Speech Function Research Articles

EXPRESSIVE SPEECH ACTS IN DANIELLE STEEL'S A PERFECT LIFE

This study explores the use of expressive speech acts in Danielle Steel’s novel A Perfect Life, aiming to uncover how these acts contribute to character development and narrative progression. The primary objective is to analyze the prevalence and functions of expressive speech acts—such as expressions of pleasure, pain, joy, sorrow, like, dislike, and apology—within the text. The theoretical framework is grounded in speech act theory, particularly focusing on expressive speech acts as defined by J. L. Austin and further developed by John Searle. This research employs a qualitative approach to dissect and categorize the expressive language used by the novel’s main characters. The analysis reveals a notable dominance of dislike and apology among the expressive speech acts, with a lesser focus on pain, joy, and pleasure. Dislike emerges as the most frequently utilized act, reflecting significant emotional and narrative weight in the characters' interactions. The study's findings suggest that expressive speech acts are crucial in conveying emotional depth and relational dynamics within the novel. The implications of this research highlight the role of expressive speech acts in enhancing narrative engagement and character development. Understanding these dynamics offers valuable insights for literary analysis and can inform future studies on character expression in fiction. The study anticipates that further research could explore the comparative application of expressive speech acts across different genres and authors, expanding the understanding of emotional expression in literature.

Long-term Assessment of Speech and Swallowing Function in Laryngopharyngeal Cancer Patients After J-Flap Reconstruction.

A novel J-shaped anterolateral thigh (ALT) flap reconstruction technique had been developed to simultaneously restore swallowing and speech functions in patients following total laryngopharyngectomy. This study aimed to assess the outcomes and surgical complications in patients who underwent J-flap reconstruction over time. Patients who underwent J-shaped ALT flap phonatory tube reconstruction were enrolled. Surgical morbidities and outcomes were evaluated every 3 months postsurgery for 12 months or death. Of the 36 patients, 13 underwent circumferential pharyngeal wall resection (circumferential defect group, CD group), and 23 underwent partial resection (partial defect group, PD group). After 12 months, 97% of the patients resumed oral intake without reliance on a nasogastric tube (NG tube), and 50% achieved fluent speech using the reconstructed phonatory tube. The CD group showed a higher rate of delayed healing (30.77% vs. 0%, p=0.005). The PD group exhibited significantly greater percentages of individuals consuming solid food at both the 3- and 12-month intervals than the CD group (81.0% vs. 23.1% and 78.9% vs. 40%, respectively). : This study examined the evolution of speech and swallowing functions over time following J-flap voice tube reconstruction. Regardless of whether the defect was circumferential or partial, using a J-shaped ALT flap phonatory tube effectively restored both speech and swallowing functions, offering long-lasting benefits.

The frontal aslant tract: Anatomical description and case report

Background: Advances in surgical techniques, neuroimaging, and white matter fiber dissection have facilitated the identification of critical tracts like the frontal aslant tract (FAT) that have garnered attention, despite remaining poorly recognized within the neurosurgical community. Case Description: We report the case of a 37-year-old male right-handed patient presenting with headache and epilepsy, in whom neuroimaging revealed an intra-axial lesion in the left middle frontal gyrus closely associated with FAT. Successful navigation-guided resection of the lesion was achieved, resulting in a favorable neurological outcome attributable to the preservation of the tract. This case is complemented by a review of the literature and anatomical dissection of FAT in a human specimen. Conclusion: The FAT has emerged as a critical white matter structure in neurosurgery, given its involvement in speech and motor functions. This case demonstrates the importance of advanced imaging modalities and intraoperative technologies to ensure safe resection.

