Spectral Subtraction Technique Research Articles

Effect of Modulation Domain Coupled KalmanSpectral Filter on Speech Enhancement over Wireless Voiced Communication System

Noise suppression in speech signal has received great attention in signal processing research community. However, existing methods of noise suppression such as the time-domain Kalman filter suffers from the psychoacoustic and physiological characteristic feature while the spectral subtraction technique performed in the modulation domain is associated with remnant noise in the enhanced speech signal. Therefore, in this paper, a Modulation-Domain coupled Kalman-Spectral Filtering (MD-KSF) in a single channel system is proposed to address the aforementioned shortcomings in the two existing techniques. The simulation of the proposed coupled MD-KSF was performed in MATLAB software environment. The evaluation of the proposed coupled MD-KSF technique in terms of Spectral waveform, Mean Square Error (MSE) and Log Spectral Distance (LSD) was performed. Furthermore, Perceptual Evaluation of Speech Quality (PESQ) and Short-Time Objective Intelligibility (STOI) tests were employed to validate the quality and intelligibility of the proposed coupled MD- KSF using the NOIZEUS corpus data set. The proposed technique shows significant noise suppression over the existing techniques.

Tailored for vehicle horn: A novel sound source capture method

The development of a horn sound capture system, capable of replacing manual control, offers a promising solution for alleviating horn noise. Existing horn sound systems lack localization algorithms that are capable of robustly resisting interference. To address this issue, this paper introduces an innovative horn sound capture system, including hardware and algorithms for sound recognition and localization. The pivotal innovation of the system is the introduction of the Sub-SRP algorithm, an advancement of the steered-response power phase transform (SRP-PHAT). Leveraging the frequency characteristics of horn sounds, it employs a series of filtering and spectral subtraction techniques to effectively filter out non-horn noise sources. In the interference experiment and field test, the Sub-SRP algorithm achieved DOA scores of 0.96 and 0.95, respectively, showing an approximately 10% improvement compared to the existing weighted SRP-PHAT, this improvement is even more pronounced under strong interference, increasing to 17%. This improvement significantly enhances the system’s ability to accurately capture honking vehicles and resist interference. Additionally, the horn sound recognition algorithm achieved accuracy rates of 95.75% and 97.65% in the two experiments, demonstrating the system’s effectiveness. In summary, this study contributes to the advancement of urban noise management and intelligent noise control systems.

Simultaneous Photometric and Spectroscopic Analysis of V505 Lacertae, a Photospherically and Chromospherically Active Contact Binary Star

New BVR photometric and high-resolution spectroscopic observations of V505 Lac are presented with Transiting Exoplanet Survey Satellite (TESS) photometric data. The orbital period has experienced a secular decrease during the past 16 yr. A clear anticorrelation in the primary and secondary eclipse timing variation (PSETV) obtained from the TESS data is also identified. A double-lined radial velocity (RV) curve is secured, and the effective temperatures of the less- and more-massive stars (Stars 1 and 2, respectively) are measured. Using a spectral subtraction technique, excess emissions are detected in the time-series Ca ii H and K and Hα lines for Star 2. Simultaneous analysis of the light and RV curves using the Wilson–Devinney (WD) code reveals that V505 Lac is a photospherically and chromospherically active W-subtype contact binary system. The component-star masses and radii are determined to an accuracy of approximately 1%. The WD spot model is individually applied to 221 light curves segmented from the TESS data so as to derive the spot parameters of a cool spot on Star 2. The combined variations in both longitude and colatitude among the spot parameters appear to be strongly associated with those of both the anticorrelation in the PSETV and the O’Connell effect in the TESS light curves. Robust negative linear relationships between the PSETV anticorrelation size and the O’Connell effect magnitude are found for the first time. Mass–radius, mass–luminosity, and mass ratio–mass diagrams of contact binaries, along with the mass ratio frequency distribution, are presented in an attempt to elucidate the evolutionary characteristics of these systems.

