Specific Technical Requirements Research Articles

Chemical monitoring reporting guidance: 2023 data collection

This document should be used for the reporting to EFSA of samples analysed for chemicals. It provides guidance on how to use the Standard Sample Description (SSD2) data model for submission to the EU of analytical results of food and feed samples taken during control activities carried out to monitor residues of pesticides and veterinary medicinal products, contaminants, food additives and chemicals from food contact materials (FCM). This document does not replace – but complements and updates some aspects of – the general EFSA Guidance on Standard Sample Description (SSD2) and Guidance on Data Exchange (GDE2). It is meant to provide guidance on the specific technical and legislative requirements as well as clarity on data quality validation for chemical monitoring (ChemMon) data at national and EU levels.

Problematic issues of standardisation of foundry products (on the example of standardisation of railway brake pads)

Using the example of brake pads for railway rolling stock, the article analyses trends and prospects for the development of the regulatory framework (standards, specifications, etc.) for these products made of various materials. A general description of brake pads made of cast iron and composite material (asbestos and asbestos-free rubber compound) is provided without reference to any specific enterprise or plant. The paper summarises the results of analytical and experimental studies and practical experience of using different brake pads in practice. The requirements of technical specifications and standards for railway brake pads made of cast iron and composite material (rubber compound) are compared. The disadvantages of the technical specifications for composite brake pads, including those with cast iron inserts, are the lack of requirements for the percentage of rubber compound components and their chemical composition. This violates Ukrainian law, as the chemical composition of any product must be specified in the technical specifications or product drawings. The article highlights the harmful effects on human health and the environment of wear products of composite brake pads. Areas for improving the regulatory framework for the production of brake pads from various materials, including standards and specifications for these products, include regulation of the percentage of components and their chemical composition in the composite material and possible correction of the ranges of chemical elements in the cast iron used to make cast iron brake pads. It is recommended that when improving standards and specifications for cast iron brake pads, attention be paid to the size and location of the ranges of carbon, silicon, manganese, phosphorus and the reduction of the permissible sulphur content to 0.05 %. In the standards for cast iron brake pads, it is advisable to perform shot blasting to facilitate the detection of possible surface defects in the pads. The requirements of European and other countries' standards for the development of standards for railway brake pads are considered. The technical specifications for railway composite brake pads in force in Ukraine should be identified in accordance with the European Union standards for these products. Attention is focused on urgent measures aimed at improving standards and specifications in this area.

Metallurgical aspects in production of nickel high-temperature alloy disk blanks obtained by hot forging

The main metallurgical aspects that must be taken into account in the production of disk blanks with a diameter of up to 300 mm by hot forging are presented using the example of a nickel high-temperature alloy of the VZh179 type. The temperatures of phase transformations in the material under study are determined using the method of differential thermal analysis. On the basis of these data, the temperature-time modes of heat treatment of disk forgings are selected. The computer simulation of the hot forging process is carried out in the QForm 3D software package. The distribution fi elds of temperature and intensity of plastic deformation over the forging volume are determined. The optimal modes of hot forging and heat treatment of a nickel heat-resistant alloy are selected, which ensure high manufacturability and a level of mechanical characteristics that meets the requirements of technical specifications.

The Application and Analysis on Iterative Earthing in TN-S System

Iterative earthing is a important measure in low-voltage distribution system, and necessary in industrial power distribution system or civil power supply system. This paper introduces the definition, effects and specific technical requirements of iterative earthing, and illustrates its significance through the analysis on iterative earthing of TN-S system.

Mastering the production of special types of pipes made of ferritic-martensitic steels, taking into account the peculiarities of the microstructure and properties

