Specific Reasons Research Articles

Environmental Antecedents of Foodborne Illness Outbreaks, United States, 2017–2019

Foodborne outbreak investigations often provide data for public health officials to determine how the environment contributed to the outbreak and on how to prevent future outbreaks. State and local health departments are responsible for investigating foodborne illness outbreaks in their jurisdictions and reporting the data to national-level surveillance systems, including information from the environmental assessment. This assessment is designed to describe how the environment contributed to the outbreak and identifies factors that contributed to the outbreak and environmental antecedents to the outbreak. Environmental antecedents, also referred to as root causes, are specific reasons that allow biological or chemical agents to contaminate, survive, or grow in food. From 2017 to 2019, 24 jurisdictions reported 1,430 antecedents from 393 outbreaks to the National Environmental Assessment Reporting System. The most reported antecedents were lack of oversight of employees/enforcement of policies (89.1%), lack of training of employees on specific processes (74.0%), and lack of a food safety culture/attitude towards food safety (57.5%). These findings highlight the critical role that employees play in restaurant food safety and are heavily influenced by restaurant management, who can exercise active managerial control to manage these antecedents. Identifying antecedents during investigations is essential for understanding the outbreak’s root cause and implementing sustainable corrective actions to stop the immediate outbreak and future outbreaks.

Alzheimer's Disease: A Journey Through Causes, Symptoms, and Current Challenges

Alzheimer's Sickness (Promotion), an ever-evolving neurodegenerative confusion, remains as the most common type of dementia. It tirelessly disintegrates mental capability, taking recollections and disturbing the capacity to perform regular undertakings. Notwithstanding critical exploration endeavors, the specific reason for Promotion stays a conundrum. This article digs into the trademark side effects that arise as the infection grabs hold, divulging the significant weight it puts on people and medical services frameworks the same. While current treatment choices give some indicative help, they miss the mark concerning offering a fix or even successfully ending the tenacious movement of Promotion. Nonetheless, ongoing headways in understanding the sickness' pathophysiology have touched off an encouraging sign. Analysts are currently taking apart the complex instruments fundamental Promotion, making ready for the advancement of additional designated helpful techniques. This recently discovered information highlights the basic requirement for proceeded with research tries to battle this crippling condition. By unwinding the secrets encompassing Promotion, we can make progress toward a future where viable medicines oversee side effects as well as forestall or try and opposite the course of this staggering infection. Keywords: Neurodegenerative disorder, Dementia, Cognitive function, Symptomatic relief, Pathophysiology, Therapeutic strategies

Understanding Reasons for Vaccination Hesitancy and Implementing Effective Countermeasures: An Online Survey of Individuals Unvaccinated against COVID-19.

This online survey of unvaccinated people living in Japan aimed to identify the reasons for declining vaccination and to develop effective countermeasures. We conducted a hierarchical class analysis to classify participants, examine factors influencing their classification, and provide the information they needed about coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) and trusted sources of COVID-19 information for each group. A total of 262 participants were classified into three groups: Group 1 with no specific reason (28 participants, 10.69%); Group 2 with clear concerns about trust in the vaccine (85 participants, 32.44%), and Group 3 with attitudinal barriers, such as distrust of the vaccine and complacency towards COVID-19, and structural barriers, such as vaccination appointments (149 participants, 56.87%). For each group, females tended to be classified in Group 2 more than Group 1 (Odds ratio (OR) [95% confidential intervals (95%CI)] = 1.64 (0.63 to 2.66), p = 0.001) and in Group 3 more than Group 1 (OR [95%CI] = 1.16 (0.19 to 2.12), p = 0.019). The information that the participants wanted to know about COVID-19 was different among each group (Safety: p < 0.001, Efficacy: p < 0.001, Genetic effects: p < 0.001). Those who did not receive the COVID-19 vaccine also had lower influenza vaccination coverage (8.02%). Additionally, 38 participants (14.50%) were subject to social disadvantages because they had not received the COVID-19 vaccine. Countermeasures should be carefully tailored according to the target population, reasons for hesitancy, and specific context. The findings of this study may help develop individualized countermeasures to address vaccine hesitancy.

