Speech Of Young People Research Articles

КОМУНІКАТИВНА СПРЯМОВАНІСТЬ СЛІВ ІНШОМОВНОГО ПОХОДЖЕННЯ В МОВЛЕННІ СУЧАСНОЇ МОЛОДІ

The article clarifies the place of anglicisms in the Ukrainian language, identifies the functional features of English borrowings in youth communication. Anglicisms function organically in the modern lexical system of the Ukrainian language. They both freely entered various spheres of public life, and the speech of young people, who react quickly to foreign language innovations, actively using them in their communication. The main characteristic of young people’s speech is using slang, jargon and anglicisms, which leads to the simplification of the language of communication. It is found out that the existence of anglicisms in the modern Ukrainian language is a response to external circumstances: the growing importance of English for future career prospects, improving personal skills, the establishment of international relations of Ukraine with foreign English-speaking countries, popularization of Western culture, way of life, views, etc. It is singled out the groups of English borrowings, which allow to join the understanding of certain realities of a foreign language environment: direct borrowings, derivatives, exoticisms, foreign exclamations, composites, etc. It is found out that the reasons for borrowing anglicisms in the Ukrainian language are the need to name new objects, concepts and phenomena; the lack of appropriate name; the need to specify the meaning of the word; time challenge; the need to convey due to anglicisms ambiguous descriptive inversions, etc. The functional goal of anglicisms is determined: the name of a completely new subject, reality or concept that arose outside the Ukrainian-speaking world; replacement of words already available in the language. Anglicisms in youth communication have a special stylistic functionality and are represented by different stylistic language units that can be used for different purposes, mainly to achieve the effect of novelty, color transfer and language simplification.

Функциональное назначение сленга (на материале русских и американских сленгизмов)

The purpose of this article was to identify the specific functions of slang from the standpoint of demonstrativeness, corporatism, and individual creative self-expression. The methods of comparative and cultural analysis were used. As a result, the following specific functions of slang were singled out: demonstrative, corporate, and the function of creative self-expression. Personal identification and social relationships determine the demonstrative function of slang, which is more pronounced in the speech of young people. Slangisms are distinguished by their vividness and imagery, which is caused by the desire of the individual to attract people’s attention and stand out from the crowd. At the same time, the opposition of slang to the established order can have a negative effect, when used ostentatiously. The corporate function of slang is fulfilled by indicating one’s belonging to a certain professional community and asserting one’s right to be considered as “one of us”. Ignorance of special slang hinders a person from fully functioning within a certain “corporation”. The abundance of slang synonyms, as well as the presence of whole sentences and phraseological units in slang, testifies to the creative potential of their inventors. This article provides examples of American and Russian slang units used in various semantic fields, as well as examples of slang homonymy. Comparison of stylistic synonyms confirms the fact that slangisms differ from their neutral and bookish equivalents due to their metaphorical as well as emotional and evaluative nature. The results of the study allow us to conclude that slang has much in common with folk art, in which the changing value orientations of modern society are manifested. We also found that slang holds a dominant position in the framework of non-standard lexicon. Due to the continuous evolution, slang is a rather volatile phenomenon that allows new words and expressions to quickly enter the vocabulary.

Vin nacvalsaxelis mravlobiti ricxvis sakitxisatvis tanamedrove kartulshi /ვინ ნაცვალსახელის მრავლობითი რიცხვის საკითხისათვის თანამედროვე ქართულში [On the Issue of the Plural Form of the Pronoun ‘vin’ (‘who’) in Modern Georgian

The pronoun ‘vin’ (‘who’) is an ancient lexical item. It has neither a complete paradigm of declension nor a category of number; abundance can be expressed by doubling the stem: vin movida? – vin da vin movidnen? (tamari da nino movidnen) (Who came? – Who and who came? (Tamar and Nino came). From the 19th century, the –‘eb’ form of the pronoun ‘vin’ – ‘vinebi’ (‘whos’) emerges in the mountainous dialects of the Georgian language, as “ an attempt to create a plural form’’ of the ‘vin’ pronoun (A. Shanidze). From the following period, ‘vinebi’ (the ‘whos’) spread to other dialects, in general, to the Georgian language, and here and there even in fiction. Today it is especially noticeable in the speech of young people and children. It seems that the media, social network, and other means of communication also contribute to this process. In our opinion, the basis for the emergence and further spread of the ‘vinebi’ can be: 1. The need for formal agreement (apart from the semantic one) of the pronoun ‘vin’ (‘vints’) (who ([the one] who) with the verb and the corresponding word (vin iq’o stumari -vin iq’o stumrebi>vin iq’vnen stumrebi || vin da vin iq’vnen stumrebi || vinebi iq’vnen stumrebi) (Who was the guest – Who was the guests > Who were the guests || Who and who were the guests || Whos were the guests); 2. The analogy of the production of other pronouns formed with the suffix -eb (ra - ra-n-i, ra da ra || raebi. (‘what’) Cf. vin-vin and vin || vinebi (‘who’); also dialect forms: amaebi, magaebi, magnebi, agenebi, eseebi, isebi/isnebi… (these/those); 3. The general regularity of a language involves giving more space to organic production compared to the descriptive one and facilitating the pronunciation, etc. (ra da ra moitkhoves? vin da vin ts’avidnen? Cf. raebi moitkhoves? vinebi ts’avidnen?). (What and what did they demand? Who and who went? Cf. What did they demand? Who left?). The form ‘vinebi’ (‘whos’) which is incorrect for the literary language is a new reality. Its future will probably be determined by the language itself. საკვანძო სიტყვები: ქართული ენის მორფოლოგია, ნაცვალსახელის წარმოება, ნაცვალსახელის მრავლობითი რიცხვის გამოხატვა. Keywords: Morphology of the Georgian language, pronoun formation, expressing plural in pronouns.

