Specific Sections Research Articles

Concurrent Validity of the Anxiety Disorders Section of the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule- Autism Spectrum Addendum (ADIS-ASA) in Autistic Youth.

Examine the concurrent validity of specific Anxiety Disorders Section of the Anxiety Disorder Interview Schedule for DSM-IV-Autism Spectrum Addendum (ADIS-ASA)-Parent Interview in a sample of 167 autistic youth who met diagnostic criteria for an anxiety-related disorder (Mage = 9.91; 78.4% male; 82% non-Hispanic; 77.67% White). Concurrent validity of Diagnostic and Statistical Manual (DSM)-defined ADIS-ASA anxiety disorder diagnostic caseness was examined via relations with (a) parent-reported dimensions of youth anxiety symptomology and (b) dimensional measures of youth anxiety-related functional impairment, respectively, using logistic regression models and point-biserial correlations. Significant relations were found between separation anxiety disorder and social anxiety disorder (but not generalized anxiety disorder nor obsessive-compulsive disorder) caseness, respectively, and theoretically consistent facets of dimensional youth anxiety symptomology. Relations between ADIS-ASA diagnostic caseness and youth functional impairment-related variables revealed that only separation anxiety disorder demonstrated robust evidence of convergent validity. Despite mixed findings concerning relations between ADIS-ASA anxiety disorder diagnostic caseness and dimensional measures of anxiety severity and anxiety-related impairment, the present findings provide further support for the status of the ADIS-ASA as a gold standard for assessment of anxiety in autistic youth. This work also highlights the importance of continuing to improve precision in measurement of anxiety symptomology in autistic youth, with implications for clinical assessment.

Selective neck dissection-the supraomohyoid, lateral, and anterolateral dissection techniques

In this article, the indications for performing the supraomohyoid, lateral, and anterolateral selective neck dissections will be discussed. Super selective neck dissections, though not included with a specific technique section, will also be briefly examined. An emphasis of the authors’ techniques will be illustrated with pertinent anatomy as well as post-operative care and complications to consider. Photographs will accompany the write-up in order to provide the reader with an anatomic operative reference.

Numerical Analysis of Sedimentation in Open Channels Using Computational Fluid Dynamics

This study investigates sedimentation in open channels utilizing Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD). The validation indicates a strong agreement between the simulation and the reference data. Flow velocity substantially decreases in the branched channel post-bifurcation. Similarly, at a 90o bend, there is a notable drop in flow velocity after the curve. A vortex forms in areas where the velocity decreases. Sedimentation prediction can be achieved by observing these velocity reductions in specific channel sections. In the branched channel, low velocities and localized water eddies are found after the bifurcation point. In a channel with a 90o bend, the velocity diminishes on the inner side of the curve, with vortices forming, acting as potential sediment traps. This study highlights the utility of CFD as an effective method for enhancing the understanding of sedimentation processes in river systems.

Linkage suspension sag estimation using the static equilibrium method

Small amateur teams often struggle to estimate suspension performance in off-road motorcycle competitions due to limited access to advanced assessment equipment. Vehicle testing and validation are commonly performed through direct test rides, where improper setups can lead to loss of control, accidents, and costly repairs. This article aims to provide an economical and less sophisticated technique for engineering technicians working with linkage suspensions to estimate total sag and corresponding wheel travel. Initially, the wheel normal force and suspension geometry are measured and verified. The leverage ratio (LR) is then examined, and the forces in the relay arm (F2r) and shock absorber (F2a) are identified. By combining the graphs of F2r and F2a, sag and wheel travel can be determined based on the swingarm angular displacement. Three adjustment approaches are demonstrated: tuning the initial position of the swingarm, changing the spring stiffness and/or preload, and modifying the leverage ratio. Using the described technique, technicians can assess and reuse the noted LR, F2r and F2a curves to approximate the optimal suspension setting for specific sections or terrains during competitions.

Synthesis of isotope‐substituted conjugated ladder polymers

AbstractConjugated ladder polymers (cLPs) represent an intriguing class of macromolecules, characterized by their multi‐stranded structure, with continuous fused π‐conjugated rings forming the backbone. Isotope substitution, such as deuteration and carbon‐13 labeling, offers unique approaches to address the significant challenges associated with elucidating the structure and solution phase dynamics of these polymers. For instance, selective deuteration can highlight parts of the polymer by controlling the scattering length density of specific molecular sections, thereby enhancing the contrast for neutron scattering experiments. In this context, deuteration of side‐chains in cLPs represents a promising approach to uncover the elusive polymer physics properties of their backbone. The synthesis of two distinct types of cLPs with perdeuterated side‐chains are reported here. During the synthesis, 13C isotope labeling was also employed to verify the low levels of defects in the synthesized polymers. Demonstrating these synthetic successes lays the foundation for rigorous characterization of the defects, conformation, and dynamics of cLPs.

