Spectator's Perception Research Articles

How hosting a mega-event changes the emotional connection of spectators with destination brands: brand personality of the Olympics and South Korea

ABSTRACT This study examines the legacy of hosting a mega-event through the brand personality of the host nation and mega-event, using a longitudinal approach. Specifically, we investigated how spectator perceptions of the brand personality of South Korea and the 2018 PyeongChang Winter Olympic Games changed over time - before (T1), during (T2), and after the event (T3). The findings showed that the components of excitement, competence, and ruggedness in South Korea increased during the event (T2), but the traits of excitement and ruggedness were not sustained after the event (T3).

ROBOTIC EQUIPMENT OF THEATER STAGES

Background. The topic of the article is timely. Many interesting and technically quite feasible ideas in equipping the stage were not implemented in the theater due to the lack of direct groundwork and limited time resources. Problem statement. Generalization of the latest experience in the field of theatrical machinery requires raising the issue to the level of an interdisciplinary scientific direction based on mechanics, mechatronics and robotics. Purpose. The need to implement the increasingly complex ideas of performance directors in a modern theater requires the improvement of demonstration equipment, primarily theatrical machinery based on new scientific achievements and modern technical means of mechanization and automation. Research methods. Special stage robots can have a very different appearance, for example, they can be zoomorphic or anthropomorphic, but while maintaining the style of constructivism, they can have a man-made appearance. Such robots can perform complex movements, while they usually have numerous moving parts with independent drives. To provide flexible motion control capabilities with a focus on spectator perception, it is required to use microprocessor control with coordination from central control computers. Results. When setting requirements for such a technique, the orientation towards visual perception is specific, which is also used in demonstration robotics. Based on the scientific generalization of previous and new experience in creating technical equipment for theatrical productions of large theaters, the paper describes and characterizes typical tasks of creating and working out a scientific base for creating modern and promising equipment for theatrical productions based on general principles and practical methods of mechanics, mechatronics and robotics.

TEODOR CURRENTZIS IN PERM CULTURAL LIFE IN 2011-2022

Teodor Currentzis is a Russian conductor of Greek origin. He was born on February 24, 1972 in Athens in a musical family. In 1994 he moved to Russia, St. Petersburg, to study conducting at the St. Petersburg Conservatory with conductor Ilya Musin. In 2004-2010 he was chief conductor of the Novosibirsk Opera and Ballet Theatre, where he founded the MusicAeterna orchestra and choir. In 2011-2019, he was the artistic director of the Diaghilev Festival and the Opera and Ballet Theatre in Perm. According to critic Dmitry Renansky, thanks to the work of Currentzis during the years of the “Permian Cultural Revolution”, Perm was given the status of the third musical capital of Russia. The article examines the image of Teodor Currentzis in the Permian public, his role in the cultural life of the regional center. Focused interviews of viewers in Perm are used as a source. The article puts forward two hypotheses. Firstly, the trickster toolkit used by Teodor Currentzis in the process of self-design and self-presentation is read by the audience in a number of aspects. Secondly, the trickster in this mythological construction is in synthesis with another archetypal image that smooths out its most dangerous properties and which needs to be clarified during the interview. As a result of the field research, it was found that the archetype of the trickster here is indeed supplemented by another image that neutralizes the negative features of the first one, and the established cultural image forms, respectively, two strategies of spectator perception.

관람형 태권도를 통한 관객들의 인식변화와 개선방안에 대한 연구

The purpose of this study is to find out the perceptions of spectators and experts following the introduction of spectator Taekwondo and to seek improvement plans and development directions for spectator Taekwondo. This study investigated the views of spectator Taekwondo by conducting in-depth interviews with spectators using the phenomenological research method among the qualitative research methods. The study results showed that the spectators had a positive perception, such as feeling a new attraction to various attempts of spectator Taekwondo, and a negative perception about the game enthusiasm and the stability of the players. Experts acknowledged positive points that spectator Taekwondo maximizes the strengths of each part and contributes to the development of Taekwondo, but expressed disappointment in the promotion and emergency response capabilities. In this regard, it is necessary to create a new way by introducing an external public relations method and various events. In this study, it was found that the perception of spectators has changed through spectator taekwondo, and for better development, positive publicity methods and alternatives to improve the stadium environment should be set up. Experts emphasized that the game rules have been appropriately modified and that it is necessary to introduce various methods for the development of spectator Taekwondo.

