Specific Framework Research Articles

A comprehensive uncertainty framework for historical flood frequency analysis: a 500-year-long case study

Abstract. The value of historical data for flood frequency analysis has been acknowledged and studied for a long time. A specific statistical framework must be used to comply with the censored nature of historical data, for which only floods large enough to induce written records or to trigger flood marks are usually recorded. It is assumed that all floods which exceeded a given perception threshold were recorded as written testimonies or flood marks. Conversely, all years without a flood record in the historical period are assumed to have had a maximum discharge below the perception threshold. This paper proposes a binomial model that explicitly recognizes the uncertain nature of both the perception threshold and the starting date of the historical period. This model is applied to a case study for the Rhône River at Beaucaire, France, where a long (1816–2020) systematic series of annual maximum discharges is available along with a collection of 13 historical floods from documentary evidence over 3 centuries (1500–1815). Results indicate that the inclusion of historical floods reduces the uncertainty of 100- or 1000-year flood quantiles, even when only the number of perception threshold exceedances is known. However, ignoring the uncertainty around the perception threshold leads to a noticeable underestimation of flood quantile uncertainty. A qualitatively similar conclusion is found when ignoring the uncertainty around the historical period length. However, its impact on flood quantile uncertainty appears to be much smaller than that of the perception threshold.

Sources of Media Rights in Afghanistan: A Review

The Media Law was established to preserve social order, unity, and continuity, to defend truth and justice to protect the rights of the disadvantaged in the media sphere. The Media Law categorizes the functions of all media and reporters within a specific framework and takes steps to maintain regularity in media works. Today, media plays a significant role in leadership and control, and therefore, its social responsibility is constantly expanding. In every country, for the stability and proper functioning of any activity, it is necessary to establish rules, and since media work is a social activity, Media Law is essential for the development and progress of media work and activities. The Afghan Public Media Law was drafted and approved taking into account both domestic and international sources. The Afghan Public Media Law was drafted and approved in light of domestic sources (law, custom, Islamic law, judicial precedent) and external sources (the Universal Declaration of Human Rights, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights, the Declaration of Human Rights of Islamic Countries, and international agreements) to ensure the proper functioning of the media.

Towards an ontology of mental health: Protocol for developing an ontology to structure and integrate evidence regarding anxiety, depression and psychosis

Background Research about anxiety, depression and psychosis and their treatments is often reported using inconsistent language, and different aspects of the overall research may be conducted in separate silos. This leads to challenges in evidence synthesis and slows down the development of more effective interventions to prevent and treat these conditions. To address these challenges, the Global Alliance for Living Evidence on aNxiety, depressiOn and pSychosis (GALENOS) Project is conducting a series of living systematic reviews about anxiety, depression and psychosis. An ontology (a classification and specification framework) for the domain of mental health is being created to organise and synthesise evidence within these reviews and present them in a structured online data repository. Aim This study aims to develop an ontology of mental health that includes entities with clear labels and definitions to describe and synthesise evidence about mental health, focusing on anxiety, depression and psychosis. Methods We will develop and apply the GALENOS Mental Health Ontology through eight steps: (1) defining the ontology’s scope; (2) identifying, labelling and defining the ontology’s entities for the GALENOS living systematic reviews; (3) structuring the ontology’s upper level (4) refining entities via iterative stakeholder consultations regarding the ontology’s clarity and scope; (5) formally specifying the relationships between entities in the Mental Health Ontology; (6) making the ontology machine-readable and available online; (7) integrating the ontology into the data repository; and (8) exploring the ontology-structured repository’s usability. Conclusion and discussion The Mental Health Ontology supports the formal representation of complex upper-level entities within mental health and their relationships. It will enable more explicit and precise communication and evidence synthesis about anxiety, depression and psychosis across the GALENOS Project’s living systematic reviews. By being computer readable, the ontology can also be harnessed within algorithms that support automated categorising, linking, retrieving and synthesising evidence.

