Innovations In Speech Research Articles

Речевой жанр пожелания в молодёжном интернет-дискурсе: новации и лингвокреативность

This paper analyses the use of the wishing genre among Russian young people. One of the features of youth speech is a shift from stereotypes, searching for new creative ways of expressing various intentions, such as evaluation, compliment, congratulation and wishing. The purpose of the study is to analyze the texts of wishes from the point of manifesting the linguistic creativity of the addressers; to identify the means and ways of destroying stereotypes. The research material is youth wishes, predominantly students’ wishes (more than 700 text fragments). The analysis of the content of the wishing texts enabled the author to classify all wishes into stereotypical, individual and combined. Empirical material shows that in the communication of friends most wishes refer to individual ones (64%), whereas combined and stereotypical wishes make up 25% and 11%, respectively. The analysis of the texts of wishes identified the ways and means of demonstrating the linguistic creativity of the addressee. These ways and means include the tactics of compliment, appeal, advice, switching the addressee to a humorous tone and some other tactics that are not discussed in this paper. All of them allow to make wishes less stereotypical. The material showed that addressers in wishes aim to supplement the universal components of the wishes with individualized elements, including in the text the utilitarian details of the addressee’s life. Most often, wishes contain references to the addressee’s profession or hobbies. Linguistic creativity of the addressers is manifested at all linguistic levels. First of all, addressees actively use tropes, such as epithets, metaphors, and comparisons. Addressers look for unusual objects for comparison in the linguistic repertoires; they often use hyperbolization. At the level of word-formation, we observe the use of affixes with an augmentative meaning, diminutives (predominantly in wishes to female addressees); speech innovations and occasional word formation. In wishes of young people, a shift from stereotypes reflects in reduplicating letters and symbols, changing letter case, breaking words into syllables and placing a hyphen between syllables; using a wide range of emojis and stickers; playing with colorful highlighting. Precedent texts play an important role in moving away from stereotypes. The author concludes that all the considered methods and means of linguistic creativity that are regularly used by authors when creating wishes make it possible to enhance the expressiveness and impact degree of the texts. They function to avoid stereotypes, achieve a perlocutionary effect, and contribute to the self-presentation of the addresser.

Lexicographic experience of the youth lexicon description

The article is devoted to the study of the lexicographic experience of describing the youth lexicon and the theoretical foundations of its complex multidimensional representation in the dictionary. At the present stage of development of the Russian language, its lexical system is being rapidly updated, which is due to various extralinguistic factors. One of the signs of the times is the activation of occasional word formation. The main reason for the appearance of occasionalism is the need for a special means of expression that arises in the process of communication. The authors of this article have studied occasional words, which are the result oflinguo-creative activity of students (aged 17 to 21). The chosen approach provides an opportunity in the process of research to find out which areas of reality, already indicated by the vocabulary of the literary language, are covered with new formations for the second time. Such facts testify to the undeniable importance of these areas in the life of native speakers of this age group. The term «occasional word» in the proposed work is used to refer to «all speech innovations, systemic and asystemic; speech neoplasms created with deviations from the modern word-formation system of the language; system formations that are the implementation of a productive word-formation model in a speech act. The main method for describing the identified occasional neoplasms was ideographic classification, i.e. systematization of words on logical and conceptual grounds: reality is divided logically, and lexical units are correlated with one or another isolated sphere. Within the allocated spheres, separate areas are distinguished, each of which is divided into smaller groups.

The Russian Language: Current Status and Academic Studies

The author reflects upon the place of the Russian language in modern Russia, its distribution in the world, the importance of basic Russian studies for the development of science and Russian society, and the activity of the Russian Academy of Sciences in maintaining the stability of linguistic norms and the culture of Russian speech. On the one hand, scientific research in the field of the Russian language is oriented at obtaining basic theoretical knowledge, which favors comprehensive study of man and society. On the other hand, there is a social order, which is formulated by society proceeding from the need to document language resources and adapt them to topical communicative requirements. The Russian Academy of Sciences carries out expert assessment of speech innovations and codification of the norms of the literary language in normative dictionaries, grammars, and reference books on the culture of speech. The current state of research on the Russian language is analyzed, special attention being paid to problems of the codification of the norms of Russian speech and related tasks.

Потенциал словотворчества в повседневном общении

In article the examples of word creation recorded in the daily speech are analyzed, structural, semantic and communicative-cognitive features of speech innovations are described. Process of creating of lexical neoplasms is regarded as a linguistic and creative process aimed at the creation of the necessary in this speech situation of the word. New words are distinguished by a variety of word-formation models. The paper notes the most productive derivational affixes and methods of word formation. Results of the linguistic experiment made it possible to draw certain conclusions about the features of the formation of new words and the role of words-stimuli in the process of word production.

Language and politeness in early eighteenth century Britain

should be to encourage polite learning, to polish and refine the English tongue, and advance the so much neglected faculty of correct language, to establish purity and propriety of style, and to purge it from all the irregular additions that ignorance and affectation have introduced; and all those innovations in speech, if I may call them such, which some dogmatic writers have the confidence to foster upon their native language, as if their authority were sufficient to make their own fancy legitimate. (Defoe 1698, in Bredvold et al. [1933] 1955: 3) ‘Polite’ learning is closely associated here with ‘polishing’ and ‘refining’ the English language and with establishing the ‘purity and propriety of style’. It is placed in opposition to ‘ignorance and affectation’ and to ‘innovations in speech’. Later in the essay Defoe, still considering who should be allowed to participate in his ‘society’, makes an interesting distinction between ‘persons eminent for learning’, who should be admitted, and persons ‘whose business or trade was learning’, who should be excluded. In this latter group Defoe includes ‘many great scholars’, who are ‘mere learned men’, and graduates in the last degree of study, whose English has been far from polite, full of affectation, hard words, and long unusual coupling of syllables and sentences, which sound harsh and untunable to the ear, and shock the reader both in expression and understanding. (Defoe 1698, in Bredvold et al. [1933] 1935: 3–4) ‘Scholars’ and university graduates, today’s professional academics, are excluded here from the select group of those whose English is said to be ‘polite’. The kind of English that does not qualify for inclusion in the category of ‘polite English’ is that which is ‘full of affectation’, an important term which will concern us further in the following section, that which is ‘full of harsh words’, although Defoe provides no definition of what he means by the term, and that which contains ‘long unusual coupling of syllables and sentences’, not because of the syntactic problems involved in processing them but because of a lack of