Deep Learning-Based Feature Extraction for Speech Emotion Recognition

Emotion recognition from speech signals is an important and challenging component of Human-Computer Interaction. In the field of speech emotion recognition (SER), many techniques have been utilized to extract emotions from speech signals, including many well-established speech analysis and classification techniques. This model can be built by using various methods such as RNN, SVM, deep learning, cepstral coefficients, and various other methods, out of which SVM normally gives us the highest accuracy. We propose a model that can identify emotions present in the speech, which can be identified by various parameters such as pitch, speaking rate, speech time, and frequency patterns. Emotion detection in digitized speech contains 3 components: Signal processing, Feature extraction, and Classification. The model first tries to remove the background noises then extract the features present in the speech and classify it into a single emotion. This model is capable of identifying seven different emotions that can be found in human speech. We can use different classifiers like GMM and HMM to classify features such as Spectral Subtraction, Wiener Filtering, Adaptive Filtering, and Deep Learning Techniques. This model can be used in various fields such as healthcare, security, psychology, medicine, education, and entertainment.

Highly sensitive portable laser absorption spectroscopy formaldehyde sensor using compact spherical mirror multi-pass cell

A portable sensor with an optical case dimension of 46 × 28 × 16 cm3 based on laser absorption spectroscopy for highly sensitive measurement of formaldehyde was reported. A compact improved spherical mirror multi-pass cell consisting of two 5-cm diameter spherical mirrors separated by 17.7 cm was developed. The cell offered a sample volume of 350 mL and an optical absorption path length of 50.6 m, giving a high path length-to-volume ratio of 14.6 cm−2. The sampling response time was less than 1 s, allowing the application of rapid spectral background subtraction technique to effectively suppress optical fringes. The achieved detection limit was 650 pptv (1σ, 1 s), corresponding to a minimum detection absorption coefficient of 2.3 × 10−9 cm−1. The capability of the HCHO sensor was demonstrated by two days of continuous indoor air monitoring. The developed portable sensor is suitable for mobile and fast indoor air quality measurements.

Prominence detection and chromosphere feature on the prototype RS CVn of active binary systems

ABSTRACT We present a study of high-resolution spectra of RS Canum Venaticorum (RS CVn), a prototype of active binary systems. Our data were obtained from 1998 to 2017 using different telescopes. We analyse the chromospheric activity indicators $\rm{Ca~{\small II}}$ IRT, Hα, $\rm{Na~{\small I}}$ D1, D2 doublet, $\rm{He~{\small I}}$ D3, and Hβ using a spectral subtraction technique. The chromospheric emission stems mainly from the K2 IV primary star, while the F5 V secondary star only shows weak emission features in a few of our spectra. We find excess absorption features in the subtracted Hα lines and other activity indicators from spectra taken near primary eclipse, which we ascribe to prominence-like material associated with the primary star. We estimate size limits of these tentative prominences based on the geometry of the binary system, and investigate the physical properties of the strongest prominence. An optical flare, characterized by $\rm{He~{\small I}}$ D3 line emission, together with stronger emission in other activity lines, was detected. The flare energy is roughly comparable to strong flares observed on other RS CVn-type stars. The chromospherically active longitudes of RS CVn most frequently appear near the two quadratures of the system and display changes between observing runs, which indicates an ongoing evolution of its active regions.

The study of 11 contact binaries with mass ratios less than 0.1

ABSTRACT Multi-band photometric observations of 11 totally eclipsing contact binaries were carried out. Applying the Wilson–Devinney program, photometric solutions were obtained. There are two W-subtype systems, which are CRTS J133031.1+161202 and CRTS J154254.0+324652, and the rest of the systems are A-subtype systems. CRTS J154254.0 + 324652 has the highest fill-out factor with 94.3 per cent, and the lowest object is CRTS J155009.2 + 493639 with only 18.9 per cent. The mass ratios of the 11 systems are all less than 0.1, which means that they are extremely low-mass ratio binary systems. We performed period variation investigation and found that the orbital periods of three systems decrease slowly, which may be caused by the materials may transfer from the primary component to the secondary component, and those of six systems increase slowly, which indicates that the materials may transfer from the secondary component to the primary component. LAMOST low-resolution spectra of four objects were analysed, and using the spectral subtraction technique, Hα emission line was detected, which means that the four objects exhibit chromospheric activity. In order to understand their evolutionary status, the mass–luminosity and mass–radius diagrams were plotted. The two diagrams indicate that the primary component is in the main sequence evolution stage, and the secondary component is above TAMS, indicating that they are over-luminous. To determine whether the 11 systems are in a stable state, the ratio of spin angular momentum to orbital angular momentum (Js/Jo) and the instability parameters were calculated, and we argued that CRTS J234634.7 + 222824 is on the verge of a merger.

