Hemoglobin Spectra Research Articles

Protective properties of Myrtus communis extract against oxidative effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields on rat plasma and hemoglobin

Purpose: This study investigates the protective properties of Myrtus communis extract against the oxidative effects of extremely low-frequency magnetic fields (ELFMF). Also, this study is aimed to analyze the conformational changes of hemoglobin, oxidative damages to plasma proteins and antioxidant power of plasma following exposure to ELFMF.Materials and methods: Adult male rats were divided into 3 groups: (1) control, (2) ELFMF exposure, and (3) ELFMF exposure after M. communis extract administration. The magnetic field (0.7 mT, 50 Hz) was produced by a Helmholtz coil for one month, 2 hours a day. The M. communis extract was injected intraperitoneally at a dose of 0.5 mg/kg before exposure to ELFMF. The oxidative effects of ELFMF were studied by evaluating the hemoglobin, methemoglobin (metHb) and hemichrome levels, absorption spectrum of hemoglobin (200–700 nm), oxidative damage to plasma proteins by measuring protein carbonyl (PCO) levels and plasma antioxidant power according to the ferric reducing ability of plasma (FRAP). The mean and standard errors of the mean were determined for each group. One-way ANOVA analysis was used to compare the means of groups. The significance level was considered to be p < .05. Moreover, artificial neural network (ANN) analysis was used to identify the predictive parameters for estimating the oxyhemoglobin (oxyHb) concentration.Results: Exposure to ELFMF decreased the FRAP which was in concomitant with a significant increase in plasma PCO, metHb and hemichrome concentrations (p < .001). Oxidative modifications of Hb were shown by reduction in optical density at 340 nm (globin-heme interaction) and 420 nm (heme-heme interaction). Administration of M. communis extract increased FRAP values and decreased plasma POC, metHb, and hemichrome concentrations. Also, a significant increase in Hb absorbance at 340, 420, 542, and 577 nm showed the protective properties of M. communis extract against ELFMF-induced oxidative stress in erythrocytes. ANN analysis showed that optical absorption of hemoglobin at 520, 577, 542, and 630 nm and concentration of metHb and hemichrome were the most important parameters in predicting the oxyHb concentration.Conclusions: Myrtus communis extract enhances the ability of erythrocytes and plasma to deal with oxidative conditions during exposure to ELFMF. Also, ANN analysis can predict the most important parameters in relation to Hb structure during oxidative stress.

Simultaneous Arteriole and Venule Segmentation of Dual-Modal Fundus Images Using a Multi-Task Cascade Network

Differentiating arterioles and venules in the fundus image is important for not only various eye diseases but also systemic diseases such as hypertension and ischemic stroke. In this paper, we use dual-modal fundus images and develop a cascade refined U-net (CRU-net) to improve the arteriovenous segmentation. In this paper, dual-modal fundus images include not only a regular color fundus image (RGB image) but also another two monochromic images acquired using two different wavelengths, 570 and 610 nm. The choice of these two wavelengths is based on the absorption spectra of hemoglobin. The two monochromic images provide much richer information on the arteriole and venule. Our proposed CRU-net can fully utilize the information and achieves the state-of-the-art performance on our dual-modal dataset (DualModal2019). The arteriovenous classification accuracy evaluated on the automatically detected vessels is 97.27%, significantly surpassed previous methods. The F1-scores are 77.69% and 79.53% for the arteriole and venule segmentation, respectively. We also test our CRU-net on the public DRIVE dataset with only the color fundus images. We achieve the accuracy of 93.97%, F1-scores of 73.50%, and 75.54% for the arteriole and venule, all of which significantly surpassed previously published methods. Our DualModal2019 dataset with manually annotated arterioles and venules is publicly available.

Reversible Detection and Quantification of Hydrogen Sulfide by Fluorescence Using the Hemoglobin I from Lucina pectinata.

A new detection system for the endogenous gaseous transmitter and environmental pollutant hydrogen sulfide is presented. It is based on the modulation of the fluorescence spectrum of a coumarin dye by the absorption spectrum of the recombinant hemoglobin I from clam Lucina pectinata upon coordination of the analyte. While we establish that the reported affinity of rHbI for H2S has been overestimated, the association of the protein with an appropriate fluorophore allows fast, easy, and reversible detection and quantification of hydrogen sulfide in buffer as well as biological fluids such as human plasma, with a quantification limit around 200 nM at pH 7.4.