Quantitative assessments of white matter hyperintensities and plasma biomarkers can predict cognitive impairment and cerebral microbleeds in cerebral small vessel disease patients

The objective of this study is to examine the efficacy of magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) features and peripheral blood biomarkers in assessing cognitive function in patients with cerebral small vessel disease (CSVD). A total of 58 CSVD patients were recruited. Six features of white matter hyperintensities (WMHs) were derived from MRI scans. Additionally, five neurodegenerative biomarkers (Aβ40, Aβ42, t-tau, p-tau181, NfL) and 13 serum inflammatory cytokines (VILIP-1, CCL2, IL-6, IL-18, TNF-α, CX3CL, sTREM-1/2, VEGF, s-RAGE, BNDF, TGF-β1, β-NGF) were quantified. Cognitive assessments were conducted using standardized neuropsychological scales. Spearman analysis revealed that the volumetric characteristics (absolute area, upper area, bottom area, absolute area percentage, upper percentage, and bottom percentage) of WMHs were negatively correlated with performance on all cognitive scale measures except the verbal fluency test (VFT) (r < -0.3, p > 0.05), while they were positively correlated with plasma neurofilament light (NFL) levels (r > 0.4, p < 0.05). Additionally, serum tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and soluble receptor for advanced glycation end-products (s-RAGE) showed significant correlations with scales of speech function. An integrated model incorporating WMHs features, neurodegenerative biomarkers, and neuroinflammatory markers was developed, demonstrating high predictive accuracy for cognitive impairment with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.95 (accuracy 0.88, sensitivity 0.87, specificity 0.89). Another integrated model that includes features of WMHs and inflammatory cytokines for predicting cerebral microbleeds (CMBs) achieved an AUC of 0.95 (accuracy 0.88, sensitivity 0.82, specificity 0.92). Our findings suggest that these markers have the potential to be used for the early detection of cognitive decline and CMBs in patients with CSVD.

Knowledge, Attitudes Regarding Dental and Oral Health With The Number of Funtioning Teeth: A Cross-Sectional Study

Background: Elderly people are expected to have a minimum of 20 functioning teeth so that mastication, speech, and aesthetic functions are assumed to be normal. However, in reality, tooth loss still occurs in some elderly people, so they only have less than 20 functioning teeth. Problem: Low percentage of functioning teeth in the elderly. Research Objective: To determine the relationship between knowledge and attitudes about dental and oral health with the number of functioning teeth in the elderly at Integrated Service Post Melati VI, Karanglo Village, Mojowarno District, Jombang Regency. Method: This type of research is cross-sectional analytical research. The sample of respondents was 52 elderly people. The research instrument to measure knowledge and attitudes about dental and oral health in the elderly uses a questionnaire sheet and a dental examination sheet to identify the number of functioning teeth. The data obtained were analyzed using non-parametric tests with chi square. Results: There was no relationship between knowledge about dental and oral health and the number of functioning teeth. There is a relationship between attitudes about dental and oral health and the number of functioning teeth (study at the Melati VI Integrated Service Post for the Elderly, Karanglo Village, Mojowarno District, Jombang Regency, 2024)

Qualitative Analysis of Responses in Estimating Older Adults Cognitive Functioning in Spontaneous Speech: Comparison of Questions Asked by AI Agents and Humans

Background/Objectives: Artificial Intelligence (AI) technology is gaining attention for its potential in cognitive function assessment and intervention. AI robots and agents can offer continuous dialogue with the elderly, helping to prevent social isolation and support cognitive health. Speech-based evaluation methods are promising as they reduce the burden on elderly participants. AI agents could replace human questioners, offering efficient and consistent assessments. However, existing research lacks sufficient comparisons of elderly speech content when interacting with AI versus human partners, and detailed analyses of factors like cognitive function levels and dialogue partner effects on speech elements such as proper nouns and fillers. Methods: This study investigates how elderly individuals’ cognitive functions influence their communication patterns with both human and AI conversational partners. A total of 34 older people (12 men and 22 women) living in the community were selected from a silver human resource centre and day service centre in Tokyo. Cognitive function was assessed using the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE), and participants engaged in semi-structured daily conversations with both human and AI partners. Results: The study examined the frequency of fillers, proper nouns, and “listen back” in conversations with AI and humans. Results showed that participants used more fillers in human conversations, especially those with lower cognitive function. In contrast, proper nouns were used more in AI conversations, particularly by those with higher cognitive function. Participants also asked for explanations more often in AI conversations, especially those with lower cognitive function. These findings highlight differences in conversation patterns based on cognitive function and the conversation partner being either AI or human. Conclusions: These results suggest that there are differences in conversation patterns depending on the cognitive function of the participants and whether the conversation partner is a human or an AI. This study aims to provide new insights into the effective use of AI agents in dialogue with the elderly, contributing to the improvement of elderly welfare.

