Spectacle Prescription Research Articles

Enabling precision coordinate metrology for universal optical testing and alignment applications

Optical designs for the next generation space science instruments call for unconventional, aspheric, and freeform (FF), prescriptions with tight tolerances. These advanced surfaces enable superior-performance, compact, and lower cost systems but are more challenging to characterize and, hence, to fabricate and integrate. A method was developed to characterize a wide range of optical surfaces, without requiring custom-made correctors, and to align them to each other for a high-performance optical system. A precision coordinate measuring machine, equipped with a non-contact, chromatic confocal probe, was used to measure numerous optics including large convex conics, high-sloped aspherics, several FF surfaces, and grazing-incidence x-ray optics. The resulting data were successfully reduced using custom-developed, advanced surface fitting analysis tool, to determine the optic’s alignment relative to the global and local coordinate systems, surface departure from design, and the as-built optical prescription. This information guided the modeling and the alignment of the corresponding as-built optical systems, including a flight system composed of a three-mirror anastigmat.

From vision to ocular surface rehabilitation, a paradigm shift in scleral contact lens prescribing

Purpose: The aim of this study was to evaluate the penetration rate of therapeutic scleral contact lenses into the contemporary cornea and ocular surface disease practice and to determine what ocular inflammatory conditions have the best success rate with scleral lens therapy.

The use of a modern web-application to assist reusable toric lens fitting success

Purpose: Increasing numbers of online tools are available to assist ECPs in fitting contact lenses. In this study, the contact lens prescription of a reusable toric silicone hydrogel lens was determined using a traditional fitting guide and the results were compared to the prescription recommended by the lens fitting app OptiExpert™.

Toric lens fitting success supported by an online fitting App

Purpose: Increasing numbers of online tools are available to assist ECPs in fitting contact lenses. In this study, the contact lens prescription of a reusable toric silicone hydrogel lens was determined using a traditional fitting guide and the results were compared to the prescription recommended by the lens fitting app OptiExpert™.

Validation of the online fitting app OptiExpert for a reusable multifocal soft contact lens

Purpose: The multifocal soft lens calculator within the OptiExpert™ app was developed by CooperVision, Inc. to make multifocal contact lens fitting simpler and more efficient. Comparisons between clinician-dispensed lens prescription and app-recommendation were conducted to validate the software.

Manhattan Vision Screening and Follow-up Study in Vulnerable Populations (NYC-SIGHT): Design and Methodology.

The Manhattan Vision Screening and Follow-up Study in Vulnerable Populations is a 5-year prospective, cluster-randomized study to improve detection and management of glaucoma and other eye diseases in vulnerable populations living in affordable housing developments. To describe the study design and methodology of the Manhattan Vision Screening and Follow-up Study in Vulnerable Populations, which aims to investigate whether community-based vision screenings can improve detection and management of glaucoma, vision impairment, cataract, and other eye diseases among vulnerable populations living in affordable housing developments in upper Manhattan. This 5-year prospective, cluster-randomized, controlled trial consists of vision screening and referral for follow-up eye care among eligible residents aged 40 and older. Visual acuity, intraocular pressure (IOP), and fundus photography are measured. Participants with visual worse than 20/40, or IOP 23 to 29 mm Hg, or unreadable fundus images fail the screening and are scheduled with the on-site optometrist. Those with an abnormal image and/or IOP ≥30 mm Hg, are assigned as "fast-track" and referred to ophthalmology. Participants living in 7 developments randomized to the Enhanced Intervention Group who fail the screening and need vision correction receive complimentary eyeglasses. Those referred to ophthalmology receive enhanced support with patient navigators to assist with follow-up eye care. Participants living in 3 developments randomized to the Usual Care Group who fail the screening and need vision correction are given an eyeglasses prescription only and a list of optical shops. No enhanced support is given to the Usual Care Group. All participants referred to ophthalmology are assisted in making their initial eye exam appointment. This study targets vulnerable populations where they live to ensure improved access to and utilization of eye care services in those who are least likely to seek eye care.

Accommodative response and eyeglasses prescription are changed by the frequent use of digital devices

Accommodative response and eyeglasses prescription are changed by the frequent use of digital devices

Compliance of spectacle wear among school children.