Social Media Marketing Strategies of Football Clubs

Sports organisations, including football clubs, are using social media to connect with spectators. The aim of this study is to examine whether social influence on social media can increase attendance at matches. In particular, it aims to examine the effect of negative comments on consumer behaviour and how social influence differs across fans of varying levels of fandom. 89 respondents were randomly allocated to 3 groups. Respondents in the Control Group were exposed to a Facebook page of a football club without any comments while respondents in Experimental Group 1 and 2 were exposed to the same Facebook page but with additional positive and negative comments respectively. A one-way between-groups analysis of variance showed no statistical difference between the three groups on perception of quality of the players and the coaches, and intention to watch future matches. While earlier studies have shown that social influence on social media can affect consumer behaviour, this study found that social influence may be limited in affecting spectator perceptions and behaviour.

ОБРАЗ ГРАЖДАНСКОЙ ВОЙНЫ В СИБИРИ В ТВОРЧЕСТВЕ А. М. ЗНАКА

The article analyzes the works of the great Soviet and Russian painter, who was a corresponding member of the Russian Academy of Arts Anatoly Markovich Znak. Creativity of A.M. Znak is an example of virtuoso historical painting in Siberian fine art. The artistic language of A.M. Znak, organized in accordance with the traditions of European classical painting and the requirements of the fine arts of the socialist era, reveals compositional and expressive techniques innovative for its time, allows the author to create a special image of a fragment of Russian history, giving it not a concrete historical, but a metaphorical meaning. Creative understanding of the Siberian events of the Civil War allows A.M. Znak not only to present them from the point of view of the plot and the formal requirements of the genre, but also to construct through artistic techniques a conflict that is ambiguously resolved in the process of spectator perception of works. The results of the analysis of the works of A.M. Znak related to the historical genre and written on the theme of the Siberian events of the Civil War, assert the enduring ethical value, timeless relevance of the works of historical subjects, as well as the influence of the artistic language of A.M. Znak on the traditions of the Krasnoyarsk school of painting.

Aestheticisation in contemporary architectural discourse: The dualism of staged and authentic

In the global market of aesthetic sensations, good space turns into attractive product design. While aestheticisation attacks the space through digital cognitive stimulation, it is upsetting that day-to-day life is insufficiently treated in architectural design. With the necessity of considering space and life in conjunction, the research question is placed between the aesthetic imaginations of the conceptual and ethical requirements of the everyday. The initial hypothesis is that architectural space is determined by the dualism of different modalities, which affect the spectator's perception and the dweller's day-to-day life. That dualism of staged and authentic space manifests an increasingly conflicting relationship, which makes their common element, the concept of space, questionable. The research aim is to show that the architectural duality turns into an antagonistic relationship between two modalities (staged and authentic), caused by an aestheticised context, which glorifies the dominance of the visual and results in the translation of the architectural concept into a manner.

Effects of Communication Style on Competence Evaluations of Soccer Referees: Procedural Versus Relational Framing

Good communication skills are important for soccer referees, but it remains unclear what exactly constitutes good referee communication. In this article, we focus on the role of verbal framing by soccer referees by contrasting the effects of procedural frames (focusing on rules and regulations) and relational frames (focusing on relational aspects) on perceptions of referee competence. We conducted an experiment ( N = 97) in which soccer referees used either procedural or relational frames to communicate about different types of in-game situations (yellow card and offside) to players. Results demonstrate that spectator perceptions of impartiality and confidence did not differ depending on the type of frame used. However, relational (vs. procedural) frames did increase spectator perceptions of respectfulness and communication skills. Soccer referees are recommended to use relational over procedural frames when communicating to players during a match.