‘I thought I was a refugee’: a narrative inquiry of an EFL teacher’s piloting of a newly published textbook

ABSTRACT Textbooks hold a central position in English Language Teaching (ELT), providing linguistic, sociolinguistic, and cultural resources embedded within specific pedagogical frameworks. Despite its centrality, the end-users’ engagement in textbook development remains vague and untouched. Situated within a textbook development project, this longitudinal study attempts to delineate an experienced English-as-a-foreign-language (EFL) teacher’s piloting of a newly published textbook in tertiary education in China. Drawing on data from semi-structured interviews, field observations, classroom observations, and documents spanning over one year, the narrative inquiry traces and depicts the participant’s transition from ‘groping in the darkness’ to ‘seeing a silver lining in the cloud’, which is fluctuated with the participant’s analysis, adaptation, evaluation, and appropriation of the material, highlighted with her re-interpretation of the textbook rationales and re-construction of the personal pedagogical approach in a context-response manner. Facing the challenges and pressures during the textbook piloting project, the teacher’s continuous self-reflection and perseverance are the fundamental driving forces to customize the materials. Furthermore, the flexibility of the textbook content and the support from the editorial team do play essential roles in the piloting project. Through deciphering the rocks and roses in a teacher’s first encounter with a newly published textbook, the study provides practical insights for textbook publishers, textbook writers, language teachers and teacher educators regarding both textbook development and professional development.

Metahuman

In contemporary education, there is a growing recognition of the importance of preparing learners with essential soft skills and the ability to engage in safe-to-fail tasks. Introducing the concept of failing safely and practising complex conversational skills in a controlled, virtual environment is crucial for students to effectively apply these skills in real-world situations (Korhonen et al., 2023). Our project, titled Metahuman, introduces an AI-powered simulation-based learning experience where learners interact with 3D virtual humans in real time. These virtual humans serve as guides and facilitators, simulating diverse interpersonal scenarios encountered in professional settings. This approach is rooted in simulation-based learning, where learners can explore and engage in various scenarios without the risk of real-world consequences (Chen & Lu, 2022). The Metahuman is designed with dynamic personalities that emotionally respond to learner input and feature realistic voices; these adaptive, simulated environments have been shown to foster critical thinking and professional conversation skills (Ruokamo et al., 2023). One application of Metahuman is within the healthcare sector, where nurses (learners) can practise screening a patient (Metahuman) for Tuberculosis in a virtual clinic. Nurses learn to navigate complex patient scenarios, building their skills and confidence in a controlled setting. This experience highlights how simulation-based learning can enhance competence and preparedness for real-world challenges, as discussed by Wu and Yu (2023). Central to the Metahuman experience is an AI-driven mentor that delivers contextual feedback in real time, aligned with specific learning objectives and competency frameworks. These frameworks and objectives provide safeguards for how the Metahuman interacts with learners, ensuring that the scenarios presented are both relevant and educationally sound. Robust prompts designed by educators and learning designers govern the interactions between learners, the Metahuman, and the AI mentor. This structured interaction enables learners to receive personalised guidance, enhancing skill acquisition and reflective practice. Automated transcripts of these interactions capture learning outcomes, providing evidence of learner progress and foster continuous improvement (Niu et al., 2023). These transcripts serve as valuable resources for self-reflection and feedback for both learners and educators, and allow learners to deepen their understanding of the skills practised in the scenarios (Wu & Yu, 2023). To further support the educational process, Metahuman includes prompt and virtual human templates that allow for rapid development of diverse scenarios. This flexibility enables educators to tailor learning experiences to specific needs, making it easier to integrate Metahuman into various educational contexts. The platform’s accessibility through web browsers, without requiring additional installations, supports cost-effective scalability and broad adoption across different settings. This ease of access ensures that Metahuman can be integrated into diverse learning environments without significant technical barriers (Chen & Lu, 2022). This poster presentation will showcase Metahumans key features and functions, emphasising its potential to revolutionise soft skills education through safe-to-fail learning environments. The presentation will also provide insights from current implementations across the health, business, and marketing sectors, highlighting user feedback and outcomes. By aligning with well-established concepts such as simulation-based learning, Metahuman positions itself as a pivotal tool in the future of education, contributing to the ongoing discourse on educational transformation and digital innovation.