Coordinated power management strategy for reliable hybridization of multi-source systems using hybrid MPPT algorithms

This research discusses the solar and wind sourcesintegration in aremote location using hybrid power optimization approaches and a multi energy storage system with batteries and supercapacitors. The controllers in PV and wind turbine systems are used to efficiently operate maximum power point tracking (MPPT) algorithms, optimizing the overall system performance while minimizing stress on energy storage components. More specifically, on PV generator, the provided method integrating the Perturb & Observe (P&O) and Fuzzy Logic Control (FLC) methods. Meanwhile, for the wind turbine, the proposed approach combines the P&O and FLC methods. These hybrid MPPT strategies for photovoltaic (PV) and wind turbine aim to optimize its operation, taking advantage of the complementary features of the two methods. While the primary aim of these hybrid MPPT strategies is to optimize both PV and wind turbine, therefore minimizing stress on the storage system, they also aim to efficiently supply electricity to the load. For storage, in this isolated renewable energy system, batteries play a crucial role due to several specific benefits and reasons. Unfortunately, their energy density is still relatively lower compared to some other forms of energy storage. Moreover, they have a limited number of charge–discharge cycles before their capacity degrades significantly. Supercapacitors (SCs) provide significant advantages in certain applications, particularly those that need significant power density, quick charging and discharging, and long cycle life. However, their limitations, such as lower energy density and specific voltage requirements, make them most effective when combined with other storage technologies, as batteries. Furthermore, their advantages are enhanced, result a more dependable and cost-effective hybrid energy storage system (HESS). The paper introduces a novel algorithm for power management designed for an efficient control. Moreover, it focuses on managing storage systems to keep their state of charge (SOC) within defined range. The algorithm is simple and effective. Furthermore, it ensures the longevity of batteries and SCs while maximizing their performance. The results reveal that the suggested method successfully keeps the limits batteries and SCs state of charge (SOC). To show the significance of system design choices and the impact on the battery’s SOC, which is crucial for the longevity and overall performance of the energy storage components, a comparison in of two systems have been made. A classical system with one storage (PV/wind turbine/batteries) and the proposed system with HESS (PV/wind turbine system with batteries). The results show that the suggested scenario investigated with both wind and solar resources appears to be the optimum solution for areas where the two resources are both significant and complementary. The balance between the two resources seems to contribute to less stress on storage components, potentially leading to a longer lifespan. An economical study has been made, using the Homer Pro software, to show the feasibility of the proposed system in the studied area.

Preference and Associated Factors for Cesarean Delivery Among Pregnant Women: A Cross-Sectional Study.

A cesarean delivery is regarded as a comparatively favourable and secure approach to childbirth when contrasted with vaginal delivery. Over the past decade, its frequency has risen in both industrialized and developing nations. Maternal request for cesarean delivery has been explained for the escalating rate along with other factors like anxiety, fear of childbirth, previous cesarean delivery, previous negative vaginal birth experience, maternal age, maternal education, and socioeconomic factors. Hence, this study was undertaken to assess pregnant women's tendency to have a cesarean birth and to investigate the factors associated with the inclination for cesarean delivery. A hospital-based cross-sectional study was carried out in the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of a tertiary care hospital, a systematic sampling procedure was utilized, and 368 antenatal mothers after 36 weeks of gestation, who do not have any specific medical reasons against vaginal delivery were included in the study. Data collection was done by questionnaire. The information regarding socio-demographic factors, preexisting comorbidities, current obstetric risk factors, emotional factors, previous delivery experience, and their information preference toward the mode of delivery were collected. Univariate and multivariate analysis were performed to identify the independent variables associated with preference for cesarean delivery. The preference for cesarean delivery and non-preference for cesarean delivery was 114 (30.9%) and 201 (54.6%), respectively whereas 53 (14.4%) participants remained neutral. The Chi-square analysis revealed a notable connection between the inclination towards a preference for cesarean delivery and factors such as obstetric score, parity, comorbidities, and among obstetric risk factors such as pregnancy after in-vitro fertilization (IVF), with a history of abortion, and having a prior history of cesarean delivery. Nevertheless, no meaningful association was observed between the preference for cesarean delivery and the remaining variables. On multivariate logistic analysis, independent variables like preexisting anxiety or depression, pregnancy through IVF, and having a history of previous cesarean delivery have increased the odds of preferring cesarean delivery. The independent variables like increasing gestational age, graduates, and unemployed have decreased the odds of preferring a cesarean delivery. In conclusion, the prevalence of cesarean delivery is influenced by a complex interplay of medical, cultural, socioeconomic, and healthcare system factors. While cesarean delivery is essential in cases of medical necessity, efforts should be made to avoid unnecessary cesarean delivery that does not provide clear benefits over vaginal delivery. Balancing the risks and benefits of cesarean delivery and promoting evidence-based obstetric practices are crucial for ensuring optimal maternal and infant outcomes.