A Bayesian Approach to Eigenspectra Optoacoustic Tomography.

The quantification of hemoglobin oxygen saturation (sO2) with multispectral optoacoustic (OA) (photoacoustic) tomography (MSOT) is a complex spectral unmixing problem, since the OA spectra of hemoglobin are modified with tissue depth due to depth (location) and wavelength dependencies of optical fluence in tissue. In a recent work, a method termed eigenspectra MSOT (eMSOT) was proposed for addressing the dependence of spectra on fluence and quantifying blood sO2 in deep tissue. While eMSOT offers enhanced sO2 quantification accuracy over conventional unmixing methods, its performance may be compromised by noise and image reconstruction artifacts. In this paper, we propose a novel Bayesian method to improve eMSOT performance in noisy environments. We introduce a spectral reliability map, i.e., a method that can estimate the level of noise superimposed onto the recorded OA spectra. Using this noise estimate, we formulate eMSOT as a Bayesian inverse problem where the inversion constraints are based on probabilistic graphical models. Results based on numerical simulations indicate that the proposed method offers improved accuracy and robustness under high noise levels due the adaptive nature of the Bayesian method.

Partial Least Square with Savitzky Golay Derivative in Predicting Blood Hemoglobin Using Near Infrared Spectrum

Near infrared spectroscopy (NIRS) is a reliable technique that widely used in medical fields. Partial least square was developed to predict blood hemoglobin concentration using NIRS. The aims of this paper are (i) to develop predictive model for near infrared spectroscopic analysis in blood hemoglobin prediction, (ii) to establish relationship between blood hemoglobin and near infrared spectrum using a predictive model, (iii) to evaluate the predictive accuracy of a predictive model based on root mean squared error (RMSE) and coefficient of determination rp2. Partial least square with first order Savitzky Golay (SG) derivative preprocessing (PLS-SGd1) showed the higher performance of predictions with RMSE = 0.7965 and rp2= 0.9206 in K-fold cross validation. Optimum number of latent variable (LV) and frame length (f) were 32 and 27 nm, respectively. These findings suggest that the relationship between blood hemoglobin and near infrared spectrum is strong, and the partial least square with first order SG derivative is able to predict the blood hemoglobin using near infrared spectral data.

Comparative analysis of the heme iron electronic structure and stereochemistry in tetrameric rabbit hemoglobin and monomeric soybean leghemoglobin a using Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution

A comparative study of tetrameric rabbit hemoglobin and monomeric soybean leghemoglobin a in the oxy- and deoxy-forms was carried out using 57Fe Mössbauer spectroscopy with a high velocity resolution in order to analyze the heme iron electronic structure and stereochemistry in relation to the Mössbauer hyperfine parameters. The Mössbauer spectra of tetrameric rabbit hemoglobin in both forms were fitted using two quadrupole doublets related to the 57Fe in ɑ– and β–subunits. In contrast, the Mössbauer spectra of monomeric soybean leghemoglobin a were fitted using: (i) two quadrupole doublets for the oxy-form related to two conformational states of the distal His E7 imidazole ring and different hydrogen bonding of oxygen molecule in the oxy-form and (ii) using three quadrupole doublets for deoxy-form related to three conformational states of the proximal His F8 imidazole ring. Small variations of Mössbauer hyperfine parameters related to small differences in the heme iron electronic structure and stereochemistry in tetrameric rabbit hemoglobin and monomeric soybean leghemoglobin a are discussed.