Recommended Elements of a Musculoskeletal Course for Fourth-Year Medical Students: A Modified Delphi Consensus

Background and Objectives: A recognized gap exists between primary care physicians’ training in musculoskeletal (MSK) medicine and the burden of MSK complaints in primary care. Family medicine interns often lack adequate baseline MSK physical exam skills, which prompted a proposal to introduce a fourth-year preceptorship to reinforce MSK education. The aim of this study was to prioritize the most important elements to include in this new clinical rotation. Methods: We employed a three-round, modified Delphi method to derive consensus. Eleven panelists with experience and expertise in MSK training, medical education, or both generated a list of 118 elements. Each panelist then ranked each element by level of importance, and we reviewed the results. The ranking process was repeated two more times with a goal of achieving consensus. Results: Seventy-seven curricular elements (topics, skills, experiences) achieved consensus recommendation by being ranked either “fairly important” or “very important” for inclusion in the curriculum. Twenty-eight items were unanimously ranked “very important,” 42 received a mix of “very important” and “fairly important” rankings, and seven received unanimous ranking of “fairly important.” Three items were unanimously ranked “neither important nor unimportant.” Conclusions: Longitudinal repetition of physical exam skills, reinforcement of relevant anatomy, and incorporation of specific frameworks for approaching MSK care are important components. Physical examination of the shoulder, knee, back, and hip are especially meaningful clinically.

Proxy War: An Attempt to Put a Retrospective and Ambiguous Concept into a Specific Framework

There are two dominant perspectives in the literature regarding the concept of proxy war, which was forgotten in the post-Cold War era but is now regaining popularity. The group led by Karl Deutsch defines proxy war as the intervention of other states in a civil war in a country, and the situation where the civil war in question gains an interstate conflict nature. The other group argues that proxy war was a common form of warfare even before 1945. This study problematizes two perspectives. Accordingly, a new conceptual framework of proxy wars is constructed, aiming to eliminate the conceptual ambiguity caused by these two perspectives.

Evaluating Impact of Experiential Marketing Activities on Repurchase Intention: Testing Mediating and Moderating Model on Apparel Industry.

This examination is giving critical data to the backers of Pakistan's private universities in understanding clients' necessities more significantly to add to the improvement of their business. The data is collected through surveys. The pieces of information have been inspected through expansive outlines, using a structure and factors that are simply uniquely crafted to the fascinating necessities of Pakistan. In the consistent review, gathers created utilizing existing hypotheses, produce speculations, embrace structures for data plan and perform tests to show the proposed hypothesis. The clothing business is the essential unit of assessment all through the assessment of these elements. Our assessment is quantitative and besides embraces an objective strategy. The model size 250 and the assigned people is from clothing industry of Pakistan. Firstly, we utilize descriptive statistics to scrutinize the respondents' characteristics and outcomes. Additionally, we centre around the appraisal of the assessment model's results. Finally, we examine the insightful significance and hypothesis testing of the model. This total technique engages us to secure significant encounters into the data, which can be used to seek after informed decisions and drive accomplishment. Additionally, while the current study used a survey method, qualitative data such as customers' opinions and the nature of products could be added through open-ended questions to provide more in-depth insights. In conclusion, our study provides valuable insights into the relationship between issue identification and social media engagement, perceived corporate identification, and loyalty towards a company. Future research can build upon these findings to explore additional factors and expand the scope of the study. This specific research framework is never been used earlier in Pakistan’s Apparel industry. The originality and significance is to use Positive E-Wom as moderator in Pakistani market.

AI Impact on Hotel Guest Satisfaction via Tailor-Made Services: A Case Study of Serbia and Hungary

This study examines the level of implementation of artificial intelligence (AI) in the personalization of hotel services and its impact on guest satisfaction through an analysis of tourists’ attitudes and behaviors The focus of the research is on how personalized recommendations for food and beverages, activities, and room services, delivered by trustworthy AI systems, digital experience, and the perception of privacy and data security, influence overall guest satisfaction. The research was conducted in Serbia and Hungary, using structural models to assess and analyze direct and indirect effects. The results show that AI personalization significantly contributes to guest satisfaction, with mediating variables such as trust in AI systems and technological experience playing a key role. A comparative analysis highlights differences between Hungary, a member of the European Union, and Serbia, a country in transition, shedding light on specific regulatory frameworks and cultural preferences in these countries.