The main results of the development of a technology for the production of special types of pipe products, carried out taking into account the features of the microstructure, the laws of phase and structural transformations, as well as the resistance to plastic deformation in a wide temperature range of steels of the ferritic-martensitic class of grades EP450-Sh and EP823-Sh, are presented. The microstructure was studied with determination of the grain size, the content of non-metallic inclusions and fraction of the main structural components depending on the heating temperature for quenching. Using the Gleeble 3800 multifunctional complex, the resistance to fracture deformation at high temperatures was determined. In the laboratory of JSC RusNITI, physical modeling of the cold rolling process in a two-roll stand was carried out according to the oval-oval calibration scheme in the mode of successive increase in reduction. On the basis of the studies carried out for the steel grades under study, were developed the modes for pressing stock hot-pressed pipes with dimensions of 133.0×14.0 and 89.0×7.0 mm; cold rolling of both large-scale samples of round pipes and stock pipes intended for subsequent production of hexagonal pipes; final heat treatment of pipes of round and hexagonal sections, ensuring compliance with the requirements of technical specifications. As part of the project direction, PJSC TMK developed and implemented, through inter-plant cooperation with JSC VTZ, TMK-INOKS Ltd. and JSC RusNITI, a new technology for manufacturing hexagonal pipes according to the hot pressing – cold deformation scheme (rolling, profiling), whereby large-scale samples of new types of pipes for special purposes were obtained from EP450-Sh and EP823-Sh steel grades. The results obtained are used to form a set of technical requirements for the new type of high-tech pipe products, presented in technical specifications TU 420-2021, TU 422-2021, TU 423–2021.

Unique tags for printed parts [manufacturing - authentication

One of the key concerns facing the increasing adoption of additive manufacturing (AM) by OEMs and their suppliers alike is traceability. And with industries such as aerospace and the medical sector operating under strict regulations, reporting and quality control requirements, it's imperative that industry tackles this issue across the AM ecosystem and supply chain, so it's viewed as a viable option for manufacturing processes. But how can the industry address this? While some experts believe improving the connection between hardware (3D printers) and software through automation is key in ensuring end-to-end traceability, New York-based start-up PrintParts has developed an alternative solution: embedding 'digital barcodes' into 3D-printed parts. Indeed, its SmartParts solution uses data-rich particles that can be embedded into the materials of 3D-printed parts, which when scanned reveal the material and part full specifications and history. The solution will enable industries with specific technical requirements, such as aerospace and defence, and those with strong environmental, social, and governance (ESG) commitments, to have greater control over their supply chains and processes and encourage responsible business decision-making.

Design of power monitoring system for new energy grid-connected operation based on LoRa and 4G technology

With the large-scale development and utilization of new energy, in order to achieve rapid collection, monitoring and judgment of grid-connected power quality data, this paper proposes a design scheme of a remote acquisition and monitoring system for power data based on LoRa and 4G communication technology. The system uses high-precision A/D to sample various types of electrical energy information such as current and voltage in real time, uses digital signal processor (DSP) chips to complete power quality data calculation, and combines LoRa, 4G and cloud platform technologies to achieve distributed remote metering and centralized monitoring. Experimental results show that the proposed scheme and the designed system have good tracking capability, and meet the requirements of technical specifications to calculate and analyze the conversion efficiency (>90%) and total harmonic distortion (<5%) of the grid-connected system, which improves the safety and monitoring efficiency of new energy power plants connected to the power grid.

The CUBES science case

We introduce the scientific motivations for the development of the Cassegrain U-Band Efficient Spectrograph (CUBES) that is now in construction for the Very Large Telescope. The assembled cases span a broad range of contemporary topics across Solar System, Galactic and extragalactic astronomy, where observations are limited by the performance of current ground-based spectrographs shortwards of 400 nm. A brief background to each case is presented and specific technical requirements on the instrument design that flow-down from each case are identified. These were used as inputs to the CUBES design, that will provide a factor of ten gain in efficiency for astronomical spectroscopy over 300-405 nm, at resolving powers of R~sim 24,000 and sim7,000. We include performance estimates that demonstrate the ability of CUBES to observe sources that are up to three magnitudes fainter than currently possible at ground-ultraviolet wavelengths, and we place its predicted performance in the context of existing facillities.

Cowpea speed breeding using regulated growth chamber conditions and seeds of oven-dried immature pods potentially accommodates eight generations per year