Procurement process and shortages of essential medicines in public health facilities: A qualitative study from Nepal.

Ensuring access to essential medicines remains a formidable challenge in Nepal. The specific reasons for the shortage of essential medicines within Nepal have not been extensively investigated. This study addresses challenges associated with access to essential medicines, procurement process difficulties, and functionality of inventory management systems at different levels of public health facilities. Fifty-nine semi-structured in-depth interviews were conducted with health managers and service providers at provincial and local levels in six randomly selected districts of Bagmati province, Nepal. Interviews were audiotaped and transcribed verbatim, and the results were analyzed using the inductive approach and were later mapped within the four domains of "Procurement of essential medicines". The major barriers for the effective management of essential medicines included delays in the procurement process, primarily locally, leading to frequent stock-out of essential drugs, particularly at the health post level. Additionally, challenges arise from storage problems, mainly due to insufficient storage space and the need to manage additional comorbidities related to COVID-19. Other identified challenges encompass the absence of training on logistics management information systems, a lack of information technology resources in primary health facilities, inadequate qualified human resources to operate the IT system, and insufficient power backup. Moreover, unrealistic demand estimation from the service points, inadequate transportation costs, and manual inventory management systems further contributed to the complex landscape of challenges. This study identified procurement delays as the primary cause of essential medicine shortages in Bagmati Province, Nepal. We recommend implementing comprehensive procurement guidelines, collaborative training, and dedicated budgets to address this issue. Improving the procurement and inventory management process in low-resource settings requires a well-trained workforce, suitable storage spaces, and enhanced coordinated administrative tiers within health facilities at different levels to ensure the year-round availability of essential medicines in these settings.

Silver Cluster Assembled Materials: A Model-Driven Perspective on Recent Progress, with a Spotlight on Ag12 Cluster Assembly.

The exploration of individual nanoclusters is rapidly advancing, despite stability concerns. To address this challenge, the assembly of cluster nodes through linker molecules has been successfully implemented. However, the linking of the cluster nodes itself introduces a multitude of possibilities, especially when additional factors come into play. While this method proves effective in enhancing material stability, the specific reasons behind its success remain elusive. In our laboratory, we have undertaken extensive studies on Ag cluster-assembled materials. So, here our goal is to establish a model system that allows for the discernment of various factors, eliminating unnecessary complexities during the linking approach. So, we hope that the systematic discourse presented in here will contribute significantly to future endeavors, helping to set clear priorities, and provide solutions to concerns that arise when working with a model system.

Evaluation of the “nickel effect” in sulfide stress cracking of low alloy steels

The “nickel effect” refers to the cause of the 1 wt %Ni maximum limit in low alloy steels for the oil and gas production industry to avoid sulfide stress cracking (SSC). The Ni restriction dates to the first edition of the NACE MR 0175/ISO 15156 standard in 1975 and the specific reasons for that limitation remain disputed. This work evaluates the nickel effect with electrochemical tests in the presence and absence of tensile loads at anodic and cathodic potentials and at the open circuit potential (OCP). Thiosulfate was used as a satisfactory alternative to H2S bubbling. The effect of nickel on hydrogen transport and trapping was analyzed with gaseous hydrogen permeation tests. A strong influence of Ni, even at Ni contents below 1 wt%, on SSC initiation at OCP due to trench formation was observed. Compared to other common alloying elements, Ni had a modest role in hydrogen trapping.