İNGİLİS DİLİNDƏ CAVANLARIN NİTQİNDƏ İSTIFADƏ OLUNAN SLENQLƏRİN XÜSUSİYYƏTLƏRİ

The article deals with youth's slang in English. The author gives information about slang generally. At first the article is considered some peculiarities of slang. Then with the help of context the author explains the slang, studies cognitive features of slang and their metaphoric usage. The author was able to drawn her own conclusions about slang based on the views of researchers like Arnold and Veliyeva. The slang used in the speech of young people is constantly changing because generations and lifestyles change. The author bases the article on dictionaries, textbooks of modern native and foreign authors' novels. Key words: youth,slanq, metaphor, context, motivation

ОСНОВНІ КОНЦЕПЦІЇ ВЖИВАННЯ ТА СУТНОСТІ АНГЛІЙСЬКОГО СЛЕНГУ

The essence of phenomenon is considered in the article. The author determines the importance of this language element and its place in linguistics. Leading researches of foreign researchers are analyzed. All age groups of native speakers use in their day-to-day activities, young people and students more than the older generation, busy with their careers, where standard language is one of the conditions of promotion. But with regard to communication in everyday life, there are no restrictions or any obstacles to the use of slang. Some authors see as a vulgar, thieving language that should be avoided and doomed to die fast; others, on the contrary, consider as a sign of life, renewal, and progressive development of language. Quite often in oral and written speech, and especially in the speech of young people, lexical interference is oversaturated. The reasons for this are often the media, which, when broadcasting advertising, television programs, actively use borrowing, interference, considering them more informative than their mother tongue. Young people try to liken their favorite characters to films, series, TV shows, and hence - often there is a mechanical translation of English lexemes into Ukrainian, which is a direct manifestation of lexical interference. At the same time, Ukrainian-language terms are eliminated from lexical circulation and, as a result, the language loses active vocabulary, loses its originality and tradition. Along with the general of the native speaker in their daily activities and communication, namely, narrowly professional, along with the common slang, special units are used. It should also be noted that all age groups of native speakers use in their daily activities, and young people and students are more occupied than the older generation in their careers, where standard language is one of the conditions of promotion. But with regard to communication in everyday life, there are no restrictions or any obstacles to the use of slang. In addition, it should be borne in mind that in addition to the general of the native speaker in their daily activities and communication, namely, narrowly professional, in addition to the common slang, special units are used. From the foregoing review of the concepts of various scholars regarding the essence and content of the phenomenon, we have come to the conclusion that there is no unity in the view of this issue among researchers, but it is a generally accepted norm that cannot be attributed to the system of literary language. The concept of slang is often summed up by various phenomena of lexical and stylistic plan. Note several different concepts of English slang.

A Sociolinguistic Experiment in Defining the Forms of Impoliteness

The importance of the study is determined by the need for a comprehensive analysis of the conducted sociolinguistic experiment in order to identify the forms and means of impoliteness and to clarify the linguistic status of the latter. The objective of the article is, by means of a survey, to find out the forms, types and means of impoliteness among the student youth. The investigation of social awareness of the anti-etiquette space based on the analysis of the SE participants’ answers has never before been in the focus of linguists. The object of the study is the sociolinguistic experiment, the subject being the characteristics of forms and means of impoliteness. The following scientific methods are employed: the method of observation – to fix linguistic and non-linguistic expressions of anti-etiquette forms; the descriptive method – to identify the characteristic features of forms and means of impoliteness; analysis and synthesis of factual material in order to systematize and classify the factual material; the field research method with a questionnaire as its most common technique – to collect the corpus; the quantitative method and the method of sociolinguistic analysis of the collected corpus – to process the revealed facts about the subject of the study; the psycholinguistic method – to process and analyze the speech data received from informants as a result of questioning, which helped to establish the forms, types and methods of impoliteness among students. Findings. The authors claim that a high degree of impoliteness in the speech of young people is a means of self-expression and self-establishment, a striving for violation of social taboo, a way to set up one’s own communicative rules. The use of the anti-etiquette forms of communication is influenced by a variety of factors such as age, sex, social status, area of residence, education, and profession. The survey has revealed certain differences in the regional use of the anti-etiquette forms in Ukraine. Being accurate and emotionally colored, those forms express a negative phenomenon which sometimes exists in the process of communication.