Biomechanical effects of posterior lumbar interbody fusion with vertical placement of pedicle screws compared to traditional placement.

The pedicle screw technique is widely employed for vertebral body fixation in the treatment of spinal disorders. However, traditional screw placement methods require the dissection of paraspinal muscles and the insertion of pedicle screws at specific transverse section angles (TSA). Larger TSA angles require more force to pull the muscle tissue, which can increase the risk of surgical trauma and ischemic injury to the lumbar muscles. To study the feasibility of zero-degree TSA vertical pedicle screw technique in the lumbosacral segment. Finite element models of vertebral bodies and pedicle screw-rod systems were established for the L4-S1 spinal segments. A standard axial load of 500 N and a rotational torque of 10 N/m were applied. Simulated screw pull-out experiment was conducted to observe pedicle screw resistance to pull-out, maximum stress, load-displacement ratio, maximum stress in vertebral bodies, load-displacement ratio in vertebral bodies, and the stress distribution in pedicle screws and vertebral bodies. Differences between the 0-degree and 17-degree TSA were compared. At 0-degree TSA, the screw pull-out force decreased by 11.35% compared to that at 17-degree TSA (P < 0.05). At 0-degree and 17-degree TSA, the stress range in the screw-rod system was 335.1-657.5 MPa and 242.8-648.5 MPa, separately, which were below the fracture threshold for the screw-rod system (924 MPa). At 0-degree and 17-degree TSA, the stress range in the vertebral bodies was 68.45-78.91 MPa and 39.08-72.73 MPa, separately, which were below the typical bone yield stress range for vertebral bodies (110-125 MPa). At 0-degree TSA, the load-displacement ratio for the vertebral bodies and pedicle screws was slightly lower compared to that at 17-degree TSA, indicating slightly lower stability (P < 0.05). The safety and stability of 0-degree TSA are slightly lower, but the risks of screw-rod system fracture, vertebral body fracture, and rupture are within acceptable limits.

Reading Stanislavsky from a Stage Lighting Designer’s Point of View: Stanislavsky’s Notes on the Dramaturgy of Light

ABSTRACT Stage lighting design is, mostly, referenced and researched in correlation to the scenographic history of theatre, often leaving in shadow the organic impact it has on the human beings involved in the theatre process, both in front and behind the footlights. Light, though, is not just a visual scenographic element; it is living, an orchestrator of the human vision; we still say, “I‘m going to see a play” and not hear a text spoken on stage. The beginning of the twentieth century was a turning point for theatre making, with Stanislavsky being one reference point for future developments. He made valuable remarks about lighting, proving that concentrating attention is an active process that does not happen by accident and that there are tools, like lighting, to facilitate that process. Key to my discussion here will be Stanislavsky’s notion of a light-initiated compartmentalisation and manipulation of stage space, i.e. the identification of specific sections on the stage the limits of which are set by light: circles of attention. Stanislavsky’s circles of attention support the statement that lighting serves as a “magnifying lens” that draws the viewer’s focus to particular areas or actions on stage. This article will elaborate on the potential of Stanislavsky’s circles of attention to the dramaturgy of light, shedding light on various extracts of his writings where the dynamic functions of stage lighting are observed and described in an experiential way.

Reporting guidelines for precision medicine research of clinical relevance: the BePRECISE checklist.

Precision medicine should aspire to reduce error and improve accuracy in medical and health recommendations by comparison with contemporary practice, while maintaining safety and cost-effectiveness. The etiology, clinical manifestation and prognosis of diseases such as obesity, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, kidney disease and fatty liver disease are heterogeneous. Without standardized reporting, this heterogeneity, combined with the diversity of research tools used in precision medicine studies, makes comparisons across studies and implementation of the findings challenging. Specific recommendations for reporting precision medicine research do not currently exist. The BePRECISE (Better Precision-data Reporting of Evidence from Clinical Intervention Studies & Epidemiology) consortium, comprising 23 experts in precision medicine, cardiometabolic diseases, statistics, editorial and lived experience, conducted a scoping review and participated in a modified Delphi and nominal group technique process to develop guidelines for reporting precision medicine research. The BePRECISE checklist comprises 23 items organized into 5 sections that align with typical sections of a scientific publication. A specific section about health equity serves to encourage precision medicine research to be inclusive of individuals and communities that are traditionally under-represented in clinical research and/or underserved by health systems. Adoption of BePRECISE by investigators, reviewers and editors will facilitate and accelerate equitable clinical implementation of precision medicine.