Genealogy of the Prophet: Reassessing Ibn Saʿd’s Qur’ānic Reference in Sīra Nabawiyya

Genealogy plays a crucial role in historiography. An account of genealogy serves as an instrument to legalize kinship in the Arab tribal world. One of the most important aspects in understanding the history of Prophet Muḥammad’s life (the Sīra Nabawiyya) is his genealogy. It is not an exaggeration to say that almost all the biographies of Muḥammad commence their discussion by introducing his lineage, including Ibn Sa’d, one of the prominent figures in Islamic historiography. The present study seeks to explore Ibn Saʿd’s hermeneutical response to and understanding of Qur’ānic reference to the Prophet’s genealogy. It will also analyse for what specific reasons these understandings were developed in its socio-religious contexts. The study is qualitative in nature and is one in which the researcher will employ both descriptive and source-critical approaches. The study in its findings argues for the appropriateness of using 26:219 as reference to the Prophet’s genealogy. Its analysis proposes that it was the influence of his master that leads Ibn Sa’d to invent the connection between the Prophet’s genealogy and the Qur’ān. Furthermore, his approach to ‘Qur’ānise’ the nature of the narrative appears to be another reason that influence Ibn Saʿd to create such connection.

Exploring Indonesian senior high school teachers’ perceptions of first language use in teaching English

This study aims to investigate Indonesian senior high school teachers’ perceptions of using the first language (L1) when teaching English because Indonesian teachers tend to have negative perceptions toward the application of the L1, while the L1 is needed in a situation where Indonesian students have limited skills in English. The semi-structured interview was applied to collect data, while thematic analysis was used to analyse it. The result showed that the teachers have three different positions in perceiving the use of the L1: the virtual position, maximal, and optimal positions. Although they have different perceptions toward the application of the L1, a major insight can be concluded about the limited use of the L1 for specific reasons, such as considering teachers’ and students’ English abilities, learners’ needs, and the type and the difficulty of the given task or assignment. The L1 can be functioned as scaffolding in three aspects: when teaching grammar, vocabulary, and when giving instructions. Teachers may consider this study’s results as the information to use the L1 in classrooms. This may also be beneficial for Indonesian educational stakeholders and the government to specifically define what type of scaffolding that teachers can use the L1 to teach English.

Sophisticated News Outlets: Comparing The New York Times and Global Daily on the Framing and Diffusion of Attitude

Today, news media have become essential to everyday life, offering the public more information on political events. However, people who read different media outlets often hold different opinions on the same event. It is intriguing to think about how people are affected to hold the attitudes intentially directed by the news outlets and to figure out some specific reasons behind. There are lots of communication techniques used by the news outlets in journalism in order to shape their readers ideas, and framing is one of the common methods. Framing refers to the ways in which how an issue is characterized in news can influence how the audience understand it. This paper argues that news outlets strategically use framing to shape the orientations and opinions of their readers, by comparing the coverage of the Wagner Mutiny by two news agencies, Global Daily and The New York Times. This paper proceeds with, first, a summary of how the two news outlets reported the Wagner Mutiny, focusing on their different attitudes. Second, the paper provides a potential explanation of these differences by identifying the framing mechanisms that induces the readers thoughts in each news outlet.

When Yiddish Was Written in Latin Letters

Abstract Although Yiddish was traditionally written in Hebrew letters, texts in this language were also recorded using Latin characters in various circumstances, times, and places. These texts offer valuable information regarding pronunciation traditions and shed light on the processes of cultural history and sociolinguistics that acted as catalysts to their preparation. Various studies have discussed this phenomenon, yet they usually focus on one specific reason for using the Latin alphabet, such as ideological Romanization or linguistic adequacy. The following article offers for the first time a descriptive survey of the entire corpus, from the Early Modern Era to the present day. Paying close attention to the orthography used and the variety recorded, this article discerns within the studied corpus distinct categories reflecting the religious, linguistic, and ideological backgrounds of the texts’ authors and intended readers as well as technical factors pertaining to print. It also highlights the crucial role of the Hebrew alphabet in Yiddish culture.

