Specific Rank Research Articles

Nouveaux taxons et synonymies dans le groupe de Liptena opaca (Kirby, 1890) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Poritiinae)

New taxa and synonymies in the group of Liptena opaca (Kirby, 1890) (Lepidoptera, Lycaenidae, Poritiinae). A lectotype of Liptena opaca (Kirby, 1890) is designated, and the status of three of its subspecies are revised: ugandana Stempffer, Bennett & May, 1974, is raised to specific rank, centralis Stempffer, Bennett & May, 1974, is synonymized with L. opaca gabunica, and sankuru Stempffer, Bennett & May, 1974, becomes a subspecies of L. albomacula Hawker-Smith, 1933. Liptena ouesso Stempffer, Bennett & May, 1974, is synonymized with L. immaculata Grünberg, 1910. Six new species are described, four from Cameroon (L. arnouxi n. sp., L. laguerrei n. sp., L. mariae n. sp. and L. perconfusa n. sp.), one from eastern Nigeria (L. brophyi n. sp.), and one species (L. restricta n. sp.) as well as a new subspecies (L. immaculata orientis n. ssp.) from north-eastern Democratic Republic of the Congo.

Youngiahangii (Asteraceae, Crepidinae), a new species from Hubei, China.

Youngiahangii T.Deng, D.G.Zhang, Qun Liu & Z.M.Li, sp. nov., a new species of Asteraceae, is described and illustrated. It was collected in Wufeng County, Hubei Province, Eastern Central China. Youngiahangii is morphologically most similar to Y.rubida, but can be easily distinguished from the latter by capitula with 8–10 florets and the hairy leaf surface. Phylogenetic analyses, based on the internal transcribed spacers (ITS) and one chloroplast marker (rps16), showed that Y.hangii and Y.rubida were sister species with good support. The results of both phylogenetic analysis and the morphological data support the specific rank of Y.hangii.

Taxonomic notes on the New Zealand flora: lectotypification of fern and lycophyte type specimens previously identified as holotypes

ABSTRACT The electronic Flora of New Zealand – Ferns and Lycophytes includes 466 basionyms relevant to the New Zealand flora. These names are typified by 281 lectotypes, 4 neotypes, 1 conserved type, 4 names for which a designation has not been made, and 25 for which a type could not be located. The remaining 151 basionyms have been considered in initial editions of the Flora as having holotypes. However, 37 of these require lectotypification in order to comply with the International Code of Nomenclature for algae, fungi, and plants, as well as suggestions for “best practice”. This is either because the full extent of original material was not considered, or had not been located, or because specimens that had been cited by other authors as holotypes and isotypes are, in reality, often syntypes from which a lectotype must be chosen. 21 of these 37 lectotypes have been inadvertently designated by earlier authors, and a further 16 are designated here for the first time. Lectotypes are being chosen where possible for all names at specific and subspecific rank, for which no holotype was designated by the original author, in order to fix the application of the name concerned. Justification for the choice is provided in each case. This article is a contribution towards clarifying the taxonomic and nomenclatural status of New Zealand plants for the plant names database (Ngā Tipu Aotearoa) and the electronic Flora of New Zealand.

Studies of Bulbophyllum (Orchidaceae) in eastern Indochina Ⅳ. New species in the flora of Laos and Vietnam

The paper provides a short review of Bulbophyllum species recorded in Laos and Vietnam during the two last decades and continues the publication of results of our successive studies of the genus in this area. It presents data on two new species for science discovered in Laos (Bulbophyllum pachypodum) and Vietnam (B. neglectipetalum), one lesser known species for the flora of Laos (B. microtepalum), two new records for the flora of Vietnam (B. echinulus, B. setilabium), and new illustrated data on B. secundum insufficiently known in the flora of Vietnam. Bulbophyllum fascinator earlier accepted in specific rank reduced into the synonymy of B. putidum on the base of studies of newly obtained materials. Taking into consideration the new data presented in this paper, the flora of Laos presently includes 85, and flora of Vietnam 151 Bulbophyllum species, excluding Monomeria, Trias, and Sunipia. It is the largest genus in the orchid floras of both countries.