Purpose:In India, school eye screening is an important component of the National Programme for the Control of Blindness providing spectacles free of cost to children from primary section. The primary aim of this study was to know the compliance of wearing spectacles provided during school screening program and to find out reasons for noncompliance. The secondary aim of this study was to get information regarding the types of modifications required in the school eye screening program to improve the compliance level.Methods:It was a cross-sectional follow-up study involving school children of age group 10–16 years, class 5–9 from different parts of the country. Public or private schools were randomly selected based on their distance from the base hospitals/partner organizations. Data were collected by standard format directly from the students after informed written consent from school principal or class teacher.Results:The utilization of spectacles was found to be only 29.8% (n = 289) within 2 years of receiving the spectacles. Thirty-five percent (n = 108) students were using spectacles with less than 0.75 D. Appearance of the frame was a deciding factor. It was observed that the frames provided by the DBCS were especially not liked by the children. Twenty-five percent (n = 79) children were found to be wearing adult frames.Conclusion:Less than a third of the students were compliant with their spectacle prescription in this study. To improve the compliance, children should not be prescribed spectacles for nonsignificant refractive errors, should be given choices for frames and quality of work being conducted under school screening program needs a review.

Myopia Progression in Children During COVID-19 Home Confinement in Argentina

Purpose: To determine whether the progression of myopia in children is faster during school closures and home confinement during the COVID-19 pandemic.Methods: This was a case series study collecting retrospective data of refractive error during 2019 and 2020 in consecutive myopic patients attending regular checkups for their spectacle prescription. Inclusion criteria were spherical equivalent between -0·50 and -6·00 diopters (5-18 years of age) consulting from September to December 2020. Patients receiving any treatment for arresting myopia progression were excluded. Cycloplegic spherical equivalent in both eyes was recorded for 2018, 2019 and 2020. Mean progression over the two periods 2018-2019 and 2019-2020 was calculated.Results: At the 2020 visit after confinement, mean age of the 115 enrolled patients was 11·89 ± 3·68 years and 60·0% were girls. The mean annualized progression for the right eyes in 2019 was 0·44±0·52 D and increased to 0·58±0·53 D in 2020 during the period that included home confinement (p = 0·0019). Conclusion: Mean annual progression rates during strict pandemic home confinement was faster than in the previous year, in contrast to the general slowing of progression as children get older.Funding Statement: None.Declaration of Interests: None of the authors have any proprietary interests or conflicts of interest related to this submission.Ethics Approval Statement: The Ethics Committee of the Argentinian Council of Ophthalmology gave approval for this study.

Decorative Contact Lenses: What Teens and Parents Need to Know

Patient Education| 2021 Decorative Contact Lenses: What Teens and Parents Need to Know Connected Content Translation: Lentes de contacto decorativas: Lo que deben saber adolescentes y padres: (Decorative Contact Lenses: What Teens and Parents Need to Know) Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation Decorative Contact Lenses: What Teens and Parents Need to Know. Pediatric Patient Education 2021; 10.1542/peo_document606 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search nav search search input Search input auto suggest search filter All AAP SitesAll PublicationsPediatric Patient Education Search Advanced Search Topics: contact lenses, eye Read more from the American Academy of Pediatrics about how to protect your eyes from harm. Decorative contact lenses are considered medical devices. The US Food and Drug Administration (FDA) oversees their safety and effectiveness, just like regular contact lenses. Though they only change the look of your eyes and do not correct your vision, an exam, a prescription, and proper lens care are important. Decorative contact lenses are sometimes called Fashion contact lensesHalloween contact lensesColor contact lensesCosmetic contact lensesTheatrical contact lenses Wearing decorative contact lenses can be risky, just like the contact lenses that correct your vision. The risks of not using contact lenses correctly include A cut or scratch on the top layer of your eyeball (corneal abrasion)Allergic reactions like itchy, watery red eyesDecreased visionInfectionBlindness Also, if you are wearing... Copyright © 2013 American Academy of Pediatrics. All rights reserved. You do not currently have access to this content.