Study on mechanism of release oxygen by photo-excited hemoglobin in low-level laser therapy

According to the calculated results on the charge distribution of oxygenated heme and deoxygenated heme, and based on the theory of electron excitations in photo-acceptor molecules and the absorption spectra of hemoglobin, it is found that low-level laser within the waveband of about 800-1060nm can promote the release of oxygen from oxyhemoglobin and improve the oxygen supply of capillaries to surrounding tissues. Furthermore, the reasons have been explained that why the low-level laser at a wavelength of 830nm is better in the treatment on burn injury and stimulation of hair growth. We also explained why the near-infrared laser of 1064nm is applied to the forehead to improve cerebral oxygenation in healthy humans. Finally, according to comparison of atomic charge distribution in heme before and after bound to small molecule of carbon monoxide or nitric oxide, it could be inferred that the low-level laser with an appropriate wavelength can promote the carbon monoxide hemoglobin and nitric oxide hemoglobin to dissociate the carbon monoxide molecules and the nitric oxide molecules. This may be used for adjuvant therapy of carbon monoxide poisoning or nitric oxide poisoning.

Optical properties of mice's stool in 550 to 1000 nm wavelength range.

The aim of this work was to measure optical properties of stool of mice to provide this relevant wavelength-dependent behavior for optical imaging modalities such as fluorescent molecular tomography and near-infrared optical tomography. BALB/c nude female mice were studied and optical properties of the stool were determined by employing the inverse adding-doubling approach. The animals were kept on chlorophyll-free diet. Nine stool samples were measured. The wavelength-dependent behavior of absorption and scattering in 550 to 1000 nm range is presented. The reduced scattering spectrum is fitted to the Mie scattering approximation in the near-infrared (NIR) wavelength range and to the Mie + Rayleigh approximation in visible/NIR range with the fitting coefficients presented. The study revealed that the absorption spectrum of stool can lead to crosstalk with the spectrum of hemoglobin in the NIR range.

Spectrum of Hemoglobin E Disorder in a Family

We report a Bangladeshi family case of Hemoglobin E (Hb E) disorder. A 50 years old female and three of her family members had hemoglobin E disorder. Which was an incidental findings with nonspecific clinical problem and finally discovered the family pedigree of hemoglobin E disorder in asymptomatic other family members. Herein, we present the laboratory diagnosis and comparative data of the spectrum of Hb E disorders (i.e., heterozygous Hb E trait, homozygous Hb E disease) that was found in our index case and her offspring. Finally, genetic counseling &amp; proper education gave to prevent the transmission of the abnormal gene in their progeny.KYAMC Journal Vol. 6, No.-2, Jan 2016, Page 653-655

P3341Left ventricular structure and mechanics across hemoglobin spectrum in asymptomatic subjects free of anemia

P3341Left ventricular structure and mechanics across hemoglobin spectrum in asymptomatic subjects free of anemia

IR Spectra of Different O2-Content Hemoglobin from Computational Study: Promising Detector of Hemoglobin Variant in Medical Diagnosis

IR spectra of heme and different O2-content hemoglobin were studied by the quantum computation method at the molecule level. IR spectra of heme and different O2-content hemoglobin were quantificationally characterized from 0 to 100 THz. The IR spectra of oxy-heme and de-oxy-heme are obviously different at the frequency regions of 9.08-9.48, 38.38-39.78, 50.46-50.82, and 89.04-91.00 THz. At 24.72 THz, there exists the absorption peak for oxy-heme, whereas there is not the absorption peak for de-oxy-heme. Whether the heme contains Fe-O-O bond or not has the great influence on its IR spectra and vibration intensities of functional groups in the mid-infrared area. The IR adsorption peak shape changes hardly for different O2-content hemoglobin. However, there exist three frequency regions corresponding to the large change of IR adsorption intensities for containing-O2 hemoglobin in comparison with de-oxy-hemoglobin, which are 11.08-15.93, 44.70-50.22, and 88.00-96.68 THz regions, respectively. The most differential values with IR intensity of different O2-content hemoglobin all exceed 1.0 × 104Lmol-1cm-1. With the increase of oxygen content, the absorption peak appears in the high-frequency region for the containing-O2 hemoglobin in comparison with de-oxy-hemoglobin. The more the O2-content is, the greater the absorption peak is at the high-frequency region. The IR spectra of different O2-content hemoglobin are so obviously different in the mid-infrared region that it is very easy to distinguish the hemoglobin variant by means of IR spectra detector. IR spectra of hemoglobin from quantum computation can provide scientific basis and specific identification of hemoglobin variant resulting from different O2 contents in medical diagnosis.

