Specific Trigger Research Articles

Catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT): an insidious disease that can often lead to sudden cardiac death in young people

The first symptoms of catecholaminergic polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (CPVT) usually occur in childhood and adolescence. 60% of patients experience syncope before the age of 40. Sudden cardiac death (SCD) is the first symptom of the disease in 30-50% of patients with CPVT. Early diagnosis is therefore crucial for the patient's prognosis. The diagnosis of CPVT is confirmed by a normal resting ECG, exclusion of structural heart disease, detection of bidirectional or polymorphic ventricular tachycardia (VT) in the stress ECG and/or detection of a pathogenic mutant in a gene associated with CPVT. Up to 60% of CPVT patients carry changes in the RYR2 gene. This gene encodes the cardiac ryanodine receptor, the most important Ca2+-releasing channel of the sarcoplasmic reticulum, which plays a central role in the contraction and relaxation of the heart muscle. If the function of the ryanodine receptor is impaired, too much calcium enters the cells, which triggers life-threatening arrhythmias. The overactive ryanodine receptor is therefore the main target for gene therapy methods. Even though the development of gene therapy is progressing, there is still no causal therapy available and it is all the more important to make a diagnosis as early as possible, which enables appropriate behavior and adequate symptomatic therapy. The decisive factor here is the evaluation of the genetic analysis in the context of the clinical findings. Based on this, recommendations can be made for preventive measures and the avoidance of specific triggers that could lead to life-threatening arrhythmias.

Prevalence of Misophonia in Adolescents and Adults Across the Globe: A Systematic Review.

misophonia is a sound tolerance disorder which disturbs the emotions of people when exposed to specific triggers. Studies have shown that visual triggers alone can cause misophonia in affected individuals in the absence of auditory triggers. It is also said to affect people's quality of lives affecting social life, work life and personal relationships. Different studies on misophonia indicate that it is prevalent between 5% and 34.67%. These studies help us understand the existence of misophonia across different parts of the world. Studies report factors like gender, age, socioeconomic status, etc. play significant roles in impacting the prevalence of disorder. This study aims to review 12 such English articles available online, to get a comprehensive set of data to make it easy for readers and researchers. Results of the review indicate that not many countries have their prevalence rates established which could be indicating the lack of awareness. In countries that have carried out the study, clinically significant misophonia exists in many individuals with various degrees with multiple factors affecting it.

Reversible electronic modulation of polydiacetylenes for sensing in dynamic conditions

AbstractPolydiacetylenes (PDAs) are renowned for their exceptional optical properties intricately linked to the polymer conformation, yet they exhibit poor conductivity in their undoped state. Despite this drawback, PDAs have garnered significant interest as sensing materials owing to their ability to undergo colorimetric shifts from blue to red in response to external stimuli. However, the irreversible nature of this transition has limited their utility in dynamic environments. In this study, we augment the sensing capabilities of PDA films beyond their irreversible optical response by inducing a reversible electronic response through conductivity modulation. We investigated polyamine‐substituted PDAs with enriched hydrogen‐bonding interaction sites for the concurrent changes in colorimetry and conductivity upon acetic acid (AA) vapor exposure. Coated on a flexible interdigitated electrode (IDE), we monitor the conductivity change throughout the blue‐to‐red phase transition. Remarkably, AA molecules act as dopants, significantly amplifying the system's conductivity. Although the PDA coating retains its red phase at postdopant removal, the electronic response reverts to its initial state, demonstrating reversibility. This reversible electronic response offers invaluable real‐time insights into the specific triggers within dynamic environments, underscores the adaptability of responsive conjugated polymers, and highlights a promising avenue for their utilization in various sensing and monitoring applications.

Immunogenicity of Botulinum Toxin A: Insights.