Assessment Of General Ocular Health And Visual Status Of The Small-Scale Industrial Workers

BACKGROUND: Incidence of visual disorders in industrial workers may result in visual loss, anguish, reduced manpower, man hours and economic loss. Most of these hazards are preventable if adequate precautionary measures are taken. [8,11] Worker’s eyes may be exposed to a variety of dangerous agents depending on the type of industry which may constitute an occupational hazard. According to OSHA, personal protective equipment is devices design to protect workers’ eyes from severe work place injury or illness resulting from contact with metal splash, chemical splash, dust, flying particle or radiation. [14,16] So the aim of the study is to assess Ocular Health, Visual & Refractive status of the workers working in the metal machinery (small scale) industries. METHODS: A clinical examination of the workers was accompanied by detailed occupational history in the small scale & tiny sector metal machinery industries. Visual acuity was measured using Snellen’s chart for distance and N notation reading chart for near. Color vision testing was done with Pseudoisochromatic-Ishihara chart. Anterior segment of eye was examining with the help of torch light and SLE. Fundus evaluation was done with the help of direct ophthalmoscope. Objective & Subjective Refraction was performed using Retinoscope and trial case. Stereopsis was measured with the help of Titmus Fly test. RESULTS: Hundred and eighty small scale industry workers were screened. Among them, all were male with a mean age (45.5 ± 11.31 years). 74% showed Visual impairment. The most common visual disorders were uncorrected presbyopia 65% (117), uncorrected refractive error 59% (106) out of which 17% (30) were already use their own spectacle prescription remaining 42% (76) were prescribed new spectacle. Color vision defect was found in 2% (3). Out of hundred and eighty only 11% (19) of the workers were use protective eye wear, remaining 89% (161) of them were never use protective eye wears on daily basis. CONCLUSION:This study concluded that uncorrected refractive error and uncorrected presbyopia was high among workers as they are not aware about eye health and safety measures for the occupation. The use of safety eye devices is low among workers and recommends that process about awareness and implementation of ocular safety in these industries is established as occupational protective measures are important for metal machinery industrial workers who are at a high risk of eye injuries. It is recommended that, there is a need to review the design, and reinforce the strict implementation of occupational eye safety programs.

Pediatric spectacle prescription: Understanding practice patterns among ophthalmologists and optometrists in Saudi Arabia.

PURPOSE:This study aims to understand the approach to prescribing spectacles for children and the interpretation of refractive errors among ophthalmologists/optometrists in Saudi Arabia.METHODS:A cross-sectional survey was conducted between September and November 2018 using a database of online registrants for ophthalmologists and optometrists practicing in Saudi Arabia. The survey included 10 multiple-choice questions designed to elicit information about how ophthalmologists and optometrists deal with commonly encountered case scenarios covering different practical aspects of pediatric refraction. The responses were compared using the proportion of pediatric clientele received in the respondents' practices (Group A: <25%, Group B: 25%) and drawing upon concepts from the published literature.RESULTS:One hundred and three participants, including ophthalmologists, specialists/registrars, and optometrists from across Saudi Arabia, participated in this survey. Approximately 25% were classified as Group A. Large discrepancies were observed between the participants' responses and actual practices based on guideline recommendations. Responses varied significantly between Groups A and B on certain issues pertaining to pseudomyopia (P < 0.001), anisometropia (P = 0.033), and high astigmatism (P = 0.023).CONCLUSION:Practice patterns regarding pediatric spectacle prescription varied among ophthalmologists and optometrists in Saudi Arabia. The approach to managing refractive errors in children was better among ophthalmologists/optometrists servicing a larger pediatric clientele, suggesting the need to increase awareness among all groups of ophthalmologists/optometrists.

Comparison of refractometric measurements using 2win® Photoscreener and manual retinoscopy in asymptomatic preschoolers

Objective: Evaluate the sensitivity, specificity e accuracy of the ocular refraction measured by the 2WIN® photoscreener as a screening method to identify children in need of spectacles prescription according to the criteria published by the Brazilian Society of Pediatric Ophthalmology (BSPO) in asymptomatic children, 6 to 36 months old, and determine the impact of cycloplegia in the sensitivity, specificity and accuracy of this method. Methods: One hundred seventy-eight (178) eyes of asymptomatic children between the ages of 6 and [...]