“I just cannot take medication for the rest of my life”: Non adherence Towards Diabetes Treatment

Diabetes is a rapidly growing health challenge and potential epidemic across the low-and-middle-income countries. In primary health care settings, the management of diabetes is mainly by providing hypoglycemic drugs and lifestyle change. The level of adherence and compliance to the therapy is a critical element in glycaemic control. In developed countries, adherence to long-term therapies in the general population is around 50% and is much lower in developing countries. A specific trend of non compliance and non adherence towards medication was seen in patients coming to a rural primary health care facility in India. Several beliefs regarding non adherence were identified in such patients which are - Beliefs about chronic diseases in general, beliefs about long term drug intake, behavior towards diabetes medication, peers observations and switching between different treatments. There is a need to identify specific reasons for non compliance and/or non adherence so that more focused behavioral change strategies can be made for patients of chronic diseases.

E057 International survey to evaluate current options and user needs for subcutaneous injection of methotrexate to inform development of a new injection device

Abstract Background/Aims Prefilled syringes (PFS) and various types of pens are available for subcutaneous injection of methotrexate (MTX) in patients with rheumatoid arthritis or moderate to severe psoriasis. To assess the needs of users and the relevance of features of a new MTX autoinjector succeeding the metoject®/metex® PEN, an international online survey was performed. Methods A structured questionnaire was distributed to physicians, nurses and patients in Germany, France, and the United Kingdom. Participants received illustrations of the three MTX devices currently available on the market and were informed about the new MTX autoinjector. Results In total, 189 rheumatologists, 111 dermatologists, 90 nurses, and 180 patients answered the questions. Specific reasons for a preference for the use of MTX pens over PFS could predominantly be assigned to the categories “dosing/administration” and “ease of use”. 82% of physicians, 87% of nurses, and 76% of patients stated a positive first impression of the new button-free MTX autoinjector, respectively. The features rated most relevant by the user groups were a) 2-step autoinjector mechanism (receiving a mean 14.1 to 18.1 points of a total of 100 points), b) small injection volume (9.7 to 11.7 points), c) short injection time below 5 seconds (8.5 to 11.1 points), and d) 10 different doses for dose flexibility (8.0 to 13.2 points). Conclusion Autoinjectors for MTX appear to be preferred over PFS in this international survey. In addition, important features of MTX autoinjectors for patients and healthcare professionals were identified including the autoinjector mechanism, volume of injection and injection time. Disclosure U. Müller-Ladner: Consultancies; U.M.-L. was advisor to medac GmbH. Member of speakers’ bureau; U.M.-L. was speaker to medac GmbH. C. Edwards: Member of speakers’ bureau; C.J.E. has been a speaker for medac. A. Erkens: Other; A.E. has performed strategic market research for medac GmbH.

SAFETY AND INNOVATION. CONTRADICTIONS IN THE IMPLEMENTATION OF INNOVATIONS

Problem statement. Innovative development of the economy is rightfully considered one of the most important strategic tasks for Ukraine on the path to ensuring national security and the safety of citizens' livelihoods. The current state of affairs in the implementation of innovations indicates that without creating special conditions for innovative activities in the country, we risk transforming from an industrial nation into a raw material and food base for developed countries around the world. This article explores the components of the effect achieved through the application of repair and restoration technologies, which enable the restoration of essential operational characteristics of machinery and equipment without disrupting the technological and production processes. |The purpose of the article. It analyzes the specific reasons behind the low receptiveness to innovations in our country, using the example of implementing such technologies. The article proposes solutions to address the challenges of innovation adoption based on the utilization of hardware control of machinery and equipment's performance, updating the regulatory framework, optimizing the management and remuneration system in enterprises. Conclusion. For the first time, a terminological apparatus of energy-resource service for objects of the technosphere is proposed. The conceptual principles of investment and innovation legislation are proposed for the first time. The essence of domestic innovative 'Technology of Disassembly Engineering of Friction Surfaces' is disclosed. The main contradictions in the implementation of innovative technologies in Ukraine are revealed. Ways to solve problems in the implementation of innovations based on the use of hardware control of the performance of machines and mechanisms, updating the regulatory framework, optimizing the management and payment systems for labor at enterprises are proposed. The suggested solutions can be valuable for strengthening the foundation of national industrial safety and economic independence in Ukraine, as well as for stimulating labor efficiency in the real sector of the economy.