An Adaptive Spectral Subtraction Algorithm to Remove Persistent Cultural Noise

ABSTRACT Seismic stations and seismic arrays suffer from unwanted seismic noise as a result of inevitable population growth and development. This encroachment of noise degrades stations’ performance. Moving stations to a quieter location breaks the continuity of historical records and can be logistically complicated. This is especially true for seismic arrays that requires a larger footprint. In this study, we examine the feasibility and merit of an adaptive denoising algorithm to reduce the impact of persistent anthropogenic noise. We build our algorithm on spectral subtraction techniques that have been commonly applied to speech and audio traces and develop a noise-suppression technique that is tailored for seismic data. Using the continuous wavelet transform, we subtract estimates of the noise in the frequency domain. We evaluate this algorithm on synthetic data, consisting of a set of carefully selected events on a low-noise array environment in Alaska. Then we apply this technique to a seismic array in Turkey known to suffer from persistent anthropogenic noise. Our results on individual seismic traces demonstrate that the noise-suppression technique is quite successful at improving the signal-to-noise ratio of key seismic phases. The strengths of this approach include its intuitiveness, its ability to adapt to changes in the background noise, and the ability to reduce noise while preserving the phase of the original signal—a prerequisite for use in array analysis. When the denoised traces are used for array analysis we do not find the noise suppression to be as effective as it is on individual traces. We explore a number of reasons why this performance is less than desired. Despite the results of our particular implementation, we demonstrate that the larger family of spectral subtraction techniques offer considerable adaptability and deserve more attention in the seismic community.

Active longitudes and starspot evolution of the young rapidly rotating star USNO-B1.0 1388−0463685 discovered in the Yunnan–Hong Kong survey

ABSTRACT We have discovered a young, rapidly rotating active star USNO-B1.0 1388−0463685 with a rotational period of 0.508750 ± 0.000153 d in the Yunnan–Hong Kong wide-field photometric survey. Based on the chromospheric activity identified in the dedicated spectroscopic observations, the brightness variation of this star is attributed to cool spots on its photosphere. We derived the spot maps from 14 light curves, which demonstrate that the strong spot tends to appear in the same hemisphere, and the light curve amplitude varies with a period of about 2.4 yr. Low-resolution spectroscopic observations revealed the chromospheric activity of the star through the indicators Hα, Na i D1 and D2, He i D3, and Ca ii H & K lines. Moreover, there was a clear anticorrelation between the equivalent width variation of the Hα, Na i D1 and D2 lines and the simultaneous light curve, implying the photosphere and chromosphere connection. Using the spectral subtraction technique, the spectral type of the star was determined as K0–2V and its projected rotational velocity v sin i is 107.492 ± 7.388 km s−1. Both the lithium equivalent width of 254.0 ± 43.3 mÅ and its location on the Hertzsprung–Russell diagram indicate that this star should be in the stage from late pre-main sequence to zero-age main sequence.

Magnetic activities on two single-lined RS Canum Venaticorum binaries IM Pegasi and σ Geminorum

ABSTRACT We present the study on continuous high-resolution spectroscopic observations of two long-period single-lined RS Canum Venaticorum (RS CVn) binary stars IM Pegasi (IM Peg) and σ Geminorum (σ Gem), obtained with the Hertzsprung SONG telescope during the 2015–2016 season. Chromospheric activity indicators Hα, $\rm{Na\,\,{\small I}}$ D1, D2 doublet, $\rm{He\,\,{\small I}}$ D3, and Hβ lines have been analysed by using the spectral subtraction technique. The expected chromospheric emission features in the Hα, $\rm{Na\,\,{\small I}}$ D1, D2 doublet, and Hβ lines confirm that both of two stars are very active systems. In the spectra, the $\rm{He\,\,{\small I}}$ D3 line had been always detected in absorption feature. Although the behaviour of chromospheric activity indicators is very similar for both stars, the activity level of IM Peg is much stronger than that of σ Gem. Moreover, the equivalent width variations of the Hα, $\rm{He\,\,{\small I}}$ D3, and Hβ line subtractions correlate well and show different behaviour among different orbital cycles, which indicates the presence and evolution of activity longitudes over the surface of two stars. Furthermore, the subtracted Hα line profile is usually asymmetric. The red-shifted excess absorption features could be interpreted as a strong down-flow of cool absorbing material, while the blue-shifted emission component is probably caused by up-flow of hot materials through microflare events.