Botulinum toxin A (BoNT-A) is widely used in treating dystonia and spasticity to managing chronic migraine and cosmetic applications. However, its immunogenic potential presents challenges, such as the development of neutralizing antibodies that lead to diminished therapeutic efficacy over time, known as secondary nonresponse. This review aims to bridge the knowledge gap regarding the immunogenic mechanisms of BoNT-A and to explore effective management strategies to mitigate these immune responses. The authors conducted a systematic search in databases including PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science, using keywords related to BoNT-A's immunogenicity. The selection process refined 157 initial articles down to 23 relevant studies, which underwent analysis to investigate the underlying mechanisms of immunogenicity and the factors influencing it. The analysis revealed that both the neurotoxin component and the neurotoxin-associated proteins could elicit an immune response. However, only antibodies against the core toxin influence therapeutic outcomes. Various patient-specific factors such as genetic predispositions and prior immune experiences, along with treatment-related factors such as dosage and frequency, play crucial roles in shaping these responses. Understanding the specific immunogenic triggers and responses to BoNT-A is critical for optimizing treatment protocols and improving patient outcomes.

Episodic Visual Hallucinations, Inference and Free Energy.

Understandings of how visual hallucinations appear have been highly influenced by generative approaches, in particular Friston's Active Inference conceptualization. Their core proposition is that these phenomena occur when hallucinatory expectations outweigh actual sensory data. This imbalance occurs as the brain seeks to minimize informational free energy, a measure of the distance between predicted and actual sensory data in a stationary open system. We review this approach in the light of old and new information on the role of environmental factors in episodic hallucinations. In particular, we highlight the possible relationship of specific visual triggers to the onset and offset of some episodes. We use an analogy from phase transitions in physics to explore factors which might account for intermittent shifts between veridical and hallucinatory vision. In these triggered forms of hallucinations, we suggest that there is a transient disturbance in the normal one-to-one correspondence between a real object and the counterpart perception such that this correspondence becomes between the real object and a hallucination. Generative models propose that a lack of information transfer from the environment to the brain is one of the key features of hallucinations. In contrast, we submit that specific information transfer is required at onset and offset in these cases. We propose that this transient one-to-one correspondence between environment and hallucination is mediated more by aberrant discriminative than by generative inference. Discriminative inference can be conceptualized as a process for maximizing shared information between the environment and perception within a self-organizing nonstationary system. We suggest that generative inference plays the greater role in established hallucinations and in the persistence of individual hallucinatory episodes. We further explore whether thermodynamic free energy may be an additional factor in why hallucinations are temporary. Future empirical research could productively concentrate on three areas. Firstly, subjective perceptual changes and parallel variations in brain function during specific transitions between veridical and hallucinatory vision to inform models of how episodes occur. Secondly, systematic investigation of the links between environment and hallucination episodes to probe the role of information transfer in triggering transitions between veridical and hallucinatory vision. Finally, changes in hallucinatory episodes over time to elucidate the role of learning on phenomenology. These empirical data will allow the potential roles of different forms of inference in the stages of hallucinatory episodes to be elucidated.

Appropriate Selection of Substrate Ablation for Persistent Atrial Fibrillation Using Intraprocedural Assessment.

It has not been fully elucidated which patients with persistent atrial fibrillation (PerAF) should undergo substrate ablation plus pulmonary vein isolation (PVI). This study aimed to identify PerAF patients who required substrate ablation using intraprocedural assessment of the baseline rhythm and the origin of atrial fibrillation (AF) triggers.Methods and Results: This was a post hoc subanalysis using extended data of the EARNEST-PVI trial, a prospective multicenter randomized trial comparing PVI-alone and PVI-plus (i.e., PVI with added catheter ablation) arms. We divided 492 patients into 4 groups according to baseline rhythm and the location of AF triggers before PVI: Group A (n=22), sinus rhythm with pulmonary vein (PV)-specific AF triggers (defined as reproducible AF initiation from PVs only); Group B (n=211), AF with PV-specific AF triggers; Group C (n=94), sinus rhythm with no PV-specific AF trigger; Group D (n=165), AF with no PV-specific AF trigger. Among the 4 groups, only in Group D (AF at baseline and no PV-specific AF triggers) was arrhythmia-free survival significantly lower in the PVI-alone than PVI-plus arm (P=0.032; hazard ratio 1.68; 95% confidence interval 1.04-2.70). Patients with sinus rhythm or PV-specific AF triggers did not receive any benefit from substrate ablation, whereas patients with AF and no PV-specific AF trigger benefited from substrate ablation.

Endometriosis: Molecular Pathophysiology and Recent Treatment Strategies-Comprehensive Literature Review.