A Comprehensive Framework for Understanding Urban Forests as Social-Ecological Systems

AbstractUrban forest management is a multistakeholder, multi-objective situation whereby a surfeit of synergistic or competing goals may exist. Greater research and applied guidance for what works in which urban forest contexts could help improve urban tree and forest outcomes. The challenge in conducting research of this nature is systematic definitions of “what works” and “which contexts” across multidimensional, polycentric urban forest social-ecological systems. This paper presents a comprehensive framework for studying the complexities in urban forest systems (synthesized from numerous other frameworks in the field) that could be used to generate context-specific insights into urban forest management and dynamics. The logic of using frameworks and specific frameworks that already exist within the field are reviewed. Then, I present the urban forest social-ecological system (UFSES) framework. The UFSES framework specifies 5 first-tier factors: theCharacteristics of Trees in the Urban Forest (T); theSurrounding Growing Environment (E);Management & Institutions (M); andCharacteristics of the Human Community (H); which influenceUrban Forest Outcomes (O). A detailed set of second-tier variables nested within these factors are presented in tables at the end of the paper. The framework can foster holistic systems thinking in a systematic yet flexible way; provide a working draft of a common language for thinking about and studying urban forest systems; and enable comparative case research.

Comparative Study of Multi-Tiered Dispute Resolution Clauses in Iran and England: Legal Frameworks and Enforceability

Comparative Study of Multi-Tiered Dispute Resolution Clauses in Iran and England: Legal Frameworks and Enforceability

Words, Characters and Messages in the Queer Romance of Generation Z

Abstract: This article presents an attempt to analyze the structural elements and characters that make Casey McQuiston's debut novel Red, White & Royal Blue so popular with readers, as well as the challenges posed to viewers by director Matthew Lopez and the creative team of the eponymous film, which immediately became a cultural phenomenon with many fans among viewers. The novel and its film adaptation follow the relationship between two young men from prominent families against the constraints of a heteronormative society. The article investigates a pertinent and contemporary issue from a social and intercultural perspective. The primary objective is to identify and examine linguistic and communicative characteristics, including the contextual use of words and expressions, within a specific socio-cultural framework as depicted in two distinct art forms: literature and cinema. The analysis incorporates comparative elements by referencing well-known works that address similar themes related to cultural differences, behavioral patterns, stereotypes, prejudices concerning LGBTQ+, queer, cultural dynamics of Generation Z, and the influence of heteronormative societal structures. This text seeks to delineate the boundaries of a new interdisciplinary research field focused on the concept of difference. It aims to propose potential research methodologies that contribute to the development of a comprehensive methodological framework, free from bias. In accordance with the principles of academic correctness, the novel and the film Red, White & Royal Blue are analyzed. Keywords: Red, White & Royal Blue, RW&RB, new adult fiction, Casey McQuiston, Matthew López, Generation Z, rom-com, LGBTQ+, queer.

Securing obligations through the institute of contractual penalties

This paper examines the intricacies of legal processes related to the execution of promissory note rights, encompassing acts such as acceptance, transfer, guarantee, protest, payment, redemption, enforcement, and limitations concerning promissory notes. A comprehensive understanding of these procedures supports the effective application of this structured, abstract legal tool, which holds significant value in contemporary legal practice. Promissory notes, as unique financial instruments, are governed by specific legal frameworks which contribute to their precision and robustness, ensuring that they continue to serve as a reliable means for securing financial obligations. This study delves into the theoretical underpinnings and the practical implications of promissory note regulations, tracing their historical evolution and examining current applications in various legal systems. Furthermore, the analysis addresses the interaction between promissory note law and related securities laws, providing insights into how these frameworks support enforceable financial commitments. By detailing the rights and responsibilities inherent to promissory note transactions, the paper highlights the enduring relevance of this legal tool in the assurance of contractual obligations. Through this exploration, the paper aims to underscore the importance of a nuanced understanding of promissory notes relating to economic stability and legal certainty within domestic and international financial operations.