Taxonomic notes on rattan-inhabiting ants of the genus Camponotus (Hymenoptera: Formicidae)

Camponotus megalonyx Wheeler, 1919 is an ant species nesting in rattan and represents the single member of the subgenus Myrmopalpella Stärcke, 1934. Camponotus (Tanaemyrmex) dracocephalus Stitz, 1938, syn. nov., described from a queen with a strangely shaped head is synonymised with C. mega­lonyx, based on the comparison of a queen from Sabah (Borneo), associated with a worker of C. megalonyx, with the images of the holotype of C. dracocephalus. Comparison of the type of C. dracocephalus with queens of other species from the subgenus Tanaemyrmex Ashmead, 1905 clearly confirms that this species should be excluded from the subgenus. Relationship of the species of the subgenus Myrmoplatys Forel, 1916, also inhabitants of rattans, with C. (Myrmopalpella) megalonyx is briefly discussed. Based on a number of characters of the worker and queen, C. (Myrmoplatys) korthalsiae concilians Forel, 1915 is upgraded to specific rank. An illustrated redescription of C. concilians stat. promotus is given.

Cytogenetic Investigations in Bornean Rhinolophoidea Revealed Cryptic Diversity in Rhinolophus sedulus Entailing Classification of Peninsular Malaysia Specimens as a New Species

Classical and molecular cytogenetic methods were applied to study the karyotypes of one species of Hipposideridae and three taxa of the Rhinolophidae subgenus Aquias from Malaysian Borneo. Except for four chromosomal pairs with autapomorphic arm combinations, the karyotype of Coelops robinsoni was found to be similar to the closely related Aselliscus stoliczkanus. From the three Rhinolophus taxa studied, only R. trifoliatus was found to share the karyotype with conspecifics from Peninsular Malaysia. In contrast, the karyotype of R. luctus foetidus from Sarawak, Borneo differed in the composition of the Y-autosomal translocation products from the closely related R. morio from Peninsular Malaysia, formerly also a subspecies of R. luctus. Therefore, elevation to specific rank is suggested for R. l. foetidus. Examination of the chromosomal set of male R. sedulus specimens from Borneo with 2n = 45 and a Neo-X1X2Y sex chromosome system revealed extreme differences to the karyotype of specimens from Peninsular Malaysia with 2n = 28, to date also classified as R. sedulus. Therefore, with Sarawak, Borneo, as the type locality for R. sedulus, the taxon from Peninsular Malaysia is here described as a new species.

Angels and Angelology: The Ministering Spirits and Elect ‘sons of God’

Jesus Christ is central to Christianity as God and Saviour and He taught concerning the existence of angels, so as Orthodox Christians we ought to embrace the belief in angels. This article approaches the themes from a mainly Orthodox perspective and contends that angels are important, not only as part of a prescriptive Biblical world-view, but also as creatures serving God. Angelology or the study of angels such as this one, is part of systematic theology and is a key category of theology in Orthodoxy and Catholicism. It is metaphysical in that it studies being and all reality in the physical and spiritual realms. Angels as God’s agents, are considered from a biblical vantage point and the teachings of early Church Fathers who believed that God fashioned the angels long before He created the observable world. It is clear from Holy Scripture that angels protect people under the authority of the creator. Angels are non-corporeal despite manifesting at times in human form. They are messengers and ambassadors of the Most High. Their core function is to devote their existence to doing God’s will and they are assigned various missions on earth. They play a crucial role in reconciling fallen humanity with God as they praise Him and call on people to worship and adore Him. Angels are ordered in specific ranks in which diverse roles are played by them. As Orthodox adherents we believe they have been with us since the very creation and have helped to guide the Church as the ‘Bride of Christ’ who is its head. Angels will play an essential role when Christ returns at the Second Coming. People can be elevated above angels by responding to God’s saving work and may even get to judge angels. There are also fallen angels, headed by Lucifer, thus they are not infallible. Either way, angels form part of a significant component of divine revelation and should never be ignored. Angels should not be worshipped but rather venerated for their excellence as ministering spirits and servants of the Most High. According to Orthodoxy, human beings in the Christian faith need to make the Holy Bible, Holy Tradition and teachings of the early Church Fathers, their authority on all matters of spirituality and seek the support of the Paraclete. In African traditional cosmology (ATC) there is a shared spiritual belief in ancestors, which is also worth briefly touching on. A study such as this then serves to widen our understanding of God, and how He operates in His Creation.

