrum disorders was carried through. The levels of development of dialogic speech in preschoolers with autism spectrum disorders are described: low, medium, sufficient (which was not recorded among the respondent. All children have had echolalia, speech stereotypes, autodialogues recorded, which indicates a lack of understanding of what they are told, misunderstanding of requirements, disability to form answers or reluctance of communication in general. Analysis of the results of the study showed that misunderstanding of speech, of the meaning of nonverbal means of communication by children with autism spectrum disorders and the inability to initiate conversation leads to refusal to interact with other people, and their alienation.

Миграция на Южный Урал и межэтнические отношения

In the conditions of the COVID-19 pandemic, close attention of the expert community and administrators is turned to the possible scenarios of development of interethnic relations in the Russian regions. This article presents the results of ethno-sociological monitoring that took place in the Chelyabinsk region. Our attention is focused on assessing the risks of perception of trans-border migrants, searching for the main indicators, on the basis of which it is possible to monitor the dynamics of xenophobic attitudes, developing recommendations to improve migration and national policies. The source base of the research was the data of the ethno-sociological survey conducted in April-June 2021 and the results of expert interviews. The research involved 2,062 respondents and 105 experts. This toolkit allowed the authors to determine the current state of interethnic relations in the region, to show the degree of influence of migration from the Central Asia and the PRC on them, to determine the main attitudes of the South Ural residents towards the non-ethnic migrants. The ethno-sociological monitoring showed that inter-ethnic relations in the Chelyabinsk region are in a state of latent tension, largely caused by difficulties of incorporation of the natives of Tajikistan, Uzbekistan, Kyrgyzstan, Kazakhstan and PRC into the host society. On the basis of the collected empirical data, recommendations were developed to change the context of perception of migration and migrants from the main receiving countries of international and labor migration. These include creating a system of ethno-sociological monitoring based on the research conducted, removing hate speech, xenophobic rhetoric and negative stereotypes about migrants from the regional press, explaining the positive consequences of international migration, and creating conditions for interaction between the different groups of migrants and the local population.

Speech behaviour in talk-shows on the basis of critical analysis of Oprah Winfrey's speech portrait

The success of a TV personality, both in the social and professional sphere, depends on the speed and effectiveness of his thinking, creative behavior in unexpected and unpredictable situations. The ability to quickly navigate various communication situations, find a successful path contributes to success. Knowledge about speech behaviour, speech impact, as well as the ability to use speech strategies and tactics can help achieve definite goals and increase communication efficiency. The study of speech behaviour of Oprah Winfrey has been carried out within the framework of hidden pragmalinguistics. The conducted research contributes to the development of a methodology for diagnosing the personality qualities of a speaker by his speech, to the theory of studying stereotypical speech behavior of professional groups.

Тактики доминирования в полемическом диалоге

To support successful interaction in dialog it is necessary to realize both informative and social functions that are to convey the information and to maintain good relations between interlocutors. The functions work in different dialogs not always in harmony. The article is devoted to polemical dialogues, the target of which may not take into account social function and even lead to conflicts. Particular attention is paid to three polemical tactics realized with the help of communicatives - stereotypical speech formulas of dialogue.

SPEECH ACTS AND ACTIONS IN LEGAL LANGUAGE: CONCEPTUAL ANALYSIS

Reconsideration of legal phenomena by legal language means is a typical feature of analytical tradition in the legal philosophy, since legal regulations are expressed not only in language, but are inextricably linked with the linguistic content of rules whilst applying them. Language as a form of communication and representation of the world is a holistic and specific phenomenon, that is localized in speech acts that form subject’s intentions and his further actions. It is necessary to count the meaningful use of signs for the reality perception, that form the language. Legal reality and its language forms are inseparable, and thus, we can learn more deeply the essence of legal phenomena by interpreting legal texts and speech acts that illustrate legal intentions and actions. So in the speech acts theory of J.L. Austin introduces the category of com missives, denoting the obligations declared by the intentions of the person (promise, agree, intend, plan, provide, allow, swear, etc.). In legal language speech acts are used with the purposes of execution, prohibition, coercion for maintenance of a social order, therefore legal discourse has performative character. Performative expressions in legal language are characterized by speech stereotypes due to repetitive procedures (for example, procedural actions in criminal proceedings or court hearings). If it is a question of acts of application of the right, from the point of view of their performative form they have declarative character, that is contain instructions and obligations of legal character. The illocutionary function of these proposals is to form a respectful attitude to the established norms, and the perlocutive force is to impose compliance with these norms. The question of the relation of speech acts and actions in a different context was considered by Gilbert Ryle. Ryle’s key thesis is that the workings of consciousness should not be described as a complex of some point operations, but rather should be understood in the context of observed human behavior. Consciousness is determined by the actions of the subject, not by the construction of metaphysical entities. As a man thinks, so he acts. If the researcher inspects the scene of the accident, the notary certifies the authenticity of the documents drawn up, and the judge gives arguments for the adoption of a legitimate judicial decision, they do not need the whole set of causality relationships in nature, or an explanation that human behavior is completely determined, that he is not free, because he can not control the mental processes in consciousness. H.L.A. Hart defines the essence of legal statements and their ascription of attributing legal value of a particular performative speech acts. The arguments on the specific features of legal statements in the context of the existing concepts of J.L. Austin, J. Searle, H. Hart and their critics.

The Role of Speech Stereotypes in the Organization of French Protest Song Discourse (Chanson Engagée)

The research featured the role of speech stereotypes in the formation of the discourse of protest songs, or chanson engagée, in the French language culture. The study included the method of continuous sampling, discursive analysis, and a descriptive method. Stereotype is a ready-to-use idea about a certain social group or phenomena. The research revealed a number of functions performed by speech stereotypes in the discourse of protest songs. Stereotypes appeared to have the following discourse organization function: they establish the horizontal relationship between communicators to create the communicative equality of the sender and the recipient. Their axiological function is in that they create emotional background that affects the mood and feelings of the recipient. Stereotypes create the illusion of objectivity, where judgment is replaced by the "obvious" knowledge, a fact statement. The dramatization function implies a certain collision. The objectification function is realized due to the incorporation of relevance markers in the artistic text fabric, signaling about the problems of society: if people regularly hear about something, they believe that they understand the phenomenon. The function of banalization means that stereotypes simplify the situation. The persuasive function is in the absence of an obvious appeal: songwriters resort to using clichés that are firmly rooted in the world culture.