BackgroundCowpea is a dryland crop with potential to improve food security in sub-Saharan Africa, where it is mostly produced and consumed. Contemporary plant improvement technologies, including genome editing, marker-assisted selection, and optimized transformation protocols, are being deployed to improve cowpea characteristics. Integrating speed breeding with these technologies would accelerate genetic gain in cowpea breeding. There are established speed breeding protocols for other important legumes, such as soybean, peanut, and chickpea, but none has been previously reported for cowpea.ResultsWith the aid of regulated growth conditions in two different chamber types, as well as the cultivation of new plant generations from seeds of oven-dried immature pods, we developed and validated, for the first time, an efficient speed breeding protocol that accommodates approximately seven to eight breeding generations per year for 3 cowpea genotypes. The 3 cowpea genotypes were evaluated under controlled growth conditions in light-emitting diode and metal halide lamp chambers to determine the effect of CO2 supplementation on flowering and maturation durations, optimum conditions for plant growth, cross pollination, and pod development. Elevated CO2 concentration had no influence on either flowering time or pod development. Adequate temperature, relative humidity and light intensity improved plant development and the rate of successful hand pollination, and cultivating seeds of 11-day-old immature pods oven-dried at 39 °C for 2 days resulted in at least a 62% reduction in the time between pollination and sowing of the next plant generation. The plants cultivated from seeds of the oven-dried immature pods showed no defect at any stage of development.ConclusionsUsing the speed breeding protocol developed in this study, cowpea breeding cycles can be increased from the traditional one cycle per year in the field to as many as 8 generations per year in regulated growth chamber conditions. This protocol has no special technical requirements; hence, it can be implemented in any standard growth chamber. This would fast-track development, testing, validation, and utilization of improved cowpea cultivars.

Synthesis and optimization of an eight-bar linkage mechanism for seat suspensions

The work presents the analysis and synthesis of an eight-link mechanism for industrial seat suspension, followed by a numerical optimization of the design under specific technical requirements. Even though the eight-bar linkage mechanism is a well-known architecture, it has few applications in seat suspensions, and it shows interesting features compared with more traditional scissor systems. It is possible to exploit this mechanism, provided that is correctly designed, to achieve a seat suspension system, which grants a large quasi-perfect vertical motion, without the need of prismatic couplers, which are often a weak point in off-highway application due to their maintenance issues and cost. Firstly, the problem was tackled analytically in order to obtain the general set of equations and verified numerically with a multibody solver. Secondly, to choose the best solution for the application, we carried out an optimization of the system, aimed at minimizing the horizontal displacement of the seat along with granting the desired vertical travel needed. The results are both a general design procedure to optimize under specific constraints the eight-bar linkage for seat suspensions problems and a detailed design and possible embodiment of a seat suspension systems with application in the agricultural field.

Veterinary and sanitary examination of deer milk of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia)

Reindeer husbandry is one of the main branches of animal husbandry in the north of the Russian Federation. Reindeer products offer dietary, biologically complete meat; high-quality milk; leather and fur raw materials with high thermal insulation properties; antlers contain biologically active substances, endocrine-enzyme and special raw materials. Also the use of reindeers as transport mode ensures the survival of small peoples in extreme living conditions. She-reindeer milk represents a sensitive multicomponent balanced system with high nutritional, immunological and bactericidal properties. The purpose of our work was to conduct a veterinary and sanitary examination of 20 samples of deer milk from Anabar and Neryungri districts of the Republic of Sakha (Yakutia). Organoleptic, physico-chemical and microbiological studies were carried out. Organoleptic studies were conducted according to the technical specifications TU-9861-015-00670203-2007 "Frozen reindeer milk - raw materials" and "TU-9861-014-00670203-2007 "Natural deer milk - raw." Physico-chemical studies were conducted according to the TU-9861-015-00670203-2007 "Frozen reindeer milk - raw materials" and TU-9861-014-00670203-2007 "Natural deer milk - raw." According to organoleptic indicators, samples of deer milk (Anabar district), (Neryungrinsky district) corresponded to the indicators of normative and technical documentation. According to the results of physico-chemical studies, it was established that all samples comply with regulatory and technical documentation. Concerning milk samples from the Anabar district, the fat content was found to be 0.7% higher than in deer milk samples from the Neryungri district. According to the results of microbiological studies, all samples corresponded to the regulatory and technical documentation. According to the results of comparative studies of samples, it was found that all samples had the best taste qualities and meet the requirements of technical specifications. After processing, deer milk can be used in the pharmaceutical, cosmetic and food industries. After ingestion by leaven micro-organisms with sugar and wild berries, deer milk can be used for the production of sour milk beverages for direct consumption, as well as for curd, sour cream and cheese. Deer milk is a unique dairy product that must comply with the biological safety.