THE IMPACT OF THE FRONTAL ASLANT TRACT ON POST-OPERATIVE OUTCOMES IN GLIOMA SURGERY

Abstract AIMS The frontal aslant tract (FAT) has a role in speech and language functions and visual-motor activities. It is also not clear whether location of FAT relative to gliomas affects post-operative motor and language outcomes. Our hypothesis is FAT protects the cortico-spinal tract and other subcortical white matter tracts involved in speech. METHOD We conducted a retrospective cohort study. We used electronic patient records to search for all patients who had frontal tumours resected between Jan 2018 and August 2022. We included all adult patients (&amp;gt;18 years) with gliomas located in the SMA region and dorsal premotor cortex who had pre-op diffusion tensor imaging and underwent debulking / resection surgery. The patients were divided into 3 groups based on the location of the tumour relative to FAT. In group 1 patients had tumours located anterior to FAT, in group 2 patients had tumours infiltrating FAT and in group 3 patients had tumours located posterior to FAT. Our outcome measure was new post-operative language or motor deficit. RESULTS Our search yielded 197 patients, of these 43 fulfilled the inclusion criteria. Sixteen patients were included in group 1, 9 patients included in group 2 and 18 included in group 3. Pre-operative motor deficit was significantly more common in patients with tumours posterior to FAT (p=0.046). Post-operative motor deficit at hospital discharge was also more common on this group of patients (p=0.048). At 6 months follow up there was no significant difference post-operative motor and language deficits between the groups but there was a trend towards worse motor outcomes in patients with tumour located posterior to FAT. CONCLUSION There is a suggestion motor outcomes are worse in tumours located posterior to FAT. This can be considered when counselling patients for surgery with tumours related to FAT.

Assessment of Cochlear Implant Rehabilitation Success by Speech-Language Therapists Using International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health Criteria.

This study aims to introduce an assessment questionnaire based on the International Classification of Functioning, Disability and Health (ICF) to enable quantifiable clinical documentation. The questionnaire assists speech-language therapists (SLTs) in evaluating both non-audiological and audiological rehabilitation outcomes of patients with cochlear implants (CIs). Six SLTs were recruited to evaluate the effectiveness of CI care using ICF criteria. We carefully selected 20 pertinent ICF criteria, and SLTs received thorough training in how to apply them uniformly. A cohort of 48 patients was evaluated at three distinct time points: presurgery, postsurgery, and 6 months post-initial CI fitting. Patients underwent dedicated speech-language therapy sessions throughout the treatment course. A total of 144 complete datasets were scrutinized using a two-factor analysis of variance for ranks. Following CI care, patients exhibited substantial improvements in auditory perception, characterized by enhanced sound recognition and speech discrimination. Additionally, patients demonstrated improved attentional focus, proficiency in daily tasks and increased conversational engagement over time. Environmental factors, particularly sound perception, improved markedly, correlating with reported reductions in stress levels. Minimal changes were noted in stress management and communication techniques. Articulatory function, speech functions, and pain perception exhibited the least alteration. The data extracted from the ICF-based assessments underscore the vital significance of incorporating speech therapy-based metrics to evaluate both non-audiological and audiological factors in assessing the success of CI care within the SLTs domain. This approach proves to be highly relevant both in terms of demonstration and clinical applicability.

Possibilities of using innovative non-drug technologies in the rehabilitation of patients with early post-stroke cognitive impairment