Critical femininities: exploring young women’s digital sexual cultures

ABSTRACT This study adopts a Critical Femininities approach to examine the under-theorised domain of sexual norms on dating apps, with a focus on the self-representations of Spanish heterosexual women on Tinder. Through an analysis of three hundred profiles, this research investigates the gendered dynamics influencing these women’s portrayals of themselves in the digital dating context. Combining quantitative and qualitative methodologies, the findings reveal patterns in women’s online-mediated intimacies and sexual subjectivities, highlighting the pervasive influence of femmephobia in this space. Empirical data underscore how these dynamics operate, providing insight into the extent to which hegemonic gender beliefs and regulatory norms shape digital femininities. Moreover, a discursive examination of the ways these Spanish women construct their gendered and sexual identities on Tinder offers a critical view of the constraints and possibilities they face within this specific socio-cultural framework. This study’s focus on linguistic and representational strategies in digital self-presentation deepens our understanding of how normative gender expectations continue to shape social and sexual interactions in contemporary online spaces. In so doing, this research contributes to broader discussions in Gender Studies and linguistics, illustrating how femininity is performed, policed, and navigated in digital dating environments.

Beyond the interruption: tools for the evaluation and re-signification of unfinished public works

The paper focuses on unfinished public constructions that represent an anomaly and an urgency with environmental, economic and even social consequences. The prerequisite of the research is the possibility that unfinished buildings can be considered opportunities to start new building processes consistently with the renewed needs of the contemporary situation, and not as a shared set of disvalues. The use of a specific methodological framework and programmatic strategies can direct the interventions, evaluating the suggested potential performance, and trigger virtuous and accessible cycles of signification and actualisation. The paper derives from a doctoral research and has been developed within the activities of the cross-border cooperation project CUBÂTI.

The Role of Photography in Breaking News Events: The Trump Assassination as an Example

This paper explores the role of photography in breaking news events through photographs taken by Evan Vucci during the Trump assassination. Using content analysis, the study analyzed 105 public articles to explore the visual guiding power of photography and how the media uses images to influence public opinion. The study found that photography can quickly attract public attention and influence the emotional level, while media can shape a specific narrative framework through selective display. The life of a news report lies in vividness, truth, and vividness. The same is true of news photography. Capturing real moments with both visual and emotional impact is the best news photo [1]. Meanwhile, it points out the shortcomings of China’s WeChat in reporting, such as ignoring the victims and the deep-rooted causes, and suggests that the media should reflect on the problems in reporting and take social responsibility. The study also offers suggestions for future reporting practices, emphasizing the key role of photojournalism in shaping public perception and the importance of media ethics. The limitation of the study is that the sample mainly focuses on WeChat, with a short timeframe, and future research will expand the sample and deepen the analysis of the audience’s psychological and emotional responses.

A qualitative study on Problems of Young People and Ways of Religious Coping in Türkiye

The aim of the research is to investigate the problems young people face in Turkey and to examine the religious coping mechanisms they use to cope with these problems. A total of 353 students from Turkey participated, including 190 high school and 163 university students. The research, conducted in April 2024, employed two different methods for data collection: Written data were gathered directly from high school students through interviews, while questionnaires were distributed to university students and collected by the researcher. We used semi-structured interviews based on a specific framework, asking participants three comprehensive, open-ended questions. After conducting a content analysis on the data, the researcher categorized the data thematically according to the content. According to the findings of the research based on the available data, the problems faced by young people are classified under three main headings: individual, social and existential issues. Individual problems included gender roles, sexuality, religious doubts, stress, addiction, and loneliness. Social problems consist of local and popular culture, violence, concerns about the future, difficulties in finding a profession, the education process, marriage, and family communication. Existential problems include such issues as the meaning of life, death, and belief in God. The study revealed that young people often resort to religious coping strategies to handle these challenges. Among these strategies, such practices as trusting and believing in Allah, prayer (salat) and supplication (dua), expressing gratitude, repentance, ablution, going to the mosque, reading the Qur'an, participating in religious conversations and volunteering services become prominent. As a result, it was determined that religious coping strategies are an important part of the daily lives of young people in Turkey and that these strategies play an important role in coping with individual, social, and existential challenges. Unlike studies that generally address psychological or social elements, this research highlights the role of religious practices as a coping mechanism.