Application of Near-Infrared Spectroscopy in Neurological Disorders: Especially in Orthostatic Intolerance

Near-infrared spectroscopy (NIRS), a noninvasive optical method, utilizes the characteristic absorption spectra of hemoglobin in the near-infrared range to provide information on cerebral hemodynamic changes in various clinical situations. NIRS monitoring have been used mainly to detect reduced perfusion of the brain during orthostatic stress for three common forms of orthostatic intolerance (OI); orthostatic hypotension, neurally mediated syncope, and postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome. Autonomic function testing is an important diagnostic test to assess their autonomic nervous systems for patients with symptom of OI. However, these techniques cannot measure dynamic changes in cerebral blood flow. There are many experimentations about study of NIRS to reveal the pathophysiology of patients with OI. Research using NIRS in other neurologic diseases (stroke, epilepsy and migraine) are ongoing. NIRS have been experimentally used in all stages of stroke and may complement the established diagnostic and monitoring tools. NIRS also provide pathophysiological approach during rehabilitation and secondary prevention of stroke. The hemodynamic response to seizure has long been a topic for discussion in association with the neuronal damage resulting from convulsion. One critical issue when unpredictable events are to be detected is how continuous NIRS data are analyzed. Besides, NIRS studies targeting pathophysiological aspects of migraine may contribute to a deeper understanding of mechanisms relating to aura of migraine. NIRS monitoring may play an important role to trend regional hemodynamic distribution of flow in real time and also highlights the pathophysiology and management of not only patients with OI symptoms but also those with various neurologic diseases. Key Words: Orthostatic intolerance, Spectroscopy, Near-Infrared, Clinical neurology

Deagglomeration and characterization of detonation nanodiamonds for biomedical applications

Detonation nanodiamonds (DNDs) are usually small particles of 4–5nm, but in aqueous suspension, DNDs form agglomerates in sizes larger than 1μm. We propose the use of Bead Assisted Sonic Disintegration and a carboxylation procedure, to reduce DNDs aggregates sizes to approximately 100nm. High cost zirconium beads have been substituted by silica beads synthetized in our laboratory and less-time consuming conditions were standardized. Techniques as Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS), Fourier Transform InfraRed Spectroscopy (FTIR), Transmission Electron Microscopy (TEM) and X-ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS), have been used to characterize the resulting diamond nanoparticles. While the incubation of Red Blood Cells with partially disaggregated DNDs was used to study whether these nanodiamonds impact in a living system. Our results show the absence of a negative effect in cell viability as well as no differences between Raman spectra of hemoglobin (Hb), from control and cell+DNDs conditions.

Multispectroscopic and calorimetric studies on the binding of the food colorant tartrazine with human hemoglobin

Interaction of the food colorant tartrazine with human hemoglobin was studied using multispectroscopic and microcalorimetric techniques to gain insights into the binding mechanism and thereby the toxicity aspects. Hemoglobin spectrum showed hypochromic changes in the presence of tartrazine. Quenching of the fluorescence of hemoglobin occurred and the quenching mechanism was through a static mode as revealed from temperature dependent and time-resolved fluorescence studies. According to the FRET theory the distance between β-Trp37 of hemoglobin and bound tartrazine was evaluated to be 3.44nm. Synchronous fluorescence studies showed that tartrazine binding led to alteration of the microenvironment around the tryptophans more in comparison to tyrosines. 3D fluorescence and FTIR data provided evidence for conformational changes in the protein on binding. Circular dichroism studies revealed that the binding led to significant loss in the helicity of hemoglobin. The esterase activity assay further complemented the circular dichroism data. Microcalorimetric study using isothermal titration calorimetry revealed the binding to be exothermic and driven largely by positive entropic contribution. Dissection of the Gibbs energy change proposed the protein-dye complexation to be dominated by non-polyelectrolytic forces. Negative heat capacity change also corroborated the involvement of hydrophobic forces in the binding process.

Simultaneous Measurement of Dissolved Oxygen Pressure and Oxyhemoglobin Spectra in Solution.