Endometriosis is an enigmatic disease, with no specific cause or trigger yet discovered. Major factors that may contribute to endometriosis in the pelvic region include environmental, epigenetic, and inflammatory factors. Most experts believe that the primary mechanism behind the formation of endometrial lesions is associated with Sampson's theory of "retrograde menstruation". This theory suggests that endometrial cells flow backward into the peritoneal cavity, leading to the development of endometrial lesions. Since this specific mechanism is also observed in healthy women, additional factors may be associated with the formation of endometrial lesions. Current treatment options primarily consist of medical or surgical therapies. To date, none of the available medical therapies have proven effective in curing the disorder, and symptoms tend to recur once medications are discontinued. Therefore, there is a need to explore and develop novel biomedical targets aimed at the cellular and molecular mechanisms responsible for endometriosis growth. This article discusses a recent molecular pathophysiology associated with the formation and progression of endometriosis. Furthermore, the article summarizes the most current medications and surgical strategies currently under investigation for the treatment of endometriosis.

Unveiling Treatment Response Predictors in Predominant Subtypes of Chronic Inducible Urticaria

Introduction: Chronic inducible urticaria (CIndU) is a subtype of chronic urticaria (CU), which requires specific triggers to occur. Despite their common occurrence, treatment response rates and predictors of treatment responses are largely lacking in the literature. This study evaluates antihistamine (AH) and omalizumab response rates in the most common CIndU subtypes and examines whether certain features can predict treatment responses. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed CU patients with at least one CIndU subtype and performed comparisons between subgroups, in a total of 423 patients (70% CIndU, 30% chronic spontaneous urticaria [CSU] plus CIndU). Results: The treatment response rates in CIndU were 51.6%, 51.5%, and 86.5% with standard-dose second-generation H1-antihistamines (sgAHs), updosed/combined sgAH, and omalizumab, respectively. Overall AH response was higher in CIndU than CSU plus CIndU (78.3% vs. 62%, p = 0.002) and in symptomatic dermographism (SD) and cold urticaria (ColdU) than cholinergic urticaria (ChoU) (83.2% vs. 78.3 vs. 60.9%, p = 0.04). AH-refractory patients had a longer disease duration (45.2 ± 56.7 months vs. 37 ± 51.9 months, p = 0.04), more angioedema, accompanying CSU, mixed CIndU subtypes (37.5% vs. 21.1%, p = 0.003; 45.1% vs. 27.1%, p = 0.002; 8.8% vs. 2.4%, p = 0.014), and lower baseline urticaria control test scores (5.86 ± 3.3 vs. 8.6 ± 3.6, p < 0.001) than AH-responsive patients. Conclusion: CIndU exhibits a good response to both AHs and omalizumab. Notably, the response to AHs is more pronounced in SD and ColdU compared to ChoU. Disease duration, angioedema, accompanying CSU, mixed CIndU, and lower baseline UCT scores may be used to predict AH treatment outcome in CIndU.

Unveiling Holistic Healing: A comprehensive case study on the integrated management of Avaranjanya Pakshaghata

Pakshaghata is a condition where exacerbated Vata disrupts the vessels governing bodily functions, leading to constriction of sinews and affecting either the right or left side of the body. This results in symptoms such as loss of movement, pain, and speech impairment. Specific triggers can aggravate Vata, causing dryness in the Siras and Snayus, leading to hemiplegia or paralysis of one side of the body. Manifestations of Vata disorders can vary, including individual Vata aggravation, associated Vata aggravation, accumulation in bodily tissues or waste, and obstruction. Avarana, a complex concept in Ayurveda, plays a significant role in these conditions. In a case study discussed here, involving a 40-year-old male patient exhibiting loss of movement in the right upper and lower limbs and aphasia, the diagnosis was Kaphavrutta Udana Vyanjanita Pakkshaghata. Initially managed in an intensive care unit during the acute phase, the patient subsequently underwent Shamana treatment before undergoing Panchakarma and Vidhhakarma therapies.