BACKGROUND: One of the leading factors complicating social adaptation after ischemic stroke is cognitive and motor impairment. AIM: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of rehabilitation using virtual reality technologies and the influence of the main clinical and functional parameters on virtual reality (VR) therapy in patients with different degrees of cognitive decline in the acute period of ischemic stroke. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study examined 170 patients diagnosed with ischemic stroke with cognitive decline according to the Montreal Cognitive Assessment. Depending on the volume of therapy, the patients were divided into two groups: group 1 included 120 patients who received additional therapy using VR technologies (62 patients with moderate cognitive impairment, 58 patients with dementia), and group 2 consisted of 50 patients who received only basic therapy and standard methods of early rehabilitation. In group 1, on days 4–5 following basic therapy, rehabilitation using VR was performed. The Barthel Index (BI) scale, Rankin Scale (mRS), and National Institute of Health Stroke Scale (NIHSS) were used to examine cognitive and functional status, and tests were performed to assess cognitive functions, as well as neuroimaging scales ASPECTS, STRIVE, and MTA. The effectiveness of rehabilitation (ΔRE) was measured by the indicator of changes in the parameters of the VR system before and after treatment. RESULTS: A more significant improvement of the patient’s independence and regression of perceptual and executive functions was demonstrated in group 1 than in the control group. In patients with MCI, significant improvement was observed in all cognitive and functional parameters except semantic information processing, attention, and constructive praxis. In patients with dementia, improvement was noted in NIHSS, speech and amnestic disorders. In group 1, ΔRE was found to be associated with the parameters of perception, attention, semantic information processing, IQCODE, and NIHSS and the presence of hypertension and repeated stroke. In patients with MCI, ΔRE was correlated with lesion size, attention level, BI, mRS, and NIHSS and with age, sex, degree of IQCODE and STRIVE, semantic aphasia, and perceptual impairment in patients with dementia. CONCLUSION: The present study revealed a polymorphism of factors influencing the effectiveness of VR therapy in patients with varying degrees of cognitive decline. Modern approaches to VR rehabilitation of patients with post-stroke cognitive impairment require the development of individual methods of rehabilitation using immersion environment focused on the structure, etiology, and severity of cognitive deficit considering the degree of the patient’s functional state.

Effect of tDCS combined with virtual reality for post-stroke cognitive impairment: a randomized controlled trial study protocol

BackgroundPost-stroke cognitive impairment (PSCI) not only increases patient mortality and disability, but also adversely affects motor function and the ability to perform routine daily activities. Current therapeutic approaches for, PSCI lack specificity, primarily relying on and medication and traditional cognitive therapy supplemented by a limited array of tools. Both transcranial direct current stimulation (tDCS) and virtual reality (VR) training have demonstrated efficacy in improving cognitive performance among PSCI patients. Previous findings across various conditions suggest that implementing a therapeutic protocol combining tDCS and VR (tDCS - VR) may yield superior in isolation. Despite this, to our knowledge, no clinical investigation combining tDCS and VR for PSCI rehabilitation has been conducted. Thus, the purpose of this study is to explore the effects of tDCS - VR on PSCI rehabilitation.MethodsThis 4-week, single-center randomized clinical trial protocol will recruit 200 patients who were randomly assigned to one of four groups: Group A (tDCS + VR), Group B (tDCS + sham VR), Group C (sham tDCS + VR), Group D (sham tDCS + sham VR). All four groups will receive conventional cognitive rehabilitation training. The primary outcome measurement utilizes the Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE). Secondary outcome measures include the Montreal Cognitive Assessment, Frontal Assessment Battery, Clock Drawing Test, Digital Span Test, Logic Memory Test, and Modified Barthel Index. Additionally, S-YYZ-01 apparatus for diagnosis and treating language disorders assesses subjects’ speech function. Pre- and post-four-week intervention assessments are conducted for all outcome measures. Functional near-infrared spectroscopy (fNIRS) is employed to observe changes in oxygenated hemoglobin (HbO), deoxy-hemoglobin (HbR), and total hemoglobin (HbT) in the cerebral cortex.DiscussionOur hypothesis posits that the tDCS - VR therapy, in opposed to individual tDCS or VR interventions, could enhance cognitive function, speech ability and daily living skills in PSCI patients while concurrently augmenting frontal cortical activity. This randomized study aims to provide a robust theoretical foundation supported by scientific evidence for the practical implementation of the tDCS - VR combination as a secure and efficient PSCI rehabilitation approach.Trial registrationChictr.org.cn Identifier: ChiCTR2300070580. Registered on 17th April 2023.

Projection in Arabic: a typological overview

Abstract This article examines the different aspects of projection by focusing on the processes construing this area of the lexicogrammar. It also explores how Arabic construes this dimension of the lexicogrammar across the rank scale and beyond. Within the Hallidayan Systemic Functional paradigm, there are three variables that differentiate between any type of projection and this article investigates all three of them. It more precisely explores the three different projection systems which consist of (i) the level of projection which is about the distinction between mental and verbal projection. (ii) The mode of projection which is about tactic interdependency relations and whether what is projected is a quote (paratactic) or a report (hypotactic) and (iii) the speech function of projection which is where projection interacts with the system of mood and the projection of propositions and proposals. The last section studies the manifestation of projection patterns in a wide variety of lexico-grammatical environments. The findings will show how this pervasiveness substantiates the interpretation of projection as a fractal motif.