Analysis and Modeling of a Directional Microwave Coupler as SMD Component

The article describes the calculation, modeling and layout of the directional coupler. In the course of the work the market analysis was carried out, the model of directional coupler in the frequency range of 2.9—4.5 GHz, the layout of the device and measuring equipment were developed. Directional couplers with different transient attenuation are widely used in the distribution circuits of antenna arrays, as well as to control the power of the radio signal propagating in the transmission line, in power meters, automatic gain control systems, radio receivers, etc. The choice of circuit solutions used for the construction of directional couplers is carried out depending on the specific technical requirements for electrical parameters, the range of operating frequencies and the capabilities of the technological base. Practically all variety of structures of directional couplers realized on elements is a result of modification of the simplest structures. The main types of directional taps include stub, single-stage and tandem-based. During the simulation, it turned out that the directional coupler based on a tandem connection of two connected transmissions with the location of the transmission lines on different layers of the multilayer printed section was suitable for this work. This is due to the fact that when modeling the directional coupler with transmission lines on one printed circuit board, The gap between these lines is too small (&amp;10 nm), which is extremely difficult to perform on a microstrip structure.

How to Optimize Connection Between PACS and Clinical Data Warehouse: A Web Service Approach Based on Full Metadata Integration.

Clinical image data analysis is an active area of research. Integrating such data in a Clinical Data Warehouse (CDW) implies to unlock the PACS and RIS and to address interoperability and semantics issues. Based on specific functional and technical requirements, our goal was to propose a web service (I4DW) that allows users to query and access pixel data from a CDW by fully integrating and indexing imaging metadata. Here, we present the technical implementation of this workflow as well as the evaluation we carried out using a prostate cancer cohort use case. The query mechanism relies on a Dicom metadata hierarchy dynamically generated during the ETL Process. We evaluated the Dicom data transfer performance of I4DW, and found mean retrieval times of 5.94 seconds and 0.9 seconds to retrieve a complete DICOM series from the PACS and all metadata of a series. We could retrieve all patients and imaging tests of the prostate cancer cohort with a precision of 0.95 and a recall of 1. By leveraging the CMOVE method, our approach based on the Dicom protocol is scalable and domain-neutral. Future improvement will focus on performance optimization and de identification.

Valorization of secondary copper slag as aggregate and cement replacement in ultra-high performance concrete

This study aims to examine the influence of quickly cooled granulated copper slag (QCS) and finely ground slowly cooled broken copper slag (SCS) as basalt aggregate and cement replacement, respectively, in ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC). The UHPC mixtures and cement pastes having a water-to-binder ratio of 0.18 were produced with different proportions of QCS-aggregate (up to 60% aggregate replacement) and SCS-binder (up to 20% cement replacement) and intensive vacuum mixing and heat curing were applied to the mixtures. The pozzolanic activity of SCS-binder was determined by bound water test. The evolution of the UHPC porosity was investigated by mercury intrusion porosimetry. A leaching test was performed on concrete containing copper slag to monitor the heavy metals release.The results obtained, revealed that the mechanical strength of UHPC containing QCS-aggregate and SCS-binder were comparable to or even better than for the reference mixture. The use of vacuum mixing combined with heat curing had a limited effect on strength and porosity reduction of concrete. The chemically bound water of cement pastes decreased as the SCS-binder content increased, indicating low pozzolanic activity of the SCS-binder used in this study. However, the relative contribution of SCS-binder increased with time, as the pozzolanic reaction of this SCS-binder continues for the longer curing ages. The UHPC made with copper slag meets the specific technical and health and safety requirements as construction material since the leachability results were below the Toxicity Characteristic Leaching Procedure limit values.