Enhancing deep orebody prediction and localization through the revelation of geochemical primary halo patterns in drill holes

Geochemical primary halos play a crucial role in mineral exploration as they provide valuable insights into the dispersion of ore materials, identification of concealed deposits, and determination of ore deposit dimensions. The Naruo mining area in the Duolong mineral district, northern Tibet, China well-known for its worldclass porphyry-epithermal Cu–Au deposits is currently chosen as the study area. We employ statistical and nonlinear methods to analyze geochemical data from drill holes. Specifically, R-type cluster analysis is utilized to evaluate element affinity and concentration index, while an improved Grigorian zoning index is employed to delineate the vertical zoning sequence of the primary halo. These methodologies significantly enhance our understanding of element enrichment within geological contexts and greatly contribute to mineral resource evaluation. Based on these results, we have constructed a vertical zonation index model of denudation coefficient tailored to the geological characteristics of mineralization within the study area. This model effectively represents the vertical variation of the ore body. Our findings reveal a decrease in this zoning index towards the central region of deep ore bodies which correlates with deep granodiorite porphyry occurrences. Furthermore, we observe increasing concentrations of Cu, Ag, and Au with depth in specific sections of drill holes indicating promising exploration potential. Supplementary short-wave infrared data suggests the presence of a deep hydrothermal center in drill hole RNZK2404 which tentatively infers concealed porphyry bodies. Notably, the reversal observed at 4200 m on RNZK2404's zoning index hints at a possible hidden ore body at great depths. Finally, three-dimensional visualization techniques effectively illustrate spatial patterns for elements thereby paving way for future endeavors in mineral exploration.

PENGGUNAAN METODE JIGSAW DALAM PEMBELAJARAN MATA KULIAH TRANSLATION UNTUK MENGHASILKAN KEEFEKTIFAN DALAM MENYELESAIKAN TERJEMAHAN

Translation learning is a complex process that requires a profound understanding of both the source and target languages. This study aims to explore the use of the Jigsaw method in the context of translation course learning, with a focus on enhancing students' effectiveness in completing translations. The Jigsaw method is a cooperative learning approach where students work in small groups to understand parts of the material and then take responsibility for teaching that material to other group members. This study integrates the Jigsaw method into translation learning by utilizing complex and varied source language texts. Students are divided into small groups and assigned tasks to study specific sections of the text to be translated. After thoroughly understanding their respective sections, they regroup with other members who have studied different parts. Through collaboration and discussion, students exchange information and discuss translation strategies. The results of this study indicate that the use of the Jigsaw method significantly enhances students' effectiveness in completing translations. Collaboration among students allows for the exchange of ideas and strategies that can improve their understanding of the source text and produce more accurate and detailed translations. Additionally, through this cooperative learning process, students also develop important social and communication skills essential in the translation profession.

REVOLUTIONIZING AND DEMOCRATIZING DIGITAL LEARNING: A CASE STUDY OF THE TRANSFORMATIVE IMPACT OF MASSIVE OPEN ONLINE COURSES IN CREATIVE EDUCATION

This paper explores the transformative influence of Massive Open Online Courses (MOOCs) on creative education, focusing on the democratization of knowledge and analyzing student engagement in virtual classrooms. The primary objective is to investigate how MOOCs democratize knowledge for creative learners, emphasizing the global accessibility, flexibility, and cost-effectiveness of online courses. In-depth interview with working professionals and online learners constitutes the methodology, allowing participants to share experiences and uncover the emotional and personal aspects of their educational journey.Findings reveal that creative learners prefer MOOCs for their flexibility, allowing learning at one's own pace, replaying specific sections, and accessing diverse courses at a lower cost compared to traditional platforms. The inclusivity of MOOCs enables interdisciplinary learning, expanding domain knowledge and fostering collaboration among learners from various backgrounds. The study underscores the practical benefits of increased job opportunities and diverse skill acquisition. In conclusion, this research highlights the transformative impact of MOOCs, democratizing education for creative learners and offering a paradigm shift in educational delivery. The findings emphasize the need for transparent course information and recorded solutions to enhance the overall learning experience in the evolving landscape of online education.