High genetic divergence but low morphological differences in a keelback snake Rhabdophis subminiatus (Reptilia, Colubridae)

Integrative taxonomy based on multiple data sets plays an important role in species classification, especially in the case of cryptic species. Rhabdophis subminiatus is a colubrid snake with broadly geographical distribution, and two subspecies (Rhabdophis subminiatus subminiatus and Rhabdophis subminiatus helleri) are currently recognized within this species. Based on external morphological comparison, mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA)-based phylogeny, single-nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-based phylogeny, and population structure analysis, we explored the intraspecific taxonomy of R. subminiatus. Phylogenetic analysis based on mtDNA and SNPs consistently uncovered two highly supported lineages separated by a large genetic distance, with SNP-based principal component analysis (PCA) and population structure analysis displaying similar results. Despite the fact that PCA based on morphological data did not show population differentiation, unlike the molecular data, we suggest that R. s. helleri should be elevated to the specific rank as Rhabdophis helleri based on all lines of evidence. The distributional boundary between the two species R. helleri and R. subminiatus is tentatively proposed. 结合多种类型数据的整合分类对物种的分类, 尤其是具有隐含物种的复合物种分类具有重要的作用。红脖颈槽蛇(Rhabdophis subminiatus)是一种具有广泛地理分布的游蛇, 目前一般认为具有两个亚种: 指名亚种(R.s. subminiatus)和北方亚种 (R. s. helleri)。基于外部形态比较、分子 (线粒体基因和SNP) 系统关系重建和种群结构分析, 本文探讨了红脖颈槽蛇的种下分类。线粒体片段和SNP数据的系统进化关系一致揭示该种存在遗传分化较大的两个种群。SNP数据的基本组成成分分析 (PCA) 和种群结构分析呈现出相似的结果。尽管形态比较未发现该种存在显著地理分化, 基于分子数据分析结果,我们认为红脖颈槽蛇北方亚种R. s. helleri应该提升为种级, 成为北方颈槽蛇 (R. helleri) 。本文对红脖颈槽蛇和北方颈槽蛇的分布范围进行了初步划定。 Figure S1. Principal component analysis of external morphological characters of Rhabdophis subminiatus. Table S1. Oligonucleotide primers used for amplification and sequencing of cytochrome b (Cyt b) and NADH submit (ND4). Table S2. Measured specimen information of Rhabdophis subminiatus. Table S3. A list of morphological characters recorded and their abbreviation. Table S4. Average sequence divergence (mean uncorrected p-distances, %) between three lineages of Rhabdophis subminiatus defined by the mitochondrial DNA phylogeny. Table S5. Results of characters screening for significant differences between the sexes in Rhabdophis subminiatus. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.

TAXONOMIC REVISION OF MENTZELIA SECTION BICUSPIDARIA (LOASACEAE) IN MEXICO

Results from molecular phylogenetic analyses have indicated that the two southernmost species in Mentzelia section Bicuspidaria, M. hirsutissima sensu lato and M. involucrata, form a clade in which M. hirsutissima is paraphyletic with respect to M. involucrata. Here we elevate M. hirsutissima S.Watson var. nesiotes I.M.Johnst. to specific rank, recognizing it as M. nesiotes (I.M.Johnst.) Brokaw & J.J.Schenk, thus rendering all three taxa monophyletic. Mentzelia nesiotes is allopatric relative to M. involucrata and M. hirsutissima sensu stricto, with all known populations of M. nesiotes occurring in northern Baja California Sur and nearby Pacific islands. Multivariate analyses of morphological differences determined that M. nesiotes and M. hirsutissima are best distinguished by capsule length, calyx length, and leaf intersinus width. Estimation of climate niches with MaxEnt inferred that M. nesiotes and M. hirsutissima showed minimal overlap in climate tolerances, with M. nesiotes inhabiting the Vizcaíno fog desert west of the Peninsular Ranges and M. hirsutissima inhabiting areas further north with higher precipitation and temperature fluctuations primarily east of the Peninsular Ranges. We provide updated circumscriptions of all three species, reduce M. hirsutissima var. stenophylla and M. involucrata var. megalantha to synonymy with their respective species, and designate the lectotype of M. hirsutissima.