Evaluation of Visual Performance according to Multifocal Contact Lens Prescription Methods in Presbyopia

Evaluation of Visual Performance according to Multifocal Contact Lens Prescription Methods in Presbyopia

A Randomized Trial of Objective Spectacle Prescriptions for Adults with Down Syndrome: Baseline Data and Methods.

It is difficult to determine the most efficacious refractive correction for individuals with Down syndrome using routine clinical techniques. New objective methods that optimize spectacle corrections for this population may reduce limitations on daily living by improving visual quality. This article describes the methods and baseline characteristics of study participants in a National Eye Institute-sponsored clinical trial to evaluate objectively derived spectacle corrections in adults with Down syndrome. Intersession repeatability of the primary outcome measure (distance visual acuity) is also reported. Adults with Down syndrome were enrolled into a nine-visit study to compare clinically derived spectacle corrections and two different objective spectacle corrections derived from wavefront aberration data. Spectacle corrections were randomized and dispensed for 2 months each. Distance visual acuity was measured with a Bailey-Lovie-style chart. Intersession repeatability of acuity was established by performing difference versus mean analysis from binocular acuity measures obtained through habitual corrections at visits 1 and 2. Thirty adults (mean ± standard deviation age, 29 ± 10 years) with a large range of refractive errors were enrolled. Presenting visual acuity at visit 1 was reduced (right eye, 0.47 ± 0.20 logMAR; left eye, 0.42 ± 0.17 logMAR). The mean difference between visits 1 and 2 was 0.02 ± 0.06 logMAR, with a coefficient of repeatability (1.96 × within-subject standard deviation) of 0.12 logMAR. This study seeks to investigate new strategies to determine optical corrections that may reduce commonly observed visual deficits in individuals with Down syndrome. The good intersession repeatability of acuity found in this study (six letters) indicates that, despite the presence of reduced acuity, adults with Down syndrome performed the outcome measure for this clinical trial reliably.

Vision Impairment Among Late Mid-Life Women: Michigan Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation

There are few data on mid-life sensory health and its contribution to health and disability outcomes. The Study of Women’s Health Across the Nation—Michigan site (N=252 women, mean age=66.0 years) collected comprehensive data regarding ocular health to estimate the burden and correlates of vision impairment (VI) and unmet need for vision correction in this population. The prevalence of VI based on presenting and best-corrected visual acuity was 11.1% (95% CI 7.5,15.7) and 2.8% (95% CI 1.1,5.6), respectively. Thus, 75.0% of presenting VI was correctable, yet only 29.0% of women wore an appropriate eyeglass prescription. Black women and those with greater financial strain or less education were more likely to have presenting VI, but there were no differences in best-corrected VI. This presentation will include a discussion of the contributions of SWAN to the study of sensory aging, as well as methodological considerations for research from a mid-life aging cohort. Part of a symposium sponsored by Sensory Health Interest Group.

Determination of the proportion of refractive errors in patients with primary complaint of headache and the significance of refractive error correction in symptoms relief

Introduction: Headache attributed to refractive errors (HARE) is a common condition caused by myopia, hypermetropia, and astigmatisms. Headache is not necessarily experienced by all individuals with REs. HARE is mainly caused by the strain produced in the ciliary muscles to focus objects more often during near works like reading. This study is an attempt to estimate REs with headache and symptoms relief after correction respectively. Materials and Methods: 103 cases of both sexes with mean age 19.04±7.27 years referred to the ophthalmology out patient department with complain of haedache were included in the study. Objective refraction was measured with 0.5% cyclopentolate drops and retinoscopy was done with suitable lenses. All cases were followed up for a period of one month. Results: The frequency of REs in headache patients was found to be (29) 28.15% with hypermetropia 9(31.03%), myopia 6(20.69%), mixed astigmatism 5(17.24%), compound myopic astigmatism 4(13.79%), compound hypermetropic astigmatism 3(10.34%), simple myopic astigmatism 2(6.90%). Asthenopia was found in 62% of cases diagnosed with RE. Symptoms relief was seen in 69% of cases after spectacles prescription. 16 out of 19 patients with asthenopia experienced symptoms relief after one month. Conclusion: Among the many causes of headache, HARE is a subgroup to be resolved with ophthalmological consultation. The results of this study indicates a positive association of Res in causing headache and the importance of lens correction in symptoms relief. So, all headache cases should have ophthalmological examination since maximum amount of success is possible in HARE management. Keywords: Asthenopia, Astigmatism, Headache, Hypermetropia, Myopia, Refractive error.