Hemoglobin targeting potential of aminocarb pesticide: Investigation into dynamics, conformational stability, and energetics in solvent environment

Aminocarb (AMC), a carbamate pesticide, due to its prevalent usage exhibits increased accumulation in the environment affecting both insects and humans. It enters the human body via food grains and be transported through bloodstream. AMC's chemical structure, containing specific molecular frameworks and functional groups, enables it to bind with proteins like albumin and hemoglobin. Given that molecules with similar architecture are known to bind with hemoglobin, we aimed to explore Aminocarb's binding capability and the potential mechanism or mode of its interaction with hemoglobin. Hb being a tetramer with a profound interface between amino acid chains offers multiple binding sites. It is therefore important to investigate the structural aspects of binding of AMC by employing various spectroscopic and in-silico methods. The surface of the α1 chain near the α1β2 interface emerges as the preferred binding site for AMC, primarily due to its conformational restrictions. In its bound state, AMC tends to maintain a relaxed conformation, closely resembling its globally optimized geometry, and resides in close proximity to the α1 chain via multiple hydrophobic contacts and water bridge as observed in molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. Fluorescence quenching experiments showed moderate binding strength (7.7 × 10⁴ L M⁻1 at 288 K, 7.8 × 10⁴ L M⁻1 at 298 K, 7.9 × 10⁴ L M⁻1 at 308 K) and spontaneous binding, driven by hydrophobic and van der Waals interactions, as indicated by enthalpy (0.80–0.91 kJ mol⁻1), entropy (0.0970–0.0974 kJ mol⁻1), and Gibbs free energy (−27.13 to - 29.08 kJ mol⁻1). Circular dichroism experiments reveal no major structural changes in Hb. Quantum chemical calculations and MD simulations reveal conformation-dependent energy differences, enhancing our understanding of AMC's binding mechanism to Hb.

Measurement and impact analysis of social vulnerability to geological disasters in Guizhou Province, China

Investigating social vulnerability is a crucial aspect of attaining an in-depth understanding of disasters and disaster risk. This study developed a measurement framework for social vulnerability to geological disasters, obtained a comprehensive social vulnerability index, and compared the spatial distribution patterns of fatalities, social vulnerability, and geological disaster-prone zones. These efforts assisted in determining the strength and character of the relationship between geological disaster fatality risk and social vulnerability at the county level. The findings show that: (1) the social vulnerability to geological disasters index varies significantly between counties. High social vulnerability is primarily concentrated in Bijie City, Guizhou province, which shows concentrated clustering. Conversely, low social vulnerability is mainly concentrated in Guiyang City: (2) the spatial distribution patterns reveal the limitations of disaster exposure in explaining fatality risk and demonstrate the ability of social vulnerability to amplify disaster risk; (3) the zero-inflated negative binomial regression model fit the data significantly better than the negative binomial regression model, suggesting that for every one unit increase in the social vulnerability index, there is a 6.33% increase in the risk of fatalities, holding all other variables constant. This study establishes a specific framework for measuring social vulnerability to geological disasters and provides new evidence of how social vulnerability influences disaster risk intensity. The county-level spatial measurement results can further assist disaster management personnel in formulating more localized mitigation strategies. The findings will further support the identification of core remediation sites and the implementation of management and relocation (avoidance) projects during Guizhou Province’s 14th Five-Year Plan for geological disaster prevention and control.

Model-driven development for functional correctness of avionics systems: a verification framework for SysML specifications

AbstractCurrently, the most widespread software quality assurance methods in the avionics domain are semi-automated reviews and testing. However, their effort grows disproportionately to the size of the system under development. Also, these methods cannot achieve exhaustive coverage due to the complexity of today’s avionics systems and their potentially infinite set of combinations of possible inputs and system states. Furthermore, the later software issues are detected in the development process, the more expensive it is to fix them. To overcome these issues, a model-driven verification approach for modeling and analyzing avionics systems in early phases of the development is presented. To this end, semantics is given to SysML v2 models by a mapping to a theorem prover encoding. The development of a dedicated SysML v2 profile supporting event-driven data flow specifications, the encoding of corresponding structures in the theorem prover Isabelle, and a generator creating theorems from SysML v2 models are presented. The approach is evaluated by formally proving a representative liveness property of a hierarchical system model from the avionics domain. Since liveness properties can be negated only by infinite data sequences and thus cannot be covered exhaustively by testing, this case study demonstrates the added value for meeting typical safety requirements in the avionics domain. The results can be transferred from avionics to other domains, as well.