Explainable prediction of node labels in multilayer networks: a case study of turnover prediction in organizations.

In real-world classification problems, it is important to build accurate prediction models and provide information that can improve decision-making. Decision-support tools are often based on network models, and this article uses information encoded by social networks to solve the problem of employer turnover. However, understanding the factors behind black-box prediction models can be challenging. Our question was about the predictability of employee turnover, given information from the multilayer network that describes collaborations and perceptions that assess the performance of organizations that indicate the success of cooperation. Our goal was to develop an accurate prediction procedure, preserve the interpretability of the classification, and capture the wide variety of specific reasons that explain positive cases. After a feature engineering, we identified variables with the best predictive power using decision trees and ranked them based on their added value considering their frequent co-occurrence. We applied the Random Forest using the SMOTE balancing technique for prediction. We calculated the SHAP values to identify the variables that contribute the most to individual predictions. As a last step, we clustered the sample based on SHAP values to fine-tune the explanations for quitting due to different background factors.

Exploring experiences with alcohol and how drinking has changed over time among minority ethnic groups with a diagnosed mental health problem

IntroductionMinority ethnic groups are more likely to experience poor mental health but less likely to seek formal support. Mental health problems and alcohol use (including non-drinking) co-occur, the reasons for this among minority ethnic groups are not well understood. This study explored i) alcohol use among minority ethnic individuals with a mental health problem,ii) how alcohol was used before individuals received support for their mental health,iii) how alcohol changed whilst and after individuals received treatment for their mental health. MethodsParticipants were purposively sampled through community/online mental health organisations. Participants took part if they i)were not White British, ii) had a mental health diagnosis, iii) drank at hazardous and above levels or former drinkers. Telephone/online semi-structured interviews were conducted. Data were analysed using framework analysis with an intersectional lens. Results25 participants took part. Four themes were developed; “drinking motivations”, “mental health literacy and implications on drinking behaviour”, “cultural expectations and its influence on mental health problems and drinking practices”, and “reasons for changes in drinking”. Themes reflect reasons for drinking and the role of understanding the range of mental health problems and implicit cultural expectations. An intersectional lens indicated gendered, ethnic and religious nuances in experiences with alcohol and seeking support. Engaging with formal support prompted changes in drinking which were facilitated through wider support. ConclusionThere were specific reasons to cope among minority ethnic individuals who have a mental health problem. Applying an intersectional lens provided an insight into the role of cultural and gendered expectations on mental health and drinking practices. Mental health literacy and implicit cultural expectations within specific minority ethnic groups can affect both mental health and drinking practices. Healthcare professionals and wider community play an important role in prompting changes in drinking among minority ethnic groups who have a mental health problem.