Comparative sustainability and seismic performance analysis of reinforced conventional concrete and UHPC bridge piers

Ultra-high performance concrete (UHPC) boasts excellent mechanical properties, but it comes at a high cost and has a significant environmental impact. This study conducts a comprehensive life-cycle analysis (LCA) on reinforced concrete bridge piers to investigate the environmental implications of integrating conventional concrete (CC) and UHPC in seismic design. The analysis covers both materials and members. At the material level, the global warming potential (GWP) from UHPC manufacturing is calculated using a comprehensive database that includes UHPC mixture details, fiber quantity, geometry, mixing and curing processes, loading age, and compressive strength. At the member level, seismic performance is assessed through capacity-to-demand ratios of strength and ductility. A total of 1280 CC and 2240 UHPC bridge piers are virtually tested with comparable functional unit values, and their GWPs are calculated. The study reveals a proportional relationship between GWP per m3 of UHPC manufacturing and its compressive strength. The GWP of CC and UHPC piers designed using the strength-based approach increases with the capacity-to-demand ratio. When the capacity-to-demand ratio is relatively large, the GWP exhibits rapid nonlinear growth. Adding more reinforcement to achieve a higher capacity-to-demand ratio is inefficient. Moreover, both CC and UHPC piers designed using the ductility-based approach show no strong correlation between GWP and the capacity-to-demand ratio. Surprisingly, using a higher grade of UHPC does not improve seismic resistance; instead, it leads to increased GWP. Effective strategies, such as reducing cross-sectional area and increasing the reinforcement ratio, prove beneficial in enhancing material efficiency and reducing GWP. Additionally, the utilization of a specific pipe section enhances material efficiency, improves seismic resistance, and results in lower GWP.

Determination of Motorcycle Equivalent Unit and Road Capacity: A Case Study of Selected Road Sections of Kathmandu Valley

The research focused on road congestion in Kathmandu Valley, Nepal, caused by the prevalence of small motorized vehicles, especially motorcycles. The objective of the study was to quantify the impact of different vehicle classes on congestion by calculating Motorcycle Equivalent Units (MEU) and determining roadway capacity using speed and effective space parameters. The field data collected over two locations in Kathmandu Valley were analyzed using Speed Estimation from Video Data (SEV) software that revealed a strong correlation between vehicle speed and effective space, represented by a quadratic non-linear model. MEU values were determined for different vehicle classes, and fundamental speed-flow-density relationships were used to calculate roadway capacity. Vehicles like motorcycles, standard cars, big cars, utility, minibusses, buses, light commercial vehicles, two/three-axle trucks, and multi-axle trucks had MEU values of 1, 3.32, 4.91, 4.65, 9.22, 12.22, 6.72, 13.57 and 18.04 respectively. The study indicated peak capacities during the evening hours on specific road sections. For instance, the Gatthaghar-Kaushaltar and Balkumari-Gwarko sections reached their maximum capacities at 12,335 and 20,589 (motorcycles per hour per direction), respectively. The study emphasized the significant influence of speed on effective space and roadway capacity, suggesting further exploration of additional factors like driver characteristics, gender, age, income, road geometry, and level of service using MEU, along with the potential for developing a motorcycle simulation model in Kathmandu valley.

Enhanced Video-Level Anomaly Feature Detection for Nuclear Power Plant Component Inspections Using the Latency Mechanism

The conditions of various nuclear power plant facilities are regularly examined through manual inspections. Remote visual inspection is commonly applied and requires engineers to watch lengthy inspection footage and seek anomaly features therein. This is a labor-intensive process as anomaly features of interest usually only appear in very short segments of the original whole video. Therefore, an automated anomaly detection system is preferred to lessen the intensive labor cost in the inspection process. The detection process could also benefit from useful information that could potentially contribute to addressing reasoning traceability. With a well-prepared training data set of the anomaly feature, a convolutional neural network (CNN) can be developed to automatically detect anomaly indications in the inspection video. However, false-positive detections may occur and can be difficult to remove without seeking manual verification. To overcome this problem, we present a new automated video-level anomaly detection framework that utilizes the latency mechanism to effectively lessen false-positive occurrences, and therefore, increase detection accuracy. In this framework, a CNN-based anomaly classifier first performs initial scanning of the anomaly type of interest in every region of the sampled frames. Then our latency mechanism is applied to refine the initial scanning results by flagging up a region as an “anomaly” indication only when “anomaly” is detected by CNN in the current frame and also in a sequence of previous consecutive frames of the same region. We present a case study of crack feature detection in superheater inspection videos to illustrate the performance of the proposed framework. The results show that the latency mechanism can effectively remove the original false-positive detections seen in the initial scanning. In order to provide a primary exploration of suggesting possible formats for addressing reasoning traceability, knowledge graphs of the reasoning process in the video-level detection framework are built to provide a better understanding of why a specific section of the video is flagged as anomaly contents by the video-level detection framework.