Frequency Response Analytical Calibration Based on Spectral Flatness for Microphone Arrays

Many audio processing tasks using microphone arrays suffer from the impact of frequency response mismatch among microphones. To mitigate this problem, a frequency response analytical calibration method based on spectral flatness for microphone arrays is proposed in this article. Specifically, the dynamic calibration model, including two geometric states, is first applied to arrange the uncalibrated microphones. Then, the calibration signals corresponding to two geometric states are synchronized by estimating the time difference of arrival (TDoA). Next, a filter design method is presented in the frequency domain, from which the coefficients of calibration filters can be derived as closed-form solutions. Furthermore, a noise reduction approach via the spectral subtraction technique is given to cope with the adverse effect of noises. Finally, the ripples introduced by calibration filters are further suppressed through a spectral flatness-based criterion. Simulation and real-world experimental results illustrate that the proposed method can effectively compensate both the gain and phase errors among microphones in noisy and reverberant environments.

The CARMENES search for exoplanets around M dwarfs

Context. The Calar Alto high-Resolution search for M dwarfs with Exo-earths with Near-infrared and optical Echelle Spectrographs (CARMENES) survey is searching for Earth-like planets orbiting M dwarfs using the radial velocity method. Studying the stellar activity of the target stars is important to avoid false planet detections and to improve our understanding of the atmospheres of late-type stars. Aims. In this work we present measurements of activity indicators at visible and near-infrared wavelengths for 331 M dwarfs observed with CARMENES. Our aim is to identify the activity indicators that are most sensitive and easiest to measure, and the correlations among these indicators. We also wish to characterise their variability. Methods. Using a spectral subtraction technique, we measured pseudo-equivalent widths of the He I D3, Hα, He I λ10833 Å, and Pa β lines, the Na I D doublet, and the Ca II infrared triplet, which have a chromospheric component in active M dwarfs. In addition, we measured an index of the strength of two TiO and two VO bands, which are formed in the photosphere. We also searched for periodicities in these activity indicators for all sample stars using generalised Lomb-Scargle periodograms. Results. We find that the most slowly rotating stars of each spectral subtype have the strongest Hα absorption. Hα is correlated most strongly with He I D3, whereas Na I D and the Ca II infrared triplet are also correlated with Hα. He I λ10833 Å and Paβ show no clear correlations with the other indicators. The TiO bands show an activity effect that does not appear in the VO bands. We find that the relative variations of Hα and He I D3 are smaller for stars with higher activity levels, while this anti-correlation is weaker for Na I D and the Ca II infrared triplet, and is absent for He I λ10833 Å and Paβ. Periodic variation with the rotation period most commonly appears in the TiO bands, Hα, and in the Ca II infrared triplet.

FPGA based dual microphone speech enhancement

This paper proposes an efficient reconfigurable hardware design of dual microphone speech enhancement technique using sound source localization and multi band spectral subtraction methods with elimination of background noise. Firstly, we have used a time delay of arrival algorithm using phase transform (PHAT) to achieve the time difference between the microphone signals. PHAT based filter can reach high SNR gains, which makes it very suitable for localizing the sound source in a microphone array system. After adjustment of the delay between the signals, multi band spectral subtraction technique enhances the signal from the background noise environment in each of the frequency bands. Our design has been implemented in Spartan6 Lx45 FPGA and we have presented the implementation results in terms of subjective and objective evaluations. We have also compared the angular separation between the microphones to the resultant angle between the microphones and observed that proposed design provides very sharp accuracy in every corresponding angle. The objective and subjective evaluation established that our design provides better throughput compared to the existing state of the art research works. The evaluation infers that our proposed hardware induce feasibility for hand-held devices in background noisy environment.