Turn Your Head and Listen: 360° Audio Between Old Utopias and Market Strategies

Many scientific publications directly concern VR, often conceived as a battlefield for rethinking our relationship with the moving image, and our frameworks on topics such as the cinematographic language or the spectator perception. And yet, although for some time film studies have re-evaluated the role of sound in cinematic production and spectatorship, in the field of VR the theoretical reflection on concepts such as stereoscopic audio and binaural recording has remained confined to the technological-engineering aspect. This essay aims to explore the most common audio techniques and their real impact in terms of consumption and affordances, on the basis of some software studies and sound studies reflections and within a media-archaeological perspective. The results of these innovations go beyond the technological features, suggesting a further rethinking of the cinematographic form and calling into question, even from an audio-only perspective, the issue of audience perception and interaction. The case studies taken into account might be an impulse, heuristically, for new studies on these topics.

Empty Time as Traumatic Duration: Towards a CinematicAevum

Frank Kermode uses the term aevum to question the links between origin, order, and time, associating experience with spatial form. Without end or beginning, aevum identifies an intersubjective order of time where we participate in the “relation between the fictions by which we order our world and the increasing complexity of what we take to be the ‘real’ history of that world”; being “in-between” time is a primary quality of the aevum. Regarding cinema, aevum identifies this third duration as emotional experience, occuring as traumatic time. It facilitates thinking beyond lived temporal experience of everyday life to a philosophy of experience that accounts for alternative sensoria of time, similar to the traumatic encounter. The cinematic aevum is equally not of the material, corporeal world; concurrently associating human reality with the myths of the human condition. To say that a cinematic aevum exists following traumatic scenes, is to specify a visual “time-fiction” in film, to recognise a spatial form that belongs neither to the finite time of the film's narrative, or of the “eternal” time outside the film's diegesis, but participates in the order (and linking) of both. Wilfred Bion's psychoanalytic works are used to discuss the traumatic symptom of “empty time”: the inability to recollect, to make links between memory and experience, demonstrating a version of empty time that works as an external violence to spectator perception. Bion's theories offer fresh psychoanalytic perspective on trauma and its relationship to time by challenging classical ways of thinking about inner and outer perception.

Actual problems of the composition of the artistic image

This essay explores the general compositional features by opposing the common understanding of composition as an arrangement of the image on the sheet surface. An image is essentially a text that conveys information from the author to the viewer and has no meaning without them. The main premise is that a semantic compositional unit can be represented by the sequence conveyor image perceiver. It is shown that a pictorial text consists of separate elements with a certain structure (experiments of R. Pritchard). These elements, in turn, are closely interrelated with each other, and only in this connection can their artistic meaning be perceived. The perception of meaning is a temporal process, which is determined by the transition of gaze from one group of elements to another. In different contexts and with a different route of perception, the same group can carry different meanings. It is important that if the image does not carry any specific information for us it can nevertheless cause associations which mostly reflect our inner essence. In this case, the viewer can understand the original general meaning of the work very subjectively, despite all the efforts of the author to show a clear structure of the image.
 In this regard, the compositional routes of the spectator's perception of pictorial elements can differ greatly from one another, depending on the viewer's internal presets, which Alfred L. Yarbus proved experimentally back in the 1960s. The essay briefly discusses some properties of pictorial signs and their impacts on the emotional sphere of a person.
 Finally, several pedagogical conclusions are made, in particular that the ability of the student to penetrate into the symbolic artistic-semantic structure requires education and development of his personality. Without this, he will only glean the surface, the material aspect of the image. That is why an unprepared student is often fond of "illusionism", of copying. Only serious pedagogical work that requires knowledge of the fundamental principles of composite image construction helps to cope with this.

