Spectrophotometric Approach Research Articles

Analytical Method Development and Validation of a UV‐Spectrophotometric Technique for Pioglitazone HCL Estimation in Bulk and Polymeric Nanoparticles

AbstractThe type 2 diabetes drug pioglitazone is encapsulated in polymeric (Chitosan/PEG blended PLGA) nanoparticles utilizing solvent evaporation methods. The current research aimed to develop and validate an accessible, accurate, fast, and commercial UV spectrophotometric approach for assessing Pioglitazone in bulk and polymeric nanoparticles. In the estimation method that involves a pH 7.4 phosphate buffer, the maximum absorbance of Pioglitazone is reported to be 269 nm. With a correlation coefficient of 0.999, the drug exhibits linearity in the concentration series of 5–60 µg mL‐1. The proposed technique is validated as per ICH guidelines for linearity, accuracy, precision, and ruggedness. When the proposed technology is used in nano‐formulation, the percent amount of drug estimated to be 99.35% agreed well with the label claim. Recovery experiments at three distinct levels, 50%, 75%, and 100% are used to test the method's accuracy. The recovery rate is estimated to be between 98.91% and 99.11%. The low percent relative standard deviation (RSD) value indicates the method's accuracy and reproducibility. The method's repeatability, intraday, and interday precision are all examined. The approach is precise if the percent RSD value is less than 2. With the assistance of two analysts, the ruggedness of the suggested method is investigated. For the scheduled examination of Pioglitazone in bulk and polymeric nanoparticles, the above process has been developed and validated and proved to be a quick and cost‐effective quality‐control tool in pharmaceuticals.

A New Visible Spectrophotometric Approach for Determination of Methyldopa in Pharmaceuticals

الهدف من البحث هو تطوير طريقة طيفية جديدة لتقدير عقار الميثيل دوبا بشكليه النقي والصيدلاني تعتمد الطريقة المقترحة على التفاعل بين المثيل دوبا و كاشف الانسدين بوجود نيتروبروسيد البوتاسيوم وهيدروكسيد الصوديوم لتكوين ناتج ملون تم دراسة تأثير العديد من العوامل المؤثرة على ناتج التفاعل تتضمن تركيز الكاشف و زمن التفاعل و استقرارية الناتج الملون مع ضبط هذه العوامل. متابعة التفاعل تمت بقياس الامتصاص عند 597 نانومتر للناتج الملون. في مدى من التركيز من (0.50 إلى 80.0) ميكروغرام.مل -1 كانت حساسية ساندل 0.0218 مايكروغرام.سم-1 و حد الكشف 0.0353 مايكروغرام.مل-1 و الحد الكمي 0.2691 مايكروغرام.مل-1. تم تطبيق الطريقة المقترحة بنجاح لتقدير المثيل دوبا في المستحضرات الصيدلانية.

Development and Validation of Stability Indicating UV Spectrophotometric Method for Estimation of Resveratrol in Bulk and Tablet Dosage Form

A simple, sensitive, accurate, trustworthy, and stable UV spectrophotometric approach has been devised to quantify resveratrol in pharmaceutical formulations and bulk materials. After scanning the UV spectrum from 200 to 400 nm, the highest wavelength for absorption was determined to be 306 nm. For the medication, Beer’s rule has been adhered to within a concentration range of 1 to 5 μg/mL. While the developed method was able to recover a good amount of drug (%Recovery), the precision study’s percentage RSD values were ≥2%. The method demonstrated effective functionality for a pharmaceutical dosage form containing resveratrol, free from interference from the excipients. Correspondingly, the limit of detection (LoD) for resveratrol were 0.13 and 0.40 μg/mL. The results of this investigation have been confirmed in accordance with ICH standards. Research on artificial degradation has been greenlit, which investigates the impacts of several environmental factors over a broad pH spectrum, including heat, oxidation, photolysis, and hydrolysis vulnerability

Interaction of cationic 5,10,15,20-tetra(N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin and its Co(III) complex with premicellar SDS aggregates: Structure and properties