Taxonomic revision of Corynotheca (Hemerocallidaceae / Asphodelaceae)

The genus Corynotheca F.Muell. ex Benth. is revised and Corynotheca borealis R.L.Barrett, Keighery & T.Macfarlane is described as a new species from the east Kimberley region of Western Australia and the adjacent Northern Territory. Corynotheca dichotoma (F.Muell.) F.Muell. ex Benth. is reinstated for a species growing on yellow sands in the Mid west of Western Australia. The taxonomic and geographic limits of varieties of C. micrantha (Lindl.) Druce are reconsidered and all are recognised at specific rank. Four new combinations are made: Corynotheca divaricata (R.J.F.Hend.) R.L.Barrett & T.Macfarlane, Corynotheca elongata (R.J.F.Hend.) R.L.Barrett & T.Macfarlane, Corynotheca gracilis (R.J.F.Hend.) R.L.Barrett & T.Macfarlane and Corynotheca panda (R.J.F.Hend.) R.L.Barrett & T.Macfarlane. All are illustrated and a revised key to the thirteen species of Corynotheca recognised is provided.

<strong>Nomenclatural notes on Fabaceae described from Sicily</strong>

A note about some taxa in Anthyllis and Trifolium (Fabaceae) described from Sicily is presented. Concerning Trifolium, we provide the lectotypification of the name T. pratense var. semipurpureum (≡ T. pratense subsp. semipurpureum), using a specimen preserved at PAL (Todaro’s collection). Concerning the Lojacono-Pojero’s name Vulneraria heterophylla var. parvula, it is lectotypified by a specimen at G. A neotype at NAP is proposed for the Gussone’s name Vulneraria heterophylla var. albiflora. As this latter name is applied to a taxon accepted here at specific rank, a new combination is validated. On the contrary, A. heterophylla var. parvula is considered as a new heterotypic synonym of Anthyllis vulneraria var. rubriflora. Finally, this latter is typified by a specimen deposited at TO.

<strong>Novelties in Malagasy <em>Euphorbia</em> (Euphorbiaceae)</strong>

In this paper we clarify the identity and natural distribution of Euphorbia milii by defining an epitype for it, and elevate to specific rank infraspecific names published under E. milii and provide detailed synonymy for taxa reinstated at the specific rank such as Euphorbia splendens, Euphorbia bevilaniensis, Euphorbia hislopii. We publish novelties such as E. cylindroclada, Euphorbia imperatae (including Euphorbia milii forma lutea), Euphorbia pachyspina, Euphorbia tananarivae, and Euphorbia werneri.We also investigate the taxonomy and nomenclature of other Malagasy succulent Euphorbia and identify new synonyms for Euphorbia beharensis, Euphorbia berevoensis, Euphorbia delphinensis, Euphorbia mangokyensis, Euphorbia paulianii, and Euphorbia bosseri. We publish at a new rank E. begardii (basionym E. primulifolia var. begardii), E. crassicaulis (basionym E. francoisii var. crassicaulis, with a new synonym E. decaryi var. crassicaulis), and Euphorbia hardyi (basionym E. platyclada var. hardyi). We also clarify the typification of E. isalensis. lectotypify Euphorbia leandriana and, clarify its circumscription, with E. horombensis as a new synonym of this name.

On a problem of transport routing for urban transport networks

The work of the transport routing control system is considered, a review of theoretical routing for information networks is carried out. A description of algorithms for finding the shortest paths on graphs is given. The concept of vehicle routing control for urban networks is presented. It is shown that the urban transport network can be represented in the form of a graph and the theory and methods on routing in information networks can be transferred to transport networks. Splitting the transport routing control problem into two parts: static and dynamic. The management of the routing of transport in the city’s transport fences is even more similar to the routing of computer traffic in the information fences. The main points of view are in that, in the first place in the quality of the package, the transport service is visible, as well as to understand the rules of the road collapse, how to surround the oversupplied packages. At the same hour, the transport routing is organized, everything will be stored in the most common problems of the best way between two universities. If an adaptive routing control algorithm is developed for centralization, since it allows the reduction of expenses, there is no need to equip the add-on reception-transmission with processors of great effort. It is also necessary to provide a connection when exchanging information from an attachment to receive-transmissions and from a central server. However, the speed of the vehicle is less than the widening of the electronic signal, so it is possible to eliminate the inappropriateness by placing the attachments of the reception-transmission in a specific rank. If we consider the urban transport network in the form of a graph, then there is a problem associated with the large size of the system. The computational task can be facilitated by dividing the city network into smaller segments connected by single nodes. That is, such nodes that can not be a minute when moving from one point of the city to another. With such a breakdown, the shortest paths will not change, because the principle of optimality will work here.