Sports operations management: examining the relationship between environmental uncertainty and quality management orientation

ABSTRACTResearch question: The outcome of a sporting competition is uncertain and one of the key reasons for the sustained popularity of spectator sport. Whilst unique and exciting, this context poses challenges for the management of the sporting experience as there is no control over the outcome of the competition; a disappointing result on-field may translate to a disappointing overall experience for the spectators. We wish to understand if and how quality management practices can be used in off-field operations to mitigate on-field uncertainty, and thus have greater control over spectator perception of the sporting experience.Research methods: A multi-country survey of operations managers of sporting stadia in the United Kingdom, United States, Canada, Australia and New Zealand was conducted. We operationalize environmental uncertainty as spectator co-creation and enforced collaboration, and assess quality management orientation from both a customer and process perspective. Linear regression is used for data analysis.Results and Findings: Surprisingly, we find that environmental uncertainty does not encourage the orientation of quality management practices towards the customer. Instead, we find a greater application of process focus. In considering sporting fans as passive customers rather than active co-creators of value, quality management practices seem to have skewed towards process rather than person.Implications: Customer satisfaction appears as secondary to process performance in the sample of stadia examined. This is in contrast to studies that have encouraged a focus on the customer in contexts of environmental uncertainty. We suggest a renewed focus on the customer for the longevity of sporting stadia.

Declarative Reasoning about Space and Motion with Video

We present a commonsense theory of space and motion for representing and reasoning about motion patterns in video data, to perform declarative (deep) semantic interpretation of visuo-spatial sensor data, e.g., coming from object tracking, eye tracking data, movement trajectories. The theory has been implemented within constraint logic programming to support integration into large scale AI projects. The theory is domain independent and has been applied in a range of domains, in which the capability to semantically interpret motion in visuo-spatial data is central. In this paper, we demonstrate its capabilities in the context of cognitive film studies for analysing visual perception of spectators by integrating the visual structure of a scene and spectators gaze acquired from eye tracking experiments.

Do the Youth Olympic Games have the potential to shift perceptions of Olympism? Evidence from young people's views on Olympic values

Spectator perceptions of Olympism are discussed in the literature as being dependent on the observed and experienced socio-political environment. For some time, however, the public debate on Olympic gigantism and related issues has been highly critical. By contrast, the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) represents a more modest event format launched primarily to feature young athletes. The YOG may therefore have greater potential to inspire youth and to more authentically revive the Olympic idea. Following social capital theory, this hypothesis is tested by logit regressions on data from an online survey in Germany conducted prior to the controversial Sochi Winter Games. While controlling for various confounders, it is shown, among other findings, that under-30-year-olds and value-oriented respondents tend to appreciate the YOG significantly more than other respondents. This result may represent an opportunity for the Olympic movement to foster Olympic values, particularly amongst youngsters.

Do the Youth Olympic Games have the potential to shift perceptions of Olympism? Evidence from young people's views on Olympic values Evidence from young peoples views on Olympic values

Spectator perceptions of Olympism are discussed in the literature as being dependent on the observed and experienced socio-political environment. For some time, however, the public debate on Olympic gigantism and related issues has been highly critical. By contrast, the Youth Olympic Games (YOG) represents a more modest event format launched primarily to feature young athletes. The YOG may therefore have greater potential to inspire youth and to more authentically revive the Olympic idea. Following social capital theory, this hypothesis is tested by logit regressions on data from an online survey in Germany conducted prior to the controversial Sochi Winter Games. While controlling for various confounders, it is shown, among other findings, that under-30-year-olds and value-oriented respondents tend to appreciate the YOG significantly more than other respondents. This result may represent an opportunity for the Olympic movement to foster Olympic values, particularly amongst youngsters.