Engineering Water‐Stiffening Polymers via PEG‐Sidechain‐Mediated Microphase Separation

AbstractStiffness‐variable polymers have found their enormous potential in practical applications that require automatic adaptation and modulation. However, prevailing materials are often constrained by specific operational triggers, limited mechanical responsiveness, and inadequate universality. In this study, drawing inspiration from the mechanism of non‐solvent induced phase separation (NIPS), a novel series of polymers exhibiting reversible water‐triggered stiffening is designed and synthesized by covalently incorporating poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) as a non‐solvent mediator onto the hydrophobic poly(meth)acrylates backbones. Owing to the hydrophilicity difference between PEG sidechains and backbones, these polymers display swift and substantial alterations in stiffness, with large‐scale and regulable changes (from several‐fold to exceeding 200‐fold) upon water penetration, resulting from water‐induced microphase separation. Meanwhile, the polymers also possess intrinsic dual‐responsive shape‐memory properties. Due to the excellent commercial availability, versatility, and designability of these polymers, the work provides novel perspectives for the advancement of water‐triggered stiffening materials and opens avenues for their prospective applications in various domains.

Incremental swarm coordination control with self-triggered-organized topology and predictive-based control method

This work focuses on coordinating a swarm of multiple mobile robots with incremental joining units using an incremental-self-organized formation (ISOF) scheme. The ISOF scheme enables the assimilation of newly joined robots and autonomously establishes a feasible communication topology between the incremental and existing robots. To avoid redundant generation, the new communication topology is expanded and updated based on the existing topology while preserving the original structure. To realize the real-time update of control model and topology for generalized swarm system using the ISOF scheme, an incremental-self-triggered updating mechanism (ISTUM) is designed, and specific triggering conditions are defined. With the updated communication topology and control model, the incremental swarm system, subject to predefined constraints, can be controlled to achieve the desired formation objective using a model-predictive-control-based (MPC-based) protocol. The proposed control scheme aims to minimize the need for manual intervention in swarm reconstruction when incremental behaviour occurs, thereby enhancing the flexibility of swarm coordination. Simulation results demonstrate the effectiveness of the developed control scheme.

An event-based distributed least square linear equation solver employing network flow

In this article, we study a distributed, second-order, event-triggered network flow for solving linear algebraic equations described by the form z=Hy in the sense of least squares. An undirected graph is utilized to describe the distributed computation network. In the network, each node broadcasts its dynamic states to its neighbors in an asynchronous fashion, and updates the flow at the isolated event times. We construct a specific trigger function to determine the event times, in which an exponential decay function is introduced as a comparison term. We show that if the linear algebraic equation has a unique least squares solution, all nodes states converge to this unique solution exponentially fast, when the applied network is connected and the decay rate of the comparison term satisfies certain bounds determined jointly by the topology and the linear equations information. We obtain a strictly positive lower bound on the time interval between consecutive events for time t∈[0,∞), and therefore the event-triggered system does not exhibit Zeno behavior. We provide numerical examples to verify the effectiveness of the proposed event-based network flow. In addition, we illustrate the importance of the strictly positive inter-event time interval, in comparison with the case that the inter-event time interval may converge to zero when time t goes to infinity.

Chronic Sorrow: Lived Experiences of Family Caregivers of People With Severe Mental Illness

This study explores loss experiences and trigger events of chronic sorrow among family caregivers who support a relative with a severe mental illness. Chronic sorrow is a theoretical concept describing a normal grief response associated with an ongoing loss. A total of 39 Dutch family caregivers were interviewed. They report experiencing three kinds of loss: loss of a person, loss of the former relationship, and loss of a normal life. Seven specific trigger events were identified: (a) confrontation with symptoms, (b) comparisons with developmental, social and personal norms, (c) role change, (d) deterioration, (e) hospitalization, (f) disregard and disrespect by health professionals, and (g) worries and memories. This paper suggests that mental health professionals should realize that they can (unintentionally) trigger chronic sorrow by disregarding and/or disrespecting family caregivers. Awareness of the mechanism can lead to greater understanding within and improvement of the partnership between family caregivers and health professionals.