Treatment Resistant Early-Onset Schizophrenia: A Tale of Two Siblings

IntroductionEarly-Onset Schizophrenia (EOS) is a rare and severe form of schizophrenia that begins in childhood and it is often associated with genetic risk factors, poorer prognosis, and increased treatment resistance compared to adult-onset schizophrenia (Hatzimanolis et al. Eur Psychiatry 2020;63(1):e44). This case report presents two siblings diagnosed with EOS and treated at the same inpatient clinic in different years.ObjectivesThe aim is offering a perspective on the clinical characteristics, genetic and enviromental implications, and treatment challenges of two siblings with EOS and seeking to enhance understanding of EOS’s complexity, particularly in the context of treatment resistance.MethodsA comprehensive retrospective review of the siblings’ all medical records was conducted, focusing on their psychiatric history, symptoms, treatment trials, and responses of treatment. Both cases’ current clinical situations were evaluated cross-sectionally.ResultsOlder sibling: 19 year-old male, was diagnosed with EOS following the onset of symptoms as social withdrawal, negativism and suspiciousness at the age of 14. He referred to the inpatient clinic with the cause of drug intake refusal. Risperidone treatment started but there was no significant response. Risperidone to olanzapine switch made and clinical remission observed. After his discharge, 4 more hospitalisations in 5 years needed due to low socioeconomic status, parental neglect and him having no insight and stopped taking his medications repeatedly. Several depot form antipsychotic injections started to prevent recurrent hospitalisation. Despite that he needed several hospitalisations to adult psychiatry inpatient clinics.Younger sibling: 14 year-old female, were diagnosed with EOS following the symptoms as auditory hallucinations, suspiciousness, disorganised speech and behaviours at the age of 13. She referred to the same inpatient clinic with suicidal risk after 2 years of his brother’s last hospital stay. She responded good to olanzapine treatment like her brother’s, during her first stay. After 2 weeks of her discharge, her psychotic symptoms started again with no specific reason. Second hospitalisation needed due to her homicidal and suicidal risk. Clozapine and aripipirazole treatment started and she discharged in partial remission. She is being followed in outpatient clinic, with low functioning.ConclusionsDespite trials of multiple antipsychotic medications and adjunctive treatments, both siblings demonstrated significant treatment resistance. These sibling cases underscore the complexity and challenges in managing EOS, particularly when it presents with treatment resistance. The shared familial environment and potential genetic factors demand further investigation to elucidate the pathogenesis of EOS and optimize therapeutic approaches.Disclosure of InterestNone Declared

Ayat dan Hadits Tentang Tujuan Pendidikan Islam

From the great attention that Islam gives to education, it can be understood that this religion has special goals and reasons related to this issue. Therefore, in this article we will explain the aim of the Islamic religion in encouraging its followers to pay attention to education. This approach will include quotations from verses that discuss the aims of education, with explanations that are not limited to just one book of commentary, but involve several books of commentary. In addition, several hadiths that are relevant to educational goals will be presented, to gain a comprehensive understanding of the goals of education in Islam. In the analysis, various opinions from Muslim scholars will be taken as a comparison and to increase insight in understanding the goals of Islamic education. Likewise, various views from modern Western educational figures will be used as a comparison in the study of educational goals from the perspective of the Al-Quran and Hadith.

부정한 목적으로 주거에 들어간 경우와 주거침입죄의 성부

Recently, the Supreme Court made an en banc decision that changes a previous precedent in regards to the crime of intrusion upon habitation. Based on the foregoing, en banc decision has been made consecutively. For the reason, interpretation over crime of intrusion upon habitation has become more complicated. Especially, change of precedent affects particularly how we should understand entry into another's habitation with unjustifiable purposes, habitant's intent and benefits and protections of laws. In terms of a theoretical discussion, establishment of the crime of intrusion upon habitation varies depending on how we understand contents of benefits and protections of laws while asserting it. In case of entering with a purpose of extramarital intercourse, for example, those who asserts residential rights have a different view of establishment of the crime of intrusion upon habitation, and the ones who assert de facto peace and tranquility or separation also look establishment of the crime of intrusion upon habitation differently. In addition to this, a variety of new assertions are being raised. At this point in time, the necessity to arrange crime of intrusion upon habitation의 theory of interpretation has been raised. To conclude, behavior constituting the crime of intrusion upon habitation is intrusion, so decision of intrusion that excludes habitant's intent is irrational. Interpretation of intrusion is subject to habitant's intent. Although de facto peace and tranquility is considered reasonable against crime of intrusion upon habitation in terms of benefits and protections of laws, each case has no big difference in separation. And crime of intrusion upon habitation is not established in case of entering a habitation with the consent of cohabitant. And it is also considered that crime of intrusion upon habitation is not established basically in case of entry by deception unless there are special reasons.