Smartphone automated motor and speech analysis for early detection of Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease: Validation of TapTalk across 20 different devices.

Smartphones are proving useful in assessing movement and speech function in Alzheimer's disease and other neurodegenerative conditions. Valid outcomes across different smartphones are needed before population-level tests are deployed. This study introduces the TapTalk protocol, a novel app designed to capture hand and speech function and validate it in smartphones against gold-standard measures. Twenty different smartphones collected video data from motor tests and audio data from speech tests. Features were extracted using Google Mediapipe (movement) and Python audio analysis packages (speech). Electromagnetic sensors (60Hz) and a microphone acquired simultaneous movement and voice data, respectively. TapTalk video and audio outcomes were comparable to gold-standard data: 90.3% of video, and 98.3% of audio, data recorded tapping/speech frequencies within±1Hz of the gold-standard measures. Validation of TapTalk across a range of devices is an important step in the development of smartphone-based telemedicine and was achieved in this study. TapTalk evaluates hand motor and speechfunctions across a wide range of smartphones.Data showed 90.3% motor and 98.3% speech accuracy within +/-1Hz of gold standards.Validation advances smartphone-based telemedicine for neurodegenerative diseases.

Human-AI collaboration improves adults’ oral biomechanical functions: A multi-centre, self-controlled clinical trial

ObjectivesMaintenance of oral muscle functions is important for survival and communication. Utilizing Artificial Intelligence (AI) as a self-health-management material has shown promise. Here we developed a functional and AI-enabled smartphone e-Oral APP that provided real-time feedback features to let humans collaborate with AI, targeting to improve oral biomechanical and speech functions of adults. MethodsA total of 113 neurologically healthy Hong Kong citizens over 50 years old were recruited in this study from June to October 2022. A set of 12 exercises of the tongue, lips, and jaw were conducted with guidance provided in the self-developed e-Oral APP, in which visual-audio demonstrations and immediate feedback on facial movements by an open-source AI-pretrained 68-point Ensemble of Regression Tree (ERT) face landmark detector was given to the users. After 8-week exercises, assessments after 1-week and 4-week post-training were conducted. Primary outcomes were measured on oral functions, including occlusal force, masticatory efficiency, tongue strength, along with dry mouth condition, and oral health-related quality of life (OHQoL), while secondary outcomes were comprised of oral diadochokinesis (DDK) and swallowing ability. The usability of the APP was evaluated by a self-written questionnaire. ResultsAfter exercising a set of 12 exercises on the tongue, lips, and jaw for 8 weeks, 70 out of 113 participants (average age of 67.70±4.93 y.o., 52 female and 18 male) had a significant improvement in the occlusal force (p < 0.001), while masticatory efficiency (p = 0.002), tongue pressure (p < 0.001) and endurance (p = 0.004) were also improved. 80.3 % of respondents rated the APP with an overall rating of 3 out of 5 points, and 68.6 % would recommend the APP to others. ConclusionsAI-based APP can be an effective approach to help healthy adults improve their occlusal force, masticatory efficiency, tongue functions, and oral diadochokinesis after 8-week home oral exercises. Furthermore, these improvements can be sustained for at least four weeks. Clinical significanceThis is the first AI-assisted APP developed for oral muscle training. Our findings demonstrated that a self-administrated human-AI collaboration APP can improve clinically oral muscle biomechanics and functions for healthy adults. AI technology in smartphone gadgets provides a cost-effective, convenient, and reliable means for oral muscles training for adults.

A historical perspective on the neurobiology of speech and language: from the 19th century to the present.