Effects of Dietary Factors on Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD) Among the Student and Faculty of Public and Private Medical Universities of Karachi, Pakistan

Aim: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD) results from gastric contents moving into the esophagus, causing distressing symptoms and complications. Its prevalence has surged in the past two decades, notably in Asian countries. While nutritional management is common in clinical practice, definitive recommendations remain unclear. Few studies have explored the link between food and GERD. Methods: We conducted a descriptive cross-sectional study involving 359 eligible subjects out of 405 participants. We employed purposive sampling, targeting medical students, teachers, and staff aged 18 to 60 from four universities. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 26.0 with a confidence interval of 95% and a significance threshold of p &lt; 0.05. Results: Among participants, 56.5% were female, with an average age of 24.55. Notably, 70.4% tested positive for GERD. Trigger foods included oily (24.2%) and spicy (45.4%) items, while 24.2% reported no specific triggers. Conclusion: This study underscores the significance of dietary modifications in managing GERD symptoms. Tailoring diets to individual symptoms and adjusting meal size, timing, and composition offer more benefits than elimination diets, particularly focusing on smaller meals and avoiding late-night eating habits. Keywords: Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD), reflux, esophageal disease, diet, nutrition, food intake, heartburn, fast-food.

Face-to-face Assembly Strategy of Au Nanocubes: Induced Generation of Broad Hotspot Regions for SERS-Fluorescence Dual-Signal Detection of Intracellular miRNAs.

While designing anisotropic noble metal nanoparticles (NPs) can enhance the signal intensity of Raman dyes, more sensitive surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) probes can be designed by oriented self-assembly of noble metal nanomaterials into dimers or higher-order nanoclusters. In this study, we engineered a self-assembly strategy in living cells for real-time fluorescence and SERS dual-channel detection of intracellular microRNAs (miRNAs), using Mg2+-dependent 8-17E DNAzyme sequences as the driving motors, gold nanocubes (AuNCs) as the driver components, and three-branched double-stranded DNA as the linking tool. The assembly selects adenine in DNA as a reporter molecule, simplifying the labeling process of Raman reporter molecules and reducing the synthesis process. In addition, adenine is stably distributed between the faces of AuNCs and the wide hotspot region gives good reproducibility of the adenine SERS signal. In this strategy, the SERS channel was consistently stable and more sensitive compared to the fluorescence channel. Among them, the detection limit of the SERS channel was 2.1 pM and the coefficient of variation was 1.26% in the in vitro liquid phase and 1.49% in MCF-7 cells. The strategy successfully achieved accurate tracking and quantification of miRNA-21 in cancer cells, showing good reproducibility in complex samples as well as cells. The reported strategy provides ideas for exploring intracellular specific triggering of nanoparticles for precise control of self-assembly.

Oridonin, a small molecule inhibitor of cancer stem cell with potent cytotoxicity and differentiation potential

Cancer stem cells (CSCs) drive malignant tumor progression, recurrence, and metastasis with unique characteristics, including self-renewal and resistance to conventional treatments. Conventional differentiation inducers, although promising, have limited cytotoxicity and may inadvertently enhance CSC stemness. To address these challenges, ongoing efforts are dedicated to developing strategies that can effectively combine both cytotoxicity and differentiation-inducing effects. In this study, we introduce oridonin (Ori), a small molecule with dual differentiation-inducing and cytotoxicity properties capable of eliminating tumor CSCs. We isolated CSCs in B16F10 cells using the Hoechst side population method and assessed the differentiation effect of Ori. Ori's differentiation-inducing effect was further evaluated using human acute promyelocytic leukemia. The cytotoxic potential of Ori against MCF-7 and B16F10 cell lines was assessed through various methods. In vivo anti-tumor and anti-CSC efficacy of Ori was investigated using mouse melanoma and CSCs melanoma models. Safety evaluation included zebrafish embryotoxicity and mouse acute toxicity experiments. As a result, Ori effectively dismantles tumorspheres, inhibits proliferation, and reduces the expression of CSC-specific markers. It induces significant differentiation, especially in the case of NB4. Additionally, Ori upregulates TP53 expression, mitigates the hypoxic tumor microenvironment, suppresses stemness, and inhibits PD-L1 expression, prompting a robust anti-cancer immune response. Ori demonstrates pronounced cytotoxicity, inducing notable pro-apoptotic effects on B16F10 and MCF-7 cells, with specific triggering of mitochondrial apoptosis. Importantly, Ori maintains a commendable biosafety record. The dual-action prowess of Ori not only induces the differentiation of CSCs but also dispatches differentiated and residual tumor cells, effectively thwarting the relentless march of tumor progression.

Altering Cell Junctional Tension in Spheroids through E-Cadherin Engagement Modulation.