Conditions and parameters for a four-track vehicle to overcome obstacles

Research objective is to define the parameters and conditions for a four-track vehicle to overcome boulders and stone rivers. Methods of research include the methods of theoretical mechanics and mathematical analysis. Conditions of climbing and tipping are deduced from geometrical relationship, while the conditions of slipping is deduced from the statics. Results. Mining conditions are currently complicated due to the gradual shift of mining to remote northern regions. Road and natural climatic conditions of northern and arctic territories differ from other Russian territories in terms of the low road density and severe climate. Global warming and ice cover depletion have made numerous northern regions accessible and costeffective for surveying and further mining. Natural climatic and road conditions of northern and arctic regions differ significantly from other territories. Lake and marsh terrain as well as hill and ridged terrain predominate. Ravines and swampy hollows, as well as stone rivers impede vehicles movement during prospecting. For this reason, special technical requirements are imposed on prospecting equipment, namely high cross-country ability on weak soil (snow and swamp) and high transport and adhesion properties with maximum compliance with environmental standards, the ability to overcome stone rivers, etc. A four-track vehicle doesn’t cause as much environmental damage to the northern nature, and the tundra in particular, as a two-track vehicle. The research considers and determines necessary conditions for a fourtrack vehicle to overcome an obstacle. Conclusions. A mathematical model is proposed that describes the movement of a four-track vehicle across the rough terrain and makes it possible to determine the maximum height of the obstacle.

Screening, diagnosis and monitoring of sarcopenia: When to use which tool?

Sarcopenia is a muscle disorder associated with loss of muscle mass, strength and function. Early screening, diagnosis and treatment may improve outcome in different disease conditions. A wide variety of tools for estimation of muscle mass is available and each tool has specific technical requirements. However, different investigational settings and lack of homogeneity of populations influence the definition of gold standards, proving it difficult to systematically adopt these tools. Recently, the European Working Group on Sarcopenia in Older People (EWGSOP) published a revised recommendation (EWGSOP-2) and algorithm for using tools for screening and diagnosing sarcopenia. However, agreement of the EWGSOP2 criteria with other classifications is poor and although an overview of available tools is valuable, for the purpose of clinical decision-making the reverse is useful; a given scenario asks for the most suitable tools. Tools were identified for screening, diagnostics and longitudinal monitoring of muscle mass. For each of these clinical scenarios the most appropriate tools were listed and for each technique their usability is specified based on sensitivity and specificity. Based on this information a specific recommendation is made for each clinical scenario. This narrative review provides an overview of currently available tools and future developments for different clinical scenarios such as screening, diagnosis and longitudinal monitoring of alterations in muscle status. It supports clinical decision-making in choosing the right tools for muscle mass quantification depending on the need within a given clinical scenario as well as the local availability and expertise.

Liquid-Liver Phantom: Mimicking the Viscoelastic Dispersion of Human Liver for Ultrasound- and MRI-Based Elastography.

Tissue stiffness can guide medical diagnoses and is exploited as an imaging contrast in elastography. However, different elastography devices show different liver stiffness values in the same subject, hindering comparison of values and establishment of system-independent thresholds for disease detection. There is a need for standardized phantoms that specifically address the viscosity-related dispersion of stiffness over frequency. To improve standardization of clinical elastography across devices and platforms including ultrasound and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), a comprehensively characterized phantom is introduced that mimics the dispersion of stiffness of the human liver and can be generated reproducibly. The phantom was made of linear polymerized polyacrylamide (PAAm) calibrated to the viscoelastic properties of healthy human liver in vivo as reported in the literature. Stiffness dispersion was analyzed using the 2-parameter springpot model fitted to the dispersion of shear wave speed of PAAm, which was measured by shear rheometry, ultrasound-based time-harmonic elastography, clinical magnetic resonance elastography (MRE), and tabletop MRE in the frequency range of 5 to 3000 Hz. Imaging parameters for ultrasound and MRI, reproducibility, aging behavior, and temperature dependency were assessed. In addition, the frequency bandwidth of shear wave speed of clinical elastography methods (Aplio i900, Canon; Acuson Sequoia, Siemens; FibroScan, EchoSense) was characterized. Within the entire frequency range analyzed in this study, the PAAm phantom reproduced well the stiffness dispersion of human liver in vivo despite its fluid properties under static loading (springpot stiffness parameter, 2.14 [95% confidence interval, 2.08-2.19] kPa; springpot powerlaw exponent, 0.367 [95% confidence interval, 0.362-0.373]). Imaging parameters were close to those of liver in vivo with only slight variability in stiffness values of 0.5% (0.4%, 0.6%), 4.1% (3.9%, 4.5%), and -0.63% (-0.67%, -0.58%), respectively, between batches, over a 6-month period, and per °C increase in temperature. The liquid-liver phantom has useful properties for standardization and development of liver elastography. First, it can be used across clinical and experimental elastography devices in ultrasound and MRI. Second, being a liquid, it can easily be adapted in size and shape to specific technical requirements, and by adding inclusions and scatterers. Finally, because the phantom is based on noncrosslinked linear PAAm constituents, it is easy to produce, indicating potential widespread use among researchers and vendors to standardize liver stiffness measurements.