음악을 전공한 특수교사의 자서전적 생애사 연구

Objectives The purpose of this study is to deeply understand and analyze the process from becoming a music teacher to a special education teacher to find the existential meaning of life and suggest implications for growth as a teacher. Methods Through the autobiographical life history research method, the course of major events according to the chronological flow of a specific section of the teacher's life that had a significant impact on the teacher's life is examined from a first-person perspective to find the existential meaning of life and promote the teacher's internal growth. Results The innate element of immediate action practice was a great help in the process of going from a music teacher to a special education teacher, and all the effort and time invested in the process became an important factor in growing as a teacher. In addition, the reason why I was able to overcome the trials and errors I experienced in the process of becoming a special education teacher may have been due to the researcher's efforts, but the most important thing was that I was able to overcome the trials and errors I experienced in the process of becoming a special education teacher, but the most important thing was that I was able to overcome the trials and errors I experienced in the process of becoming a special education teacher, but the most important thing was that I was able to overcome the trials and errors I experienced in the process of becoming a special education teacher. I learned that I needed to pursue growth. Third, rather than avoiding crises that come in one's life, everyone must go back to the starting point and face them, remembering the passion, enlightenment, and growth process of that period to provide the driving force to overcome the crisis. Fourth, students are also valuable members of the family. She was able to remember once again that teachers have no right to treat students poorly, so they must respect students for who they are. Lastly, I came to find identity and meaning between music and special education in that music motivates me to live as a special education teacher and the process and life of a special education teacher provide a foundation for me to grow to a higher level as a teacher. Conclusions Having the courage to take on a challenge and take immediate action became the driving force that allowed us to achieve our goals and move forward despite environmental difficulties. Second, through experience working in special classes, the true roles and responsibilities of special education teachers and a universal view of education were established. Third, teachers have no right to treat students poorly. Fourth, all the time and effort you put into achieving your goal is meaningful, with nothing left to waste. Fifth, teachers are not perfect, so they need time to rest and recharge. What is more important is whether you grow after making a mistake than the fact that you made a mistake. Sixth, we must have the opportunity for inner growth through time of self-reflection and regain the existential meaning of life.

Whole-Tree Green Density Equations for Loblolly and Slash Pine Trees

Abstract Using extensive legacy and new datasets, two equations of whole-tree green density, defined as the ratio of the green weight of stem wood with bark (GWob) divided either by the stem outside-bark volume (Vob) or by the stem inside-bark volume (Vib), were developed along with individual tree Vob, Vib, and GWob equations for loblolly and slash pines. The green density equations indicated that the GWob/Vob ratio increases while the GWob/Vib ratio decreases with an increase in tree size for both species. The transition from low-intensity management to intensive management has a notable impact on tree green weight characteristics. Generally, trees from older established plantations exhibited a higher GWob/Vob ratio compared with trees from more recently established plantations, spanning both loblolly and slash pines. Study Implications: Derived whole-tree green density equations, alongside updated stem green weight and volume equations, are valuable tools for estimating the volume and green weight of entire stem boles, facilitating volume-to-green-weight conversion for specific sections for loblolly and slash pines, the primary commercial timber species in the southern United States.

The Evaluation of Changing the Eponym Churg-Strauss Syndrome Due to the 2012 Revised International Chapel Hill Consensus Conference Nomenclature of Vasculitides.