Assesment of the QuickSee wavefront autorefractor for characterizing refractive errors in school-age children.

PurposeTo assess the performance of an open-view binocular handheld aberrometer (QuickSee) for diagnosing refractive errors in children.Methods123 school-age children (9.9 ± 3.3 years) with moderate refractive error underwent autorefraction (AR) with a standard desktop device and subjective refraction (SR), with or without cycloplegia to determine their eyeglass prescription. Measurements with QuickSee (QS) were taken in 62 of these patients without cycloplegia (NC), and in 61 under cycloplegia (C). Differences in refraction values (AR vs SR vs QS) as well as the visual acuity (VA) achieved by the patients with each method (QS vs SR) were used to evaluate the performance of the device in measuring refractive error.ResultsThe spherical equivalent refraction obtained by QS agreed within 0.5 D of the SR in 71% (NC) and 70% (C) of the cases. Agreement between the desktop autorefractor and SR for the same threshold was of 61% (NC) and 77% (C). VA resulting from QS refractions was equal to or better than that achieved by SR procedure in 77% (NC) and 74% (C) of the patients. Average improvement in VA with the QS refractions was of 8.6 and 13.4 optotypes for the NC and C groups respectively, while the SR procedure provided average improvements of 8.9 (NC) and 14.8 (C) optotypes.ConclusionsThe high level of agreement between QuickSee and subjective refraction together with the VA improvement achieved in both study groups using QuickSee refractions suggest that the device is a useful autorefraction tool for school-age children.

Visual Acuity, Refractive Error, and Adaptation to Spectacle Wear in Children with Autism and in Typical Peers

Purpose: To compare visual acuity, refractive error, and spectacle adaptation in children with autism to typically developing (TD) peers; to report visual acuity and spectacle wear in children with Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) by parent reported level of verbal communication. Methods: In a prospective pilot study, 61 children and adolescents (34 with ASD and 27 who were TD) aged 9 to 17 years completed an eye examination protocol including tests of visual acuity and refraction. Children who required new refractive correction were given a spectacle prescription. Parents provided information for ASD patients regarding their level of verbal communication. Results: ASD subjects had significantly poorer distance and near, binocular and monocular visual acuity. Though there were no differences in spherical equivalent refractive error between the groups, ASD children were less likely to be wearing appropriate refractive correction. Both TD and ASD children successfully adapted to spectacle wear; Adaptation time was faster for TD subjects (1 week) than ASD subjects (16 weeks). ASD children were more likely to complain about wearing spectacles and require more parental prompting to wear glasses than TD children. ASD children who, were reported to be less verbal wore their glasses fewer hours than ASD children who were reported to be more verbal. Conclusion: When visual acuity is measured during a comprehensive eye examination, ASD children show a small, but significant decrease over multiple measures. Spherical equivalent refractive error does not differ from TD children. ASD children adapt to spectacle wear, but require more time, and experience more symptoms and require more parental support.

The Survey on Refraction Protocol for Optical Aids to be More Accurate

Purpose : This study was to investigate the refraction protocal ongoing in the clinics when conducted dispensing, refraction and prescribing contact lens optical aids to be more accurate. Methods : A questionnaire covered three items refraction, dispensing and prescription of contact lenses and was conducted by 53 optometrists in Gyeonggi-do. Results : In the item refraction, 50(94.3%) optometrists answered checking visual acuity with habitual correction. When asked measuring the interpupillary distance, 24(45.3%) optometrists used a P.D. meter and 21(39.6%) used the value measured by the auto-refractometer. 23(43.4%) optometrists did not use the Jackson cross-cylinder after correcting astigmatism. The reasons were diverse; ‘not aware of the methods’(17.4%), ‘unnecessary to do(52.2%)’, ’not enough time(26.1%)’ and ‘unspecified(4.3%)’. 8(15.1%) optometrists did not doublecheck after prescribing contact lenses. Conclusion : In order to provide the best correction, the accurate refraction, dispensing and prescribing contact lenses must be fulfilled as well as the eye examinations required in the clinic.