The study explores the interactions between 5,10,15,20-tetra(N-methylpyridyl)porphyrin (H2P) and sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) at concentrations below the critical micelle concentration (CMC) in aqueous solutions employing spectrophotometric and fluorescence methods. The composition and structure of the complexes involved in the association of H2P with premicellar SDS aggregates of varying compositions denoted as [H2P-5·SDS], [H2P-10·SDS] and [H2P-20·SDS] were characterized using mass spectrometry, DOSY, and 1D NOESY techniques. Possible reasons for the decrease in the intensity of absorption and emission of porphyrin in micellar aggregates of SDS compared to porphyrin in an aqueous environment are analyzed.The research has revealed that SDS can act as both a catalyst and an inhibitor, depending on its concentration in the reaction of complexation of H2P with metal cations (Co2+). The spectrophotometric approach examined interaction processes between 5,10,15,20-tetra(N-methylpyridyl)porphyrinate Co(III) and premicellar SDS aggregates, which proceed similarly to the processes with the porphyrin ligand. The study demonstrated the impact of premicellar aggregates on the binding capacity of Co(III) porphyrinate with electron-donating molecules using imidazole as an illustrative example.

Heavy Metal and Thiol/Disulfide in Children with Attention-Deficit and Hyperactivity Disorder.

In the etiology of attention-deficit and hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), oxidative stress and heavy metal exposure are still controversial topics. In this study, our goal was to examine heavy metal levels and oxidative balance in newly diagnosed patients with ADHD and reveal whether heavy metal levels have an effect on the oxidation balance. The study included 35 patients with newly diagnosed ADHD and 31 healthy control groups of similar age and gender. Participants' parents or caregivers completed a semi-structured questionnaire regarding their children's breastfeeding and prenatal and postnatal smoking exposures. The levels of heavy metals lead (Pb), mercury (Hg), and cadmium were measured with inductively coupled plasma optical emission spectroscopy, and a unique automated spectrophotometric approach was used to quantify serum total thiol, native thiol, and disulfide quantities and ratios. The rate of smoking during pregnancy was significantly higher in the ADHD group than in the control group (P = .030). Compared to the control group, the native and total thiol levels of children with ADHD were significantly higher (P < .001). Likewise, the ADHD group had significantly higher Hg levels compared to the control group (P = .002). Cadmium levels were substantially greater in the control group compared to the ADHD group (P < .001). However, there was no significant difference between Pb levels in the ADHD and the control group (P = .844). Exposure to Hg and prenatal smoking may contribute to the development of ADHD in childhood. In response to oxidative stress, the young brains of children with ADHD may enhance their antioxidant levels.

The Lipidosis Profiling and C-Reactive Protein Evaluated in Patients with Prostate Cancer Attending Madonna University Teaching Hospital in Elele

One prevalent malignant tumor of the male prostate epithelium is called prostate cancer (PCa). The purpose of this study is to assess the C-reactive protein (CRP) and lipid profile of patients with PCa at Madonna University Teaching Hospital (MUTH), Elele. For the study, 50 hospital patients were enlisted. 20 of them were control patients, meaning they were not PCa patients, and the remaining 30 were patients with PCa and ranged in age from 25–65. All those engaged provided their informed permission and ethical clearance properly. Venipuncture was used to get blood samples. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) was used to analyze CRP, while total cholesterol (TCH), triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), and low-density lipoprotein (LDL) were measured using an enzymatic spectrophotometric approach. Data obtained from this study was analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 for Windows 7 and one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA), which were used to compare the means. The results were expressed as mean ± SD and values were considered significant at p &lt; 0.05 and non-significant at p &gt; 0.05. Results from this study showed a significant difference (p &lt; 0.05) in the mean values of the following: TCH levels in PCa patients (6.39 ± 0.90 mmol/L) when compared to the control group (4.10 ± 0.50 mmol/L), TG levels in PCa patients (1.84 ± 0.27mmol/L) when compared with the control group (1.26 ± 0.24 mmol/L), HDL levels in PCa patients (0.92 ± 0.10 mmol/L) when compared with the control group (1.02 ± 0.11 mmol/L), LDL levels in PCa patients (4.45 ± 1.00 mmol/L) when compared with the control group (2.33 ± 0.38 mmol/L) and CRP levels in PCa patients (4.48 ± 0.77 mg/L) when compared with the control group (3.44 ± 0.80 mg/L). This probably indicates that the PCa group developed biochemical alteration in lipid profile and CRP parameters within an increased period of time.

UV spectrophotometric determination of chlorthalidone in tablet dosage form by using single point standardization method

The current research endeavors to elucidate the creation of an uncomplicated, highly sensitive, swift, precise, and cost-effective UV-accepted spectrophotometric method for the quantitative assessment of Chlorthalidone. This is achieved through the utilization of a visible spectrophotometric approach employing single-point standardization and calibration plot methods, for pharmaceutical dosage forms. The equipment employed includes a double-beam UV-visible spectrophotometer, specifically the Shimadzu Model UV1800, with 1cm quartz cells and 0.2 M Sodium hydroxide serving as the solvent. Notably, an absorption maximum is identified at 219 nm. The developed method strictly adheres to Beer’s law. In the case of single-point standardization, the percentage of Chlorthalidone detected falls below the labeled claimed limit. Simultaneously, the tablet formulation is subjected to a percentage purity test using the calibration plot method, revealing that the observed quantity of Chlorthalidone is below the labeled content. This suggests a potential discrepancy in the marketed product of Chlorthalidone, indicating a probable deficiency in the therapeutic effect of the formulation due to the lower amount of Chlorthalidone present. The overall efficacy of the product hinges on the quality assurance of its constituents.

Validated spectrophotometric approach for the estimation of an antiepileptic drug: retigabine in pure form and pharmaceutical formulations utilizing N-Bromosuccinimide as an oxidant

A spectrophotometric method that is sensitive, easy, accurate, exact, reproducible, and verified has been developed for quantifying a new antiepileptic medication called retigabine in both its pure form and pharmaceutical formulations. The techniques employ N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) as an oxidizing agent and three dyes, namely amaranth, methylene blue, and indigo carmine. The three methods rely on the oxidation reaction of retigabine with an excess of N-bromosuccinimide (NBS) in an acidic environment. The unreacted NBS is then quantified by reacting it with fixed amounts of dyes, specifically amaranth, methylene blue, and indigo carmine. The absorbance at 520 nm, 664 nm, and 610 nm is measured for each respective dye. Linear relationships with high correlation coefficients (0.9992-0.9997) were observed under optimal conditions across concentration ranges of 0.5-12, 0.5-16, and 0.5–10 µg/ml. The limit of detection (LOD) for amaranth, methylene blue, and indigo carmine methods were determined to be 0.15, 0.15, and 0.14 µg/ml, respectively. The accuracy and precision of the approaches have been assessed for both intra-day and inter-day measurements. There was no observable interference caused by the typical tablet excipients. The proposed methodologies were verified in compliance with ICH recommendations and effectively utilized for the analysis of retigabine in pharmaceutical formulations. The reliability of the approaches was confirmed by conducting recovery studies employing the usual addition method. The findings produced by the proposed methods were statistically compared to those of the described approach using the student's t-test and F-test, which showed a significant level of agreement.

Determination of Micro Amounts of Promethazine Hydrochloride in Pure and Pharmaceutical Samples Using UV- Visible Spectrophotometry

This study presents the development of a novel, facile, and overly sensitive spectrophotometric approach for quantifying promethazine hydrochloride (PRO) within its pharmaceutical formulations. The method capitalizes on an oxidative coupling reaction, achieved through the oxidation of the compound in an acidic milieu utilizing ammonium cerium (IV) sulfate dehydrate (Ce+4) solution. This process leads to the creation of a green-colored solution, which, upon conjugation with 5-aminosalicylic acid, exhibits maximum absorption at a wavelength of 598 nm. The methodology investigated several parameters, encompassing oxidation duration, temperature, quantities of oxidizing agent and coupling reagent, and determining the stoichiometric ratio between promethazine hydrochloride and 5-aminosalicylic acid. The established ratio was confirmed to be 1:1. Numerous organic solvents were evaluated, with water emerging as the optimal choice due to its pronounced absorption characteristics at the 598 nm wavelength. The applicability of Beer's law was verified over a concentration range of 2 - 28 μg/mL of promethazine hydrochloride, with a calculated molar absorption coefficient of 1.9606 x 104 L/mol∙cm. The Sandell sensitivity index was determined as 0.0164 μg/cm2, while the relative standard deviation (RSD) ranged from 0.8553- 1.2671%. Notably, recovery percentages were also within the 99.88 – 100.34% range. The efficacy of this technique was effectively demonstrated through its successful application in the analysis of pharmaceutical formulations containing promethazine hydrochloride, employing the standard method as a benchmark.

Chemometric method development for the determination of naringin and verapamil

BackgroundBy resolving complicated spectra from drug combinations, chemometric techniques are valuable for multi-component investigation. The capacity to properly estimate combinations of components without separating drugs from their mixture is one of the benefits of chemometric analysis approaches over traditional analytical methods. These approaches are easy to use and sensitive even to the lowest concentrations. They are also practical, affordable, and cost-effective. In the current study, the chemometric aided spectrophotometric approach was used to evaluate the two drugs naringin and verapamil. The approach is multidimensional and based on chemometrics, which includes an orthogonal partial least square method that is a new refinement of the partial least squares regression analysis method. With this technique, no conversions are made to the spectrum that overlaps the two drugs. The tools UV-PROBE, SIMCA version 17, and excel were used to process the chemometric data.ResultsAccording to results from an orthogonal partial least square model, the mean percent recovery and relative standard deviation for the combination of verapamil with naringin were 100.80/1.19 and 100.836/1.35, respectively.The calibration model was used to predict known synthetic mixtures.This method shows good consistency in recovery ranging between 98.92 and 103.59% for VER and from 96.21 to 101.84% NAR. As saying the synthetic mixture revealed that it had a high percentage of purity.ConclusionsThe proposed chemometric method can estimate the quantitative amount of pharmaceuticals based on their dosage forms. This approach meets the requirements for the international conference on harmonization's (ICH) analytical criteria, such as precision and accuracy.Graphical

Quantification of ternary mixture of paracetamol, chlorzoxazone and ibuprofen present in tablet dosage form using ratio subtraction spectrophotometric approaches

A sensitive and selective spectrophotometric approach comprising of successive ratio subtraction was developed for quantification and resolution of spectrum of mixture containing three components without prior separation. Three components, namely paracetamol, chlorzoxazone and ibuprofen were present in tablet dosage form. The linearity studies were carried out by recording zero order spectra and measuring absorbances at 285.0, 282.0 and 220.0 nm for paracetamol, chlorzoxazone and ibuprofen respectively. The drugs exhibited linear response in the concentration range of 6.0–18.0, 3.0–15.0 and 4.0–20.0 µg / mL for paracetamol, chlorzoxazone and ibuprofen respectively. The spectrum of paracetamol was most extended which was subsequently followed by moderately extended spectrum of chlorzoxazone and unextended spectrum of ibuprofen. The ratio spectra were manipulated successfully for quantification of paracetamol, chlorzoxazone, and ibuprofen. The developed method was validated as per ICH guidelines for the parameters of specificity, linearity, precision and accuracy. The percent recoveries for all the three drugs were in the range of 98.0–102.0 % with mean recovery of paracetamol, chlorzoxazone and ibuprofen were 99.72, 99.02 and 100.34 % respectively. Additionally the validity of the method is assured by analyzing marketed formulation.

Development of eco-friendly spectrophotometric methods for analysis of metformin hydrochloride and linagliptin in presence of metformin toxic impurity in their pure and dosage forms: Validation, practicality and greenness studies

Metformin is considered as type 2 diabetes first line treatment according to American Diabetes Association and European Association. But, in some cases, di- or tri - therapy should be prescribed for glycemic management, prevention of the maximum dose side effects and induced effectiveness. Co-administration of Linagliptin with metformin has many benefits on diabetic patients such as decrease the possibility of hypoglycemia. For the first time, novel and reliable techniques were developed and verified for the concurrent quantification of metformin hydrochloride and linagliptin, while accounting for the existence of metformin toxic impurity 1-cyanoguanidine in their pure and dosage forms. Method (A) utilizes the zero-order spectrophotometric approach to quantitatively determine the concentration of linagliptin. The measurements are performed at a wavelength of 295 nm. The double divisor derivative ratio spectrophotometric method is used in Method (B) to measure the amounts of metformin and cyanoguanidine at 252 nm and 219 nm wavelengths, respectively. The spectrophotometric method (C) for determining metformin and cyanoguanidine at 252 nm and 223 nm, respectively, is based on the single divisor derivative ratio-zero crossing technique. The obtained findings were subjected to statistical comparison with the reported method, revealing no statistically significant differences. The Green Analytical Procedure Index (GAPI) and Analytical GREEnness Metric approach (AGREE) determined that these approaches had a high degree of environmental friendliness. Additionally, the proposed strategy was deemed to be practical according to the Blue Applicability Grade Index (BAGI) assessment tool.

Comparative Analysis of Catalase Activity in Plants: Spectrophotometry and Native PAGE Approaches.

Catalase, a pivotal enzyme in plant antioxidative defense mechanisms, plays a crucial role in detoxifying hydrogen peroxide, a reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this chapter, a comparative analysis of catalase activity was conducted using two distinct methodologies: spectrophotometry and non-denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (PAGE). The spectrophotometric approach allowed the quantification of catalase activity by measuring the breakdown rate of hydrogen peroxide, while native PAGE enabled the separation and visualization of catalase isozymes, based on their native molecular weight and charge characteristics, and specific staining assay. Both methods provide valuable insights into catalase activity, offering complementary information on the enzyme's functional diversity and distribution within different plant tissues. This study integrates different techniques, previously described, to comprehensively elucidate the role of catalase in plant metabolism. Furthermore, it provides the possibility of obtaining a holistic understanding of antioxidant defense mechanisms by considering both total activity and isoenzyme distribution of catalase enzyme.

Identification of acetaldehyde based on plasmonic patterns of a gold nanostructure conjugated with chromophore and H2O2: a new platform for the rapid and low-cost analysis of carcinogenic agents by colorimetric affordable test strip (CATS).

Acetaldehyde, a prevalent carbonyl compound in fermented foods, poses challenges in various applications due to its reactivity. This study addresses the need for efficient acetaldehyde detection methods across biotechnological, environmental, pharmaceutical, and food sectors. Herein, we present a novel colorimetric/UV spectrophotometric approach utilizing gold nanoparticles (AuNPs), particularly gold nano-flowers (AuNFs), for sensitive acetaldehyde identification. The method exhibits a notable sensitivity, detecting acetaldehyde at concentrations as low as 0.1 μM. The mechanism involves the interaction of acetaldehyde molecules with AuNFs, leading to a significant change in the absorbance spectrum, which serves as the basis for detection. Moreover, its applicability extends to human biofluids, notably urine samples. Integration with a cost-effective one-drop microfluidic colorimetric device (OD-μPCD) enables the development of an affordable test strip (CATS). This semi-analytical device, employing a multichannel OD-μPCD, facilitates real-time analysis of acetaldehyde in human samples. Our findings demonstrate the pioneering utilization of AuNPs for selective and sensitive acetaldehyde detection, promising advancements in environmental and occupational safety standards, and laying a foundation for enhanced detection and monitoring of related volatile organic compounds (VOCs).

Eco-friendly spectrophotometric methods for concurrent analysis of phenol, 2-aminophenol, and 4-aminophenol in ternary mixtures and water samples: assessment of environmental sustainability.

Recently, there has been a high demand for green procedures in analytical chemistry, particularly those utilizing eco-friendly solvents. In this context, three feasible derivative UV spectrophotometric methods namely, derivative ratio-zero crossing spectra (DRZCS), double divisor ratio spectra (DDRS), and successive derivative subtraction coupled with constant multiplication (SDS-CM) were developed to quantify a ternary mixture of phenol (P), 2-aminophenol (2-AP), and 4-aminophenol (4-AP) in real water samples simultaneously, using ethanol as a solvent. The established methods demonstrated a good linear range, covering 2-60 μg mL-1 for P and 2-50 μg mL-1 for 2-AP and 4-AP, in all approaches with a high correlation coefficient (R2 ≥ 0.9995). In compliance with ICH guidelines, the methods exhibited acceptable precision and accuracy, as indicated by good spike recovery with low relative standard deviations. The eco-friendliness of the UV spectrophotometric approach was assessed using analytical eco-scale (AES), analytical greenness (AGREE), and analytical greenness metrics for sample preparation (AGREEprep). These evaluations confirmed the eco-friendliness of the proposed methods in terms of solvents, energy consumption, and waste generation. The proposed procedure proved to be efficient in quantifying each component in laboratory-synthesized mixtures and real water samples, thanks to its simplicity, accuracy, sensitivity, and cost-effectiveness.

Improved Spectrophotometric Estimation of Nimodipine in the Pharmaceutical Formulation and Biological Fluids

Nimodipine (NDP) belongs to the class of pharmacological agents known as calcium channel blockers. It is used to treat symptoms resulting from a ruptured blood vessel in the brain (hemorrhage). NDP increases blood flow to injured brain tissues. For its clinical importance, a sensitive, accurate and simple spectrophotometric approach for the evaluation of NDP in bulk, tablet and biological fluids has been developed. The procedure involves the reaction of the reduced NDP with equimolar nitrous acid then followed by coupling with the available γ-resorsolic acid reagent in a basic solution to give a colored azo dye. The resulting azo dye is soluble in water and shows a maximum absorption peak at 436 nm. All the variables which affect the conditions such as the influence of acid, γ-resorsolic acid and alkali concentrations, reaction time and Beer׳s law limits were studied carefully and adjusted. The optimal conditions showed the color of azo-dye was stable for more than 1 h. The method was found linear in the range from 1.0 to 40 μg/mL with a good value of determination coefficient (R2= 0.9988). The molar absorptivity was calculated and set up to be 1.8495x104 L/mol.cm. The detection limits and quantitation limits were also estimated and found to be 0.0059 and 0.0195 μg/mL, correspondingly. The approach was established by estimating NDP in pharmaceutical tablets and biological fluids. The precision (RSD) was calculated to be better than 0.324%, whereas the values of recovery percent and relative errors were in the range of 97.95% to 99.08 % and -3.78% to 2.22%, respectively, without interfering from any common excipients present in the samples. The nature of the yellow dye has been studied between diazotized NDP and γ-resorsolic acid reagent and was equal to 1:1.

Assessment of Mediterranean Citrus Peel Flavonoids and Their Antioxidant Capacity Using an Innovative UV-Vis Spectrophotometric Approach

Citrus fruits exert various beneficial health effects due to the large amount of polyphenols they contain. Citrus peels, often considered food waste, contain several health-promoting polyphenols. Among these, flavonoids have long been quantified through colorimetric assays which, if not adequately applied, can lead to conflicting results. Flavonoids possess strong antioxidant properties and can decrease circulating free radicals, thereby reducing oxidative stress phenomena. Quantifying flavonoids and properly estimating their antioxidant capacity allows us to predict plausible beneficial effects of citrus fruits on human health. The aim of this research was to analyze the advantageous phenolic compounds found in the peels of citrus fruits commonly found in the Mediterranean region. The objective was to measure their antioxidant capacity and ability to neutralize free radicals. To achieve this purpose, UV-visible spectrophotometric analyses, liquid chromatography (LC) and Electron Paramagnetic Spectroscopy (EPR) were utilized and compared, finally suggesting an innovative approach for assessing the overall flavonoid content by the nitrite-aluminum assay. HPLC data demonstrated that hesperidin was the most abundant flavonoid in all peel extracts except for orange peels, in which naringin was the predominant flavonoid. The total flavonoid content was greater than 1.3 mg/mL in all extracts, with tangerine and orange yielding the best results. Citrus peel polyphenols exerted strong antioxidant and free radical scavenging effects, inhibiting up to 75% of the free radicals used as reference in the EPR analyses.

EVALUATION OF THE FREE RADICAL SCAVENGING OF TECTOQUINONE COMPOUND ISOLATED FROM SYZYGIUM OBLANCEOLATUM (C.B.ROB.) MERR

Aim and objective: In this study, the free radical scavenging of tectoquinone compound isolated from leaf of Syzygium oblanceolatum (C.B. Rob.) Merr was investigated by assessing their capacity to scavenge free radicals using the DPPH (2, 2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl) assay. Methods: The quantitative assessment of antioxidant activity was conducted using a UV-Vis spectrophotometric approach, with measurements taken at a wavelength of 516 nm. Results: The IC50 value, representing the concentration required to inhibit 50% of the DPPH radicals, was determined to be 66.362 μg/mL, indicating a moderate free radical-scavenging activity. Conclusion: These findings suggest that tectoquinone compounds possess a discernible ability to against free radical, though further research may be necessary to optimize their potential applications in health and medicine. Peer Review History: Received: 21 August 2023; Revised: 18 September; Accepted: 9 October, Available online: 15 November 2023 Academic Editor: Dr. Ali Abdullah Al-yahawi, Al-Razi university, Department of Pharmacy, Yemen, alyahawipharm@yahoo.com Received file: Reviewer's Comments: Average Peer review marks at initial stage: 6.0/10 Average Peer review marks at publication stage: 7.0/10 Reviewers: Dr. Bilge Ahsen KARA, Ankara Gazi Mustafa Kemal Hospital, Turkey, ahsndkyc@gmail.com Dr. Sangeetha Arullappan, Universiti Tunku Abdul Rahman, Malaysia, sangeetha@utar.edu.my

Development and Validation of an Innovative Stability Indicating Method Using UVSpectroscopy Techniques for Ritonavir in Bulk Drug and Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms

Ritonavir is a protease inhibitor used to treat HIV/AIDS. It is seldom employed for its antiviral activity but instead as a booster for other protease inhibitors. Our study's significant objective is to develop a new, simple, accurate, precise, and reproducible UV spectrophotometric approach for investigation by apotheosis to analyze ritonavir. Three alternative simple, accurate, and precise UV spectrophotometric techniques-the, zero-order (method A), first-order (method B), and the area under the curve (method C) spectrophotometric methods have been established for the measurement of ritonavir in bulk and pharmaceutical dosage. The drug was dissolved in ethanol, and then 0.063 M Phosphate buffer solution (pH 7.0), and the observed λmax are 271 nm for the zero-order spectrophotometric method (method A), 258 nm for the first-order spectrophotometric method, 260–281 nm for the area under the curve spectrophotometric method (method C). Under the optimum conditions, linear relationships with good correlation coefficients 0.9994–0.9999 were found between the reading and the corresponding concentration of the drug in the range of 10-50 μg/ml. The proposed methods can detect the analyte in the lower limits of 0.24 to 0.38 μg/ml. The precision of the methods was satisfactory, and the percentage relative standard deviation values did not exceed 2%. The proposed methods were successfully applied to the analysis of ritonavir in its bulk and commercial formulations with good repeatability and reproducibility; the label claim percentages ranged from 99.56 to 99.64 ± (0.34-0.63) % w/v. The research findings of the current approach were shown to be more accurate and trustworthy for ritonavir in pharmaceutical dosage forms and bulk pharmaceuticals compared to those previously reported by the spectrophotometric approaches. The proposed techniques can be used for routine inspections without causing any interference from excipients or other substances because of the quick and repeatable analysis.

A Novel Spectrophotometric Approach for Estimation of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Pharmaceutical Drug formulations by Neocuproine

A Novel Spectrophotometric Approach for Estimation of Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Pharmaceutical Drug formulations by Neocuproine