Background: Eponyms do not describe any pathogenesis of a disease. So, there is no other way than to memorize the disease or anatomical area. Over the years, new nomenclatures have been suggested for some diseases due to a better understanding of the pathogenesis. In this article, the changes in the use of Churg-Strauss syndrome were investigated. Methods: In the study, a computerized search was performed using the PubMed database. Books and documents, clinical trials, editorials, meta-analyses, reviews, and case reports were included in the study. Data were obtained from the title of the database, and the variations or distribution by year for the nomenclature of the most related studies were evaluated. Results: Overall, 68.3% of the articles included CSS, 25.7% included eosinophilic granulomatous polyangiitis (EGPA), and 6.0% included both nomenclatures. When evaluated in terms of the distribution according to years, it was determined that there was a statistically significant increase in use in terms of EGPA. When evaluated among specific section journals, the highest rate was in Rheumatology (29.4%). The highest rate of using CSS was in the Rheumatology (25.1%) journals, followed by Pulmonary/Respiratory (17%), Cardiovascular (12%), and Allergy/Immunology/Biology (9.8%). The use of EGPA combined with CSS decreased in all the specific journals from 2012 to the present. Conclusions: The findings of the study revealed that the number of articles with the eponym of EGPA showed an increased frequency in contrast to a decreasing frequency for those with CSS during recent years. Today, with the elaboration of the disease pathogenesis and the increase in knowledge, the trend has shifted in this direction.

A Two-Stage Twisted Blade μ-Vertical Axis Wind Turbine: An Enhanced Savonius Rotor Design

Wind turbines are a solution for sustainable energy, significantly reducing carbon emissions and fostering a circular economy for more cost-effective and cleaner power generation, in line with worldwide environmental aspirations. In this context, this research aims to explore a novel two-stage, twisted-blade micro-Vertical-Axis Wind Turbine (μ-VAWT)alternative inspired by the Savonius Rotor (SR). This investigation utilizes the κ−ω SST turbulence model to explore the power coefficient (CP) and torque coefficient (CT), finding CP values ranging from 0.02 to 0.08 across the turbine by altering the free stream velocity (V). CT analysis further delves into four specific sections, highlighting areas of particular interest. These results are validated by examining velocity contours, pressure contours, and streamlines in four horizontal sections, demonstrating that the proposed turbine model exhibits minimal torque fluctuation. Moreover, the analysis of vertical wind streamlines illustrates very low interference with various wind turbine proposals, underscoring the turbine’s efficiency and potential for integration into diverse wind energy projects.

The Synergistic Structure and Potential Development for Sustainable Ecosystem Services in Urban Areas along the Grand Canal: A Case Study of the Wuxi Segment

The Grand Canal possesses a unique ecosystem as one of the world cultural heritage sites. However, its ecological roles and services have been underemphasized in heritage conservation efforts, leading to environmental pollution and the degradation of its heritage value, especially in the highly urbanized southern Jiangsu section downstream. This study examines the synergy between regulating ecosystem services (RESs) and cultural ecosystem services (CESs) along the highly urbanized Wuxi section of the Grand Canal, as well as the environmental drivers influencing this relationship. The findings reveal that the synergy between CESs and RESs does not occur at the urban–rural interface but rather in areas 4-6 km away from the Central Business District (CBD). Certain drivers, such as floor area ratio (FAR) and plot ratio (PR), enhance both RES and CES within specific sections. Beyond riparian green belts, various low-density, dispersed, and well-vegetated lands could serve as significant contributors to future ecosystem service (ES) synergy. These conclusions further elucidate the spatial distribution of the heritage cultural services and other ES synergy along the Grand Canal, providing scientific support for broader improvements guiding the sustainable co-development in similar urbanized areas.

Analysis on the Regulatory Frameworks of Vaccine Manufacturing and Distribution in Ghana

Objective: Analyze Ghana's vaccine regulations framework to identify strengths, limitations and policy refinement opportunities regarding manufacturing/distribution. Method: Structured CRuPAC legal review model encompassing comparative assessment of Food/Drugs Act and Public Health Act provisions based on identified criteria; investigation of rules, historical applications and guiding principles; counterargument evaluation; advice formulation integrates relevant case laws, specific legislation sections and academic literature. Results: Robust ecosystem found but with bureaucracy/access constraints; precedent supports compulsory vaccination upholding safety/welfare principles. Conclusions &amp; Recommendations: Balance safety considerations and industrial growth incentives; expedite registration pathways for proven developers, offer tax incentives for local producers, leverage compulsory licensing during shortages; increase healthcare budgets for system strengthening. Contributions: Granular legal analysis establishes evaluative baseline; structured CRuPAC assessment elucidates reform gaps; expansive literature review provides contextualization; reasoned interpretation of vague provisions based on legal theory; tailored, evidence-based recommendations. Significance: Highlights precedents, incentives and measures to optimize policies for regulators/manufacturers/legislatures regarding emergency preparedness.