Traditional Chinese Medicine Treatment and Sports Rehabilitation of Sports Dance Athlete's Waist Injury.

The issue of sports injury and rehabilitation has been a hot topic in competitive sports. With the continuous development of sports dance sports requirements and competition system, the competition is becoming increasingly fierce and the special technical requirements are more stringent; it can easily cause eye damage. Traditional Chinese medicine clinics often use Chinese medicine internal treatment, external Chinese medicine, acupuncture, massage, cupping, scraping, exercise, and other treatment methods to treat waist injuries, which have the characteristics of significant curative effect, small side effects, and being not easy to relapse. It plays an important role in the recovery and treatment of athletes, allowing athletes to better repair, reduce physical discomfort, and achieve better results. The increase in training difficulty and intensity leads to more frequent sports injuries, so the recovery of athletes after injury is particularly important. Based on the above background, the purpose of this article was to study the traditional Chinese and Western medical treatment and sports rehabilitation for waist injuries of sports dance athletes. This article analyzes the technical problems existing in the training process of sports dance athletes from the perspective of sports training, and analyzes the nature of sports dance athletes' waist injuries and the causes of injuries. In this article, 45 sports dance athletes were randomly divided into three groups: traditional Chinese medicine and Western medicine, traditional Chinese medicine, and Western medicine. Patients treated with the optimized combination of traditional Chinese and Western medicine were regarded as the traditional Chinese and Western medicine group. The clinical symptoms, limb circumference, waist function rehabilitation, and overall efficacy of the three groups were observed. At the same time, changes in physical examination indicators before and after treatment were observed to evaluate the safety of the treatment. The experimental results showed that the total effective rate of the Chinese and Western medicine group was 95%, the total effective rate of the Chinese medicine group was 84%, and the total effective rate of the Western medicine group was 90%. The symptoms and waist injuries of the three groups were improved to varying degrees. The results of this experiment provide a reference for protecting the physical health and scientific training of athletes, and also provide training ideas and methods for coaches and scientific and medical personnel.

Chemical monitoring reporting guidance: 2022 data collection

This document should be used for the reporting to EFSA of samples analysed for chemicals. It provides guidance on how to use the Standard Sample Description (SSD2) data model for submission to the EU of analytical results of food and feed samples taken during control activities carried out to monitor residues of pesticides and veterinary medicinal products, contaminants, food additives and chemicals from food contact materials (FCM). This document does not replace – but complements and updates some aspects of – the general EFSA Guidance on Standard Sample Description (SSD2) and Guidance on Data Exchange (GDE2). It is meant to provide guidance on the specific technical and legislative requirements as well as clarity on data quality validation for chemical monitoring (ChemMon) data at national and EU levels.

Analysis of design features and test results of fractional grain cleaners

Stable preservation of sown areas for agricultural production in the Russian Federation is crucial for increasing the gross grain yield. Only high-quality seeds with a low level of injury during harvesting and post-harvest processing will provide a significant increase in the yield of crops. Weediness of the grain heap decreases the yield up to 40 … 60%. According to long-term data, weediness of the grain heap in the natural and climatic regions of the CIS is 6.0 … 15.0%. Moisture during threshing is 16.0 … 20.0%, and in unfavorable years it can reach 22.0 … 25.0%. A safe storage period for such a heap is fairly limited and can attain several hours. Impurities of organic origin with the moisture content of 50.0 … 80.0% have a negative effect on the grain heap safe storage and the quality indicators of seeds. The study carried out during secondary cleaning show that the OZF-50 and OZF-80 machines provide the required productivity of 10.27 t/h and 20.40 t/h, respectively. With this productivity, the main crop content is 99.22 and 99.61%. The content of weed seeds is 3 and 5 pcs/kg, while the grinding of grain meets the technical specifications and attains 0.12 and 0.15% for the above machines. The results of regular periodic tests of the new generation OZF machines show show that all operational and technological indicators and performance indicators of the machines meet the requirements of technical specifications. The developed new fractional grain cleaners ensure the production of original seeds in accordance with GOST R52325-2005.