Prominence activation, optical flare, and post-flare loops on the RS Canum Venaticorum star SZ Piscium

We present the results of time-resolved high-resolution spectroscopic observations of the very active RS Canum Venaticorum (RS CVn) star SZ Piscium (SZ Psc), obtained during two consecutive observing nights on 2011 October 24 and 25. Several optical chromospheric activity indicators are analysed using the spectral subtraction technique, which show the remarkably different behaviour between two nights. Gradually blue-shifted and strengthened excess absorption features presented in the series of the subtracted spectra (especially for the H alpha, He I D-3, and H beta lines), as a result of active stellar prominence that is rising its height along the line of our sight, was detected in the observations on October 24. This prominence activation event was probably associated with the subsequently occurred optical flare, and part of that flare decay phase was hunted in the observations on October 25. The flare was characterized by the prominent He I D-3 line emission, as well as stronger chromospheric emission in the H alpha, H beta, and other active lines. The gradual decay of flare was accompanied by an obviously developmental absorption feature in the blue wing of the H alpha and other active lines, which could be explained as cool post-flare loops which projected against the bright flare background. Therefore, a series of possibly associated magnetic activity phenomena, including flare-related prominence activation, optical flare, and post-flare loops, were detected during our observations.

Noise Reduction from Speech Signals using Modified Spectral Subtraction Technique

Varieties of environmental sources of noise and distortion can degrade the quality of the speech signal in a communication system. This research work explores the effects of these interfering sounds on speech applications and introduces a technique for reducing their influence and enhancing the acceptability and intelligibility of the speech signal. In this work, a noise reduction system using single microphone method in time domain to improve SNR of noise contaminated speech is proposed. Traditional Spectral Subtraction method has been reviewed very well and the relationship with wiener filter is also illustrated. The Spectral Subtraction method has been generalized and the focus is put on reducing noise from speech in single channel signals. Voice Activity Detector (VAD) is ignored in this proposed system, because a-priori information about the noise is assumed. The research has been conducted using Gaussian White Noise and Color Noise. The experimental result shows a remarkable improvement in SNR for the generalized version and it is noticed that the result is very much satisfactory when white noises are added but the addition of color noise produces a comparatively poor improvement report. The system has been tested with eight different datasets and on an average, 65.27% improvement in SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) for White Noise using Generalized Spectral Subtraction Method is achieved comparing with Traditional Spectral Subtraction Method. The average improvement in SNR for Color Noise recorded is 53.31%. The Generalized Spectral Subtraction method is shown to improve the speech quality and to improve SNR as well.

Noise Reduction from Speech Signals using Modified Spectral Subtraction Technique

Varieties of environmental sources of noise and distortion can degrade the quality of the speech signal in a communication system. This research work explores the effects of these interfering sounds on speech applications and introduces a technique for reducing their influence and enhancing the acceptability and intelligibility of the speech signal. In this work, a noise reduction system using single microphone method in time domain to improve SNR of noise contaminated speech is proposed. Traditional Spectral Subtraction method has been reviewed very well and the relationship with wiener filter is also illustrated. The Spectral Subtraction method has been generalized and the focus is put on reducing noise from speech in single channel signals. Voice Activity Detector (VAD) is ignored in this proposed system, because a-priori information about the noise is assumed. The research has been conducted using Gaussian White Noise and Color Noise. The experimental result shows a remarkable improvement in SNR for the generalized version and it is noticed that the result is very much satisfactory when white noises are added but the addition of color noise produces a comparatively poor improvement report. The system has been tested with eight different datasets and on an average, 65.27% improvement in SNR (Signal to Noise Ratio) for White Noise using Generalized Spectral Subtraction Method is achieved comparing with Traditional Spectral Subtraction Method. The average improvement in SNR for Color Noise recorded is 53.31%. The Generalized Spectral Subtraction method is shown to improve the speech quality and to improve SNR as well.