In this essay, we review 19th century conceptions on the neurobiology of speech and language, including the pioneer work of Franz Gall, Jean-Baptiste Bouillaud, Simon Alexandre Ernest Aubertin, Marc Dax, Paul Broca, and Carl Wernicke. We examine how these early investigations, anchored in the study of neurological disorders, have broadened their scope via neuropsychological and psycholinguistic theories and models. Then, we discuss how major technological advances have led to an important paradigm shift, through which the study of the brain slowly detached from the study of disease to become the study of individuals of all ages, with or without brain pathology or language disorders. The profusion of neuroimaging studies that were conducted in the past four decades, inquiring into various aspects of language have complemented-and often challenged-classical views on language production. Our understanding of the "motor speech center," for instance, has been entirely transformed. The notion of cerebral dominance has also been revisited. We end this paper by discussing the challenges and controversies of 21st century neurobiology of speech and language as well as modern views of the neural architecture supporting speech and language functions.

Ankyloglossia: misinformation vs. evidence regarding its effects on feeding, speech, and other functions

Ankyloglossia, commonly, known as “tongue-tie,” is a congenital condition where a short, and often thickened lingual frenulum attaches the anterior tongue tip to the floor of the mouth. As a result of this “tie,” there is a restriction of tongue-tip movement. While ankyloglossia is sometimes associated with difficulties in breastfeeding newborns, the impact on speech production remains a topic of serious debate among professionals. The purpose of this article is to examine the current evidence regarding the effect of ankyloglossia on structure and function, particularly the effect on neonatal feeding and speech. Hopefully, this evidence will inform the practice of otolaryngologists, speech-language pathologists, and other relevant professionals for the benefit of affected children.

Evidence from aphasia suggests a bidirectional relationship between inner speech and executive function

Research over the past several decades has revealed that non-linguistic cognitive impairments can appear alongside language deficits in individuals with aphasia. One vulnerable cognitive domain is executive function, an umbrella term for the higher-level cognitive processes that allow us to direct our behavior towards a goal. Studies in healthy adults reveal that executive function abilities are supported by inner speech, the ability to use language silently in one's head. Therefore, inner speech may mediate the connection between language and executive function deficits in individuals with aphasia. Here, we investigated whether inner speech ability may link language and cognitive impairments in 59 adults with chronic, post-stroke aphasia. We used two approaches to measure inner speech: one based on internal retrieval of words and one based on internal retrieval plus silent manipulation of the retrieved phonological forms. Then, we examined relationships between these two approaches to measuring inner speech and five aspects of executive function ability: response inhibition, conflict monitoring/resolution, general task-switching ability, phonological control, and semantic control. We also looked for dissociations between inner speech ability and executive function ability. Our results show tentative relationships between inner speech (across multiple measurement approaches) and all aspects of executive function except for response inhibition. We also found evidence for a double dissociation: many participants show intact executive function despite poor inner speech, and vice versa, so neither process is strictly reliant on the other. We suggest that this work provides preliminary evidence of a bidirectional relationship between inner speech and executive function: inner speech supports some aspects of executive function via internal self-cueing and certain aspects of executive function support performance on complex inner speech tasks.

Fungsi tindak tutur ekspresif dalam tayangan Kick Andy-Edisi K.H. Abdurahman Wahid di channel youtube Metro TV

A speech in a show has various types and functions. The speakers' speech in Kick Andy show is very diverse and has various functions that are interesting to study because the speech contains the value of critical and deep thinking but still wrapped in humor. This research aims to describe the function of expressive speech acts in the Kick Andy Edition of K.H. Abdurahman Wahid. This type of research is descriptive qualitative research. The subject of this research is Kick Andy Edition of K.H. Abdurahman Wahid on Metro TV Youtube Chanel. The object of this research is Expressive Speech Actions in Kick Andy Edition of K.H. Abdurahman Wahid on Metro TV Youtube Chanel. This research uses listening method in collecting data. The listening method was conducted with basic techniques in the form of tapping techniques and advanced techniques in the form of free spoken techniques (SBLC). The data analysis method uses the commensurate method with the basic technique in the form of sorting the determining elements (PUP) technique. The results of this research are as follows: (1) expressive speech act function of criticizing as much as 4 data, (2) expressive speech act function of complaining as much as 4 data, (3) expressive speech act function of blaming as much as 5 data, (4) expressive speech act function of praising as much as 3 data, (5) expressive speech act function of insinuating as much as 1 data, (6) the expressive speech act function of forgiving as much as 3 data, (7) the expressive speech act function of forgiving as much as 1 data, (8) the expressive speech act function of mocking as much as 6 and on the expressive speech act function of gratitude and congratulations are not found in the Kick andy Edition K. H. Abdurahman Wahid so that the amount of data is 27 data.