МУНДИР ГОРНОГО ИНЖЕНЕРА ИЗ ЗАХОРОНЕНИЯ БЫВШЕГО НАГОРНОГО КЛАДБИЩА Г. БАРНАУЛА

The study of materials obtained during emergency work on the territory of the former Nagorny cemetery in Barnaul in 2015-2016 continues. This article attempts to determine the rank of the official whose burial was discovered in the autumn of 2015. The identification is carried out by the uniform of dark blue cloth preserved on the remains of the official with full gold embroidery on the collar and cuffs, indicating that he belongs to the Mining Department and general rank. The work is complicated by the incomplete preservation of the uniform and numerous changes in the uniform of the officials of the Mining Department throughout the 19th century. In the future, when determining the specific rank and time of existence of a uniform of this cut, it is possible to establish a fairly reliable identity. The number of employees of this rank in Barnaul was insignificant. The record of the official’s death was to be preserved in the metrical registers of one of the city’s most important churches. Keywords: Barnaul, Nagorny cemetery, emergency work, study of finds, uniform of the mining department, departmental gold embroidery, establishment of the rank of the buried engineer

Long-Lasting Activity of ERK Kinase Depends on NFATc1 Induction and Is Involved in Cell Migration-Fusion in Murine Macrophages RAW264.7.

Macrophages are mononuclear cells that become osteoclasts (OCs) in the presence of two cytokines, macrophage colony-stimulating factor (M-CSF), and receptor activator of NF-κB ligand (RANKL). RANKL binding to its specific receptor RANK leads to OCs differentiation mainly by nuclear factor of activated T-cells cytoplasmic 1 (NFATc1). In our previous study, the analysis of the protein network in NFATc1-knockdown cells, using the Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), showed a link between NFATc1 and Mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (MEK)-extracellular receptor kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. Therefore, this study aimed to extend our knowledge of the relationship between NFATc1 and the ERK. Here, we demonstrate that delayed ERK1/2 phosphorylation in pre-OC RANKL-induced depends on NFATc1. Indeed, the knockdown of NFATc1 reduced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 (60%) and the pharmacological inhibition of the ERK1/2 kinase activity impairs the expression of NFATc1 without preventing its translocation into the nucleus. Furthermore, silencing of NFATc1 significantly reduced RANKL-induced migration (p < 0.01), and most pre-OCs are still mononuclear after 48 h (80 ± 5%), despite the presence of actin rings. On the other hand, the inhibitors FR180204 and PD98059 significantly reduced RANKL-induced cell migration (p < 0.01), leading to a reduction in the number of multinucleated cells. Finally, we suggest that long-lasting ERK activity depends on NFATc1 induction and is likely linked to cell migration, fusion, and OC differentiation.

The case of &lt;em&gt;Holopyga gogorzae&lt;/em&gt; Trautmann, 1926 and revision of the &lt;em&gt;H. miranda&lt;/em&gt; group (Hymenoptera, Chrysididae)

The species treated as Holopyga gogorzae Trautmann, 1926 by Linsenmaier (1959) and subsequent authors was found to be misidentified. The first available name for this West Mediterranean species, thus the valid one, is Holopyga calida Linsenmaier, 1951, herewith raised to specific rank. Surprisingly enough, the true H. gogorzae Trautmann, whose female is still unknown, does not belong to the H. miranda group; it conversely belongs to the H. fervida group, and is most closely related to H. rubra Linsenmaier, 1999 according to genital capsule and tarsal claws. A key to the species of the H. miranda group, and relevant illustrations, are here provided. During this study, Hedychridium planatum Bischoff, 1910 and H. planatum var. auratum Bischoff, 1910 both proved Holopyga, not Hedychridium, most likely synonyms of H. fervida (Fabricius, 1781). The name Holopyga amoenula group is here proposed to replace the name Holopyga gloriosa group given by Linsenmaier (1959), because the name gloriosa Fabricius, 1793 has been suppressed by the ICZN - International Commission on Zoological Nomenclature (1998) and is therefore invalid.

Construction of quantum states with special properties by projection methods

We use projection methods to