The geolect of Pasvalys: a dialectometric approach to dialectal features

Using dialectometric methods and instruments, the article analyzes one of the new dialectal derivatives – the geolect of Pasvalys, located in the northern part of Eastern Aukštaitians of Panevėžys. The aim is to find the strong and weak dialectal features of this geolect and to identify its dominant dialectal variants.
 10-hour recordings and 60 simple-structure sentences reflecting the primary, secondary and tertiary dialectal features have been analyzed in order to achieve the research aim. The recorded sentences were uttered by nine respondents of three generations: the oldest, the middle-aged and the youngest. The respondents live in the regions of Joniškėlis, Pasvalys and Daujėnai, which are interconnected by the strongest, closest, densest and the most complex socio-cultural networks.
 The dialectal data, which includes the recorded sentences transcribed by IPA, was statistically calculated and quantified using the tools of the Gabmap software. The network pseudo map, reference point pseudo maps, cluster analysis pseudo maps and differential dialectal features were analyzed.
 
 The quantitative data analysis has shown that the dialectal variant used in the regions of Joniškėlis, Pasvalys and possibly Daujėnai is affected by the processes of convergence. The most stable dialectal features are used in the region of Joniškėlis. They (as well as the forms of standard language) change or supplement the dialectal features of the subdialects of Pasvalys and Daujėnai spoken in the eastern part of the area of Eastern Aukštaitians of ​​Panevėžys (the direction of its spread is the eastern part of the area of ​​the subdialect) and form the basis of the dialectal features of Pasvalys geolect.
 Both stable and changing primary, secondary and tertiary dialectal features were found in the speech of the respondents of all the three-generations. The change of dialectal features, or convergence, is the strongest in the youngest generation. It is similarly strong in the middle-aged and in the oldest generations. However, in the speech of young people, most of the primary dialectal features coexist with the secondary and tertiary ones.
 Thus, the formation of Pasvalys geolect is based on the more stable (rather than changing) strong variant used in Joniškėlis, which is marked by a high degree of vitality.

SPEECH OF PRESCHOOL CHILDREN AND ELEMENTARY SCHOOL STUDENTS FROM VRANJE FROM THE STANDPOINT OF URBAN DIALECTOLOGY

This paper analyzes speech of children from Vranje, of preschool and school age, by the principles of urban dialectology. Primarily, a frequency of using of dialectical forms of certain language features was determined, by calculating the frequency index (FI), and afterwards was established in which extent was the frequency conditioned by non-linguistic factors – age, gender, education level of both parents, place of living, attending of kindergarten / school. The sample consisted of 40 examinees, preschool and primary school children, of both genders, with different levels of education of parents and different places of living. Analyzed results have shown corruption of dialectical foundation of Prizren-South Morava dialect type in speech of young people from Vranje. All analyzed features have shown variability of form – alternately used in dialectical and standard-language form. First dialectical feature that underwent alteration was doubling of the pronoun object. Large consistency is shown by dialectical placing of accent as well as use of general case. The feature that is most difficult to change in children’s speech is a future tense će-structure. There is, although insignificant, influence of non-linguistic factors on the frequency of dialectical forms. Age is the only non-linguistic variable that does not have an impact to the way of speaking of children from Vranje – different age does not reduce the use of dialectical forms of analyzed language features. The largest influence on the speaking of the examinees has an education of parents, while gender the least.Conducted research provides an insight into speech and language of children, of their speaking habits, and shows which language characteristics are not difficult to be adopted and which are harder to be adopted, which can contribute to an improvement of Serbian language teaching course. Furthermore, it appears as a justified one and significant for further research in the field of urban dialectology.