Biased Impartiality Among National Hockey League Referees

This paper builds an economic model of referee behavior in the National Hockey League using period-specific, in-game data. Recognizing that referees are influenced by a desire for perceived fairness, this model isolates situations where a referee is more likely to call a penalty on one team. While prior research has focused on a systematic bias in favor of the home team, we find that referee bias also depends upon game-spe cific conditions that incentivize an evening of penalty calls. Refereeing games in this fashion maintains the integrity of the game, thus benefiting spectator perceptions and opportunities for financial returns.

Spectator perception of service quality attributes associated with Shanghai Formula One

Purpose – The purpose of this paper is to examine spectator perceptions of service quality at the Formula One (F-1) event in Shanghai by means of Martilla and James’ Importance and Performance Analysis (IPA). Design/methodology/approach – The items were plotted on the four IPA dimensions, including: Concentrate Here; Keep Up the Good Work; Lower Priority; and Possible Overkill. Findings – The results indicated that staff courtesy seems to be the strength of the event. However, concession quality, food prices, and arena accessibility, including restrooms at the Shanghai F-1 event, did not meet spectators’ expectations. In addition, the results suggested that in any spectator sporting event, food consumption helps to create a positive experience. Therefore, IPA revealed that service quality related to concessions, food pricing, and arena accessibility at the Shanghai F-1 are in need of immediate improvement, whereas staff courtesy and race visuals were satisfactory. Originality/value – The findings will help marketers prioritize certain services and offer strategic direction in effective service provision by highlighting management problems.

Towards a 20th Century History of Relationships between Theatre and Neuroscience

ABSTRACT This article considers some preliminary reflections in view of a 20th century theatre-and-neuroscience history. Up to now, the history of the 20th century theatre has been too fragmentary and irregular, missing out on the subterranean links which, either directly or indirectly, bound different experiences. The article aims to put in evidence the recurrent problems of these encounters. The hypothesis of the essay concerns the possibility of gathering and grouping a great part of the relationships between theatre and neuroscience around four trajectories: the physiology of action, the physiology of emotions, ethology, and studies on the spectator's perception.

The Perception is a Prism: body, presence, and technologies

ABSTRACT Starting from an interdisciplinary perspective of the concepts of body, perception, and technologies in the contemporary scene, this text will attempt to define the general aesthetic notion as bodyscape as an extension of the performer's perception. Through a survey of some key practices from the contemporary scene such as choreographic compositions by Myriam Gourfink, Isabelle Choinière, and the project of motion signature by Martine Époque and Denis Poulin, the impact of technologies on redefining the process of the performer's perception in the composition of the movement and the change of the notion of presence will be analysed. In this sense, a series of modifications that influence also the spectator's perception is presented. Therefore, the notion of empathy is discussed, and an attempt to find out how this applies in the context of a digital image of the body is made.

Tourist considerations in hosting a mega sport event: 2010 FIFA World Cup in South Africa

Hosting a mega sport event has the potential to raise the profile of a destination. Being an experience good, the demand increases after the first consumption, if the destination delivers on the desired experience. In preparation for a mega-event it is thus necessary to ascertain the perception of the host country and challenges it needs to overcome from a sport tourist perspective, prior to the event. South Africa (SA) is to host the Federation Internationale de Football Association (FIFA) 2010 World Cup, and this study seeks to elicit the perceptions of a similar target market namely spectators to the FIFA Confederations Cup, SA 2009, about SA’s ability to do so, and compares the findings with a variety of related studies. Almost all respondents were of the opinion that SA had the ability, that the matches were well organised, but that the services provided by the private sector was better than those provided by the public sector such as transport. For them it was a very emotional experience in that it generated excitement and a sense of belonging, thus enabled them to celebrate a subculture sport spectators uniquely share. However, SA must get the basics right in terms of world-class facilities and services if it wants to reduce the legacy of Afro-pessimism. Key words: Mega sport event; FIFA World Cup; Sport event motivation; Sport event attraction; Hyper-experiences; Spectator perceptions.