Сопоставительный анализ категории обращения в русском и японском языках (новая редакция)

This article undertakes a comparative analysis of address forms in the Russian and Japanese languages. As address constitutes a linguistic universality, numerous commonalities in speech functioning, syntactic peculiarities, as well as phonetic, morphological, and semantic developments of linguistic units used in vocative positions were discovered in Russian and Japanese. However, some significant differences were identified. For instance, address forms in Japanese, to a greater extent than in Russian, are associated with expressing social hierarchy relations. Consequently, Japanese speakers tend to avoid using address forms when communicating with unfamiliar people (whose social status is unclear). In familial interactions, juniors are addressed by their names, while elders are referred to using kinship terms. In business sphere, superiors are addressed by their titles, while inferiors are addressed by their surnames with added necessary politeness suffixes. In the Russian language, a wide range of figurative and metonymic means are employed as address forms, and their list is not limited. There even exist specific grammatical constructions characteristic of the vocative position. In the Japanese language, the freedom in employing vocative means, akin to Russian, is only present in poetic style. In colloquial Japanese, the utilization of figurative and metonymic means is restricted.

Развитие принципов культурно-исторической теории в специальной педагогике и психологии

&lt;p&gt;The article analyzes the importance of research in the field of special education and psychology for the development of cultural-historical theory. In this article we show that the development of the principles of cultural-historical psychology should be analyzed, and problematic areas of special education are identified. We have analyzed an importance of researches on special education and psychology to better understand a correlation between learning and development, the cultural development of a child as "growing into culture", the development of the regulatory function of speech, the content of the category "development" in psychology, the role of the collective in the development of children with disabilities. For the first time in cultural-historical psychology were shown the role of interaction with a peer without disabilities in the development of higher mental functions of a child with disabilities, the importance and conditions of interaction of a special child with an adult for making a step in development, the ratio between disability and its compensation, ideas about the zone of proximal development and the patterns of abnormal development. We showed how L.S.Vygotsky's ideas on the diagnosis of abnormal development in modern special psychology work, and importnt modern studies are for better understanding of normal development. It is shown that many problems of special education (including the problems of inclusive education) pose a challenge to cultural-historical theory and can be solved using it. The article shows prospects for the development of the analyzed problem area.&lt;/p&gt;

A Systematic Literature Review of the Natural History of Respiratory, Swallowing, Feeding, and Speech Functions in Spinal Muscular Atrophy (SMA).

Respiratory and bulbar dysfunctions (including swallowing, feeding, and speech functions) are key symptoms of spinal muscular atrophy (SMA), especially in its most severe forms. Demonstrating the long-term efficacy of disease-modifying therapies (DMTs) necessitates an understanding of SMA natural history. This study summarizes published natural history data on respiratory, swallowing, feeding, and speech functions in patients with SMA not receiving DMTs. Electronic databases (Embase, MEDLINE, and Evidence-Based Medicine Reviews) were searched from database inception to June 27, 2022, for studies reporting data on respiratory and/or bulbar function outcomes in Types 1-3 SMA. Data were extracted into a predefined template and a descriptive summary of these data was provided. Ninety-one publications were included: 43 reported data on respiratory, swallowing, feeding, and/or speech function outcomes. Data highlighted early loss of respiratory function for patients with Type 1 SMA, with ventilatory support typically required by 12 months of age. Patients with Type 2 or 3 SMA were at risk of losing respiratory function over time, with ventilatory support initiated between the first and fifth decades of life. Swallowing and feeding difficulties, including choking, chewing problems, and aspiration, were reported in patients across the SMA spectrum. Swallowing and feeding difficulties, and a need for non-oral nutritional support, were reported before 1 year of age in Type 1 SMA, and before 10 years of age in Type 2 SMA. Limited data relating to other bulbar functions were collated. Natural history data demonstrate that untreated patients with SMA experience respiratory and bulbar function deterioration, with a more rapid decline associated with greater disease severity. This study provides a comprehensive repository of natural history data on bulbar function in SMA, and it highlights that consistent assessment of outcomes in this area is necessary to benefit understanding and approval of new treatments.