The origins of new quotative expressions: the case of Paris French

ABSTRACTWe analyse genre in the speech of young people with multi-ethnic friendship groups in Paris in order to address the as yet unresolved question of whether new quotatives equivalent in meaning to English BE LIKE result from simultaneous independent parallel developments in languages other than English or from a process of calquing. We conclude that French quotative genre results from independent internal developments, but that it enters the French quotative system in the same way that BE LIKE entered the English system, driven by the meanings of ‘similarity’ or ‘approximation’ that are shared by the lexical item genre in a range of syntactic categories. We propose that in order for a new similarity quotative to emerge, a lexical item with a meaning of ‘similarity’ or ‘approximation’ must become syntactically multifunctional, and that the use of that lexical item must reach a critical frequency threshold. In the case of genre we suggest that the necessary increase in frequency results from the development of the lexical item into a discourse marker. We also analyse another new French quotative, ETRE LA, a sequence that we find is used to highlight activity of many kinds (including, but not confined to, spoken behaviour). The trajectory followed by each of the new quotative expressions conforms to De Smet's proposals about how linguistic innovations spread through the grammar.

Semejante adjetivo es semejante. Sus valores en español actual

espanolEl presente trabajo se centra en la descripcion gramatical del adjetivo semejante en espanol actual, esto es, en mostrar sus valores y usos. En cuanto a su posicion con respecto al sustantivo, como adjetivo calificativo suele aparecer en posicion posnominal y tiene un valor restrictivo (caso semejante); como adjetivo clasificativo-determinativo, aparece -en cambio- en posicion prenominal (semejante caso). El significado de ‘grande’ (semejante animal), limitado en principio a un solo pais (Honduras), es posible registrarlo en otras variedades del espanol actual, especialmente en el habla de los jovenes. Por otro lado, su recategorizacion como adverbio es identica a la de los adjetivos parecido e igual. Esta conversion, en apariencia nueva en el espanol actual, se registra desde el espanol antiguo. EnglishThis paper focuses on the grammatical description of the adjective semejante in Modern Spanish; this is to show their values and uses. As for its position in relation to the noun, as a qualifying adjective it usually appears in posnominal position and has a restrictive value (caso semejante); as assortative-determinative adjective, it appears -however- in prenominal position (semejante caso). The meaning of ‘big’ (semejante animal), limited in principle to a single country (Honduras), it is possible to register in other varieties in Modern Spanish, especially in the speech of young people. Furthermore, their reclassification as an adverb is identical to that of similar and igual adjectives. This conversion, apparently new in Modern Spanish, is recorded in Old Spanish.

The Canadian Shift in two Ontario cities

ABSTRACT: The Canadian Shift, a change‐in‐progress that is affecting the lax vowel subsystem of Canadian English, has been found to be active in a number of cities across Canada. Very little is known about the geolinguistic history and spread of the shift, however. Combining apparent time data from Thunder Bay, Ontario, with a comparison of lax vowel pronunciation in the speech of young people from both Thunder Bay and Toronto, the current study presents evidence against the hypothesis that the Canadian Shift has spread to Thunder Bay by way of a gravity model of diffusion. Although not identical, the vowel configurations are quite similar in the speech of young people from the two cities, and the apparent time findings suggest that the shift in Thunder Bay has not lagged behind the shift in Toronto. Results support the proposal that the English of Thunder Bay and Toronto share a common source and that the low back vowel merger, the pre‐cursor for the shift, was brought westward with the settlers to Thunder Bay in the late 19th and early 20th centuries. Subsequently, the Canadian Shift occurred simultaneously in both areas. Evidence of more urban features in the pronunciation of several Thunder Bay teenagers also raises questions about the future impact of mobility on the local dialect.

OS JOVENS E A CIDADE: RELAÇÕES E REPRESENTAÇÕES

The article aims to present and discuss, from the speech of young people, what their representation of the city of Juiz de Fora and what its relationship with urban space. In its first part, the text presents and analyzes the speeches of the youth interviewed. In a second stage these kids only seen in their distinctions, inequalities and differences. By the end, is expected to produce a reflection on the limits and possibilities of use of the city by these subjects.

Razgovornost i usmenost u djelima suvremenih hrvatskih književnika

Specifičnost izričaja autora koji su se u jeziku svojih romana služili posebnim postupcima stilizacije urbanog govora mladih, uočena je već u prozi sedamdesetih, a nastavlja su u osamdesetim i devedesetim godinama 20. stoljeća. Autori čiji su romani objavljeni nakon 2000. god. u svojim su se djelima također služili postupcima stilizacije razgovornosti i usmenosti, ali sad ne više samo u oprečnosti govora odrasli- nedorasli, već u govoru svih svojih likova. Polazište u analizi tih elemenata, nedavno je izašla Antologija suvremene hrvatske proze, ugledne književne kritičarke Jagne Pogačnik u koju su između ostalih uvršteni i autori kao Edo Popović, Renato Baretić i Ante Tomić u čijim su ulomcima romana, a u romanu Ede Popovića, Izlaz Zagreb jug u cijelosti, analizirani elementi razgovornosti i usmenosti.