Cadherin-mediated tension at adherens junctions (AJs) is fundamental for cell-cell adhesion and maintaining epithelial integrity. Despite the importance of manipulating AJs to dissect cell-cell interactions, existing three-dimensional (3D) multicellular models have not adequately addressed the precise manipulation of these junctions. To fill this gap, we introduce E-cadherin-modified tension gauge tethers (TGTs) at the junctions within spheroids. The system enables both quantification and modulation of junctional tension with specific DNA triggers. Using rupture-induced fluorescence, we successfully measure mechanical forces in 3D spheroids. Furthermore, mechanically strong TGTs can maintain normal E-cadherin-mediated adhesion. Employing toehold-mediated strand displacement allowed us to disrupt E-cadherin-specific cell-cell adhesion, consequently altering intracellular tension within the spheroids. Our methodology offers a robust and precise way to manipulate cell-cell adhesion and intracellular mechanics in spheroid models.

Stretch Causes cffDNA and HMGB1-Mediated Inflammation and Cellular Stress in Human Fetal Membranes.

Danger-associated molecular patterns (DAMPs) are elevated within the amniotic cavity, and their increases correlate with advancing gestational age, chorioamnionitis, and labor. Although the specific triggers for their release in utero remain unclear, it is thought that they may contribute to the initiation of parturition by influencing cellular stress mechanisms that make the fetal membranes (FMs) more susceptible to rupture. DAMPs induce inflammation in many different tissue types. Indeed, they precipitate the subsequent release of several proinflammatory cytokines that are known to be key for the weakening of FMs. Previously, we have shown that in vitro stretch of human amnion epithelial cells (hAECs) induces a cellular stress response that increases high-mobility group box-1 (HMGB1) secretion. We have also shown that cell-free fetal DNA (cffDNA) induces a cytokine response in FM explants that is fetal sex-specific. Therefore, the aim of this work was to further investigate the link between stretch and the DAMPs HMGB1 and cffDNA in the FM. These data show that stretch increases the level of cffDNA released from hAECs. It also confirms the importance of the sex of the fetus by demonstrating that female cffDNA induced more cellular stress than male fetuses. Our data treating hAECs and human amnion mesenchymal cells with HMGB1 show that it has a differential effect on the ability of the cells of the amnion to upregulate the proinflammatory cytokines and propagate a proinflammatory signal through the FM that may weaken it. Finally, our data show that sulforaphane (SFN), a potent activator of Nrf2, is able to mitigate the proinflammatory effects of stretch by decreasing the levels of HMGB1 release and ROS generation after stretch and modulating the increase of key cytokines after cell stress. HMGB1 and cffDNA are two of the few DAMPs that are known to induce cytokine release and matrix metalloproteinase (MMP) activation in the FMs; thus, these data support the general thesis that they can function as potential central players in the normal mechanisms of FM weakening during the normal distension of this tissue at the end of a normal pregnancy.

A new piracy-resistant DNN watermarking method based on secret key and block-wise image transformations

This paper proposes a watermarking method that can be used for the copyright protection of DNN models, utilizing learnable block-wise image transformation techniques and a secret key to embed a watermark. A black-box watermarking approach is used, which does not require a specific predefined training or trigger set, allowing for the remote verification of model ownership. As a result, this method can achieve copyright protection using authentication methods for DNN models. Results of experiments on established datasets [1, 2] indicate that the original watermark is not easily overwritten by pirated watermarks. Moreover, its performance in pruning attack experiments is similar to that observed in the studies cited above. However, our approach demonstrates stronger robustness against fine-tuning attacks, while also achieving higher image classification accuracy.

Narrative triggers of information sensitivity

This research explores the factors contributing to information sensitivity in debt markets, focusing on the potential influences of uncertainty, economic performance, and journalist-dependent language. Building upon the foundational work of Dang et al. (Ignorance, debt and financial crises. Yale University Unpublished Working Paper, 2018), we analyze the mechanisms underlying the transition from information-insensitive to information-sensitive states—a shift with implications for potential financial crises. Leveraging machine learning techniques and daily data on variables such as default probability, information acquisition, and newspaper articles, we discern specific narrative triggers embedded within the news. Our analysis underscores the pivotal role of economic states and journalist language in inducing information sensitivity—a phenomenon intricately tied to different psychological thinking processes.