The measurement of the spatial distribution of oxygen saturation (sO2) in superficial tissues using optical reflectance imaging has been useful in the clinical venue especially in temporally demanding applications such as monitoring tissue oxygenation during surgery. The measurement is based on relative spectrometry of oxy- and deoxyhemoglobin in tissues. We titrated deoxyhemoglobin with oxygen gas and simultaneously measured the dissolved oxygen pressure and the visible absorbance spectra to verify spectral shapes at different saturations. sO2 values derived from the measured pO2 are compared to those derived from the hemoglobin spectra at various stages of oxygenation.

Spatially resolved micro-absorption spectroscopy with a broadband source and confocal detection

Abstract We present a novel approach to measure optical absorption spectra with spatial resolution at the micron scale. The setup combines a continuous white light excitation beam in transmission geometry with a confocal microscope. The spatial resolution is found to be better than 1.4 μm in the lateral and 3.6 μm in the axial direction. Employing multichannel detection the absorption spectrum of hemoglobin in a single red blood cell is measured on the timescale of seconds. Through measurements of the transmitted intensity in solutions in nanoliter quantities we establish that the absorbance varies linearly with concentration. Our setup enables the investigation of spatial variations in the optical density of small samples on the micron scale and can be applied to the study of biological assemblies at the single cell level, in optical diagnostics, and in micro-fluidics.

Disorders in the Morphology and Nanostructure of Erythrocyte Membranes after Long-term Storage of Erythrocyte Suspension: Atomic Force Microscopy Study.

Disorders in the erythrocyte morphology and structure of their membranes during long-term storage of erythrocyte suspension (30 days at 4°C) were studied by atomic force microscopy. The morphology and nanostructure of erythrocyte membranes, biochemical parameters, ion exchange parameters, and hemoglobin spectra were recorded. The transformation of erythrocyte morphology and destruction of their membranes were observed throughout the storage period. Irreversible forms of spheroechinocytes and their fragments formed by the end of storage. The concentrations of potassium ions and lactate in solution of the blood preservatiive increased, while pH value decreased. Hemolysis detected by the erythrocyte "leakage" effect was observed starting from days 16-23 of storage.

Study on the selection of laser wavelengths in the intravascular low-level laser irradiation therapy.

According to the absorption spectra of blood and hemoglobin, a photon-bond energy formula is established using physical methods and the effects on hemoglobin of low-level laser at different wavelengths are analyzed. The results show that lasers with the peak wavelengths of 200∼240, 275, and 342 nm in the whole blood absorption spectra curve are easy to destroy protein molecules and then lead to hemoglobin lose biological activity. While lasers with wavelengths longer than 800 nm will reduce the oxygen carrying capacity of blood, only lasers with wavelengths between 630 and 670 nm have the best efficacy.

In vivo multispectral imaging of the absorption and scattering properties of exposed brain using a digital red–green–blue camera

To evaluate multi-spectral images of the absorption and scattering properties in the cerebral cortex of rat brain, we investigated spectral reflectance images estimated by the Wiener estimation method using a digital red–green–blue camera. A Monte Carlo simulation-based multiple regression analysis for the corresponding spectral absorbance images at nine wavelengths (500, 520, 540, 560, 570, 580, 600, 730, and 760 nm) was then used to specify the absorption and scattering parameters. The spectral images of absorption and reduced scattering coefficients were reconstructed from the absorption and scattering parameters. We performed in vivo experiments on exposed rat brain to confirm the feasibility of this method. The estimated images of the absorption coefficients were dominated by hemoglobin spectra. The estimated images of the reduced scattering coefficients had a broad scattering spectrum, exhibiting a larger magnitude at shorter wavelengths, corresponding to the typical spectrum of brain tissue published in the literature.

Tyndall’s hypochromism in suspensions

Since the passage of light through each individual particle in a suspension includes the competition of processes of absorption and scattering, it leads to hypochromism--a decrease in the extinction coefficient. Such "scattering" hypochromism increases with the particle size and its refractive index. Since the Tyndall's light scattering in suspensions, where the size of each particle is substantially larger with respect to wavelengths of light, is not strongly dependent on the wavelength, the absorption spectrum (and excitation spectrum) attenuated almost uniformly at different wavelengths. A simple method to find true extinction coefficients from the absorption (or excitation) spectra of diluted suspensions (not having multiple light scattering) is suggested. The experimental data on spectra of hemoglobin in erythrocytes, actinomycin in DNA and flavins in mitochondria are given.