Quantitative Analysis of Drugs with Highly Different Concentrations of Pharmaceutical Components Using Spectral Subtraction Techniques

Two simple spectrophotometric methods were developed for determination of empagliflozin and metformin by manipulating their ratio spectra with application on a recently approved pharmaceutical combination, Synjardy® tablets. A spiking technique was used to increase the concentration of empagliflozin after extraction from the tablets to allow its simultaneous determination with metformin. Validation parameters according to ICH guidelines were acceptable over the concentration range of 2–12 μg/mL for both drugs using constant multiplication and spectrum subtraction methods. The optimized methods are suitable for QC labs.

Enhancement of noise-suppressed speech by spectral processing implemented in a digital signal processor

This paper presents a noisy suppressed speech enhancement method by combining the basic spectral subtraction technique and spectral processing in the frequency domain to provide better noise suppression as well as better enhancement in the speech regions. In contrast to several previous approaches we do not try to achieve a complete removal of the noise, but instead our goal is to preserve a pre-defined amount of the original noise in the processed signal. This is accomplished by exploiting the masking properties of the human auditory system. The proposed algorithm is named PM “Proposed Method” which simulates properties of the human auditory system and applies it to the speech recognition system to enhance its robustness. The performance of the speech enhancement algorithm using the proposed masking model was compared with three other speech enhancement methods over 4 different noise types and five SNRs. The performances of the proposed approach are objectively and subjectively compared to the conventional approaches to highlight the aforementioned improvement. In this paper we discuss the design and development of a digital signal processor (DSP) implementation to achieve real-time performance of our filter. The target processor is a Texas Instruments TMS320C6713 floating point DSP.

Optical flare events on the RS Canum Venaticorum star UX Arietis

Based on long-term high-resolution spectroscopic observations obtained during five observing runs from 2001 to 2004, we study optical flare events and chromospheric activity variability of the very active RS CVn star UX Ari. By means of the spectral subtraction technique, several optical chromospheric activity indicators (including the He i D3, Na i D1, D2 doublet, Hα and Ca ii IRT lines) covered in our echelle spectra were analyzed. Four large optical flare events were detected on UX Ari during our observations, which show prominent He i D3 line emission together with great enhancement in emission of the Hα and Ca ii IRT lines and strong filled-in or emission reversal features in the Na i D1, D2 doublet lines. The newly detected flares are much more energetic than previous discoveries, especially for the flare identified during the 2002 December observing run. Optical flare events on UX Ari are more likely to be observed around two quadratures of the system, except for our optical flares detected during the 2004 November observing run. Moreover, we have found rotational modulation of chromospheric activity in the Hα and Ca ii IRT lines, which suggests the presence of chromospherically active longitudes over the surface of UX Ari. The change in chromospherically active longitudes among our observing runs, as well as the variation in chromospheric activity level from 2001 to 2004, indicates a long-term evolution of active regions.

HADES RV Programme with HARPS-N at TNG

(Abridged) Understanding stellar activity in M dwarfs is crucial for the physics of stellar atmospheres as well as for ongoing radial velocity exoplanet programmes. Despite the increasing interest in M dwarfs, our knowledge of the chromospheres of these stars is far from being complete. We aim to test whether the relations between activity, rotation, and stellar parameters and flux-flux relationships also hold for early-M dwarfs on the main-sequence. We analyse in an homogeneous and coherent way a well defined sample of 71 late-K/early-M dwarfs that are currently being observed in the framework of the HArps-n red Dwarf Exoplanet Survey (HADES). Rotational velocities are derived using the cross-correlation technique while emission flux excesses in the Ca II H & K and Balmer lines from Halpha up to Hepsilon are obtained by using the spectral subtraction technique. The relationships between the emission excesses and the stellar parameters are studied. Relations between pairs of fluxes of different chromospheric lines are also studied. We find that the strength of the chromospheric emission in the Ca II H & K and Balmer lines is roughly constant for stars in the M0-M3 spectral range. Our data suggest that a moderate but significant correlation between activity and rotation might be present as well as a hint of kinematically selected young stars showing higher levels of emission. We find our sample of M dwarfs to be complementary in terms of chromospheric and X-ray fluxes with those of the literature, extending the analysis of the flux-flux relationships to the very low flux domain. Our results agree with previous works suggesting that the activity-rotation-age relationship known to hold for solar-type stars also applies to early-M dwarfs. We also confirm previous findings that the field stars which deviate from the bulk of the empirical flux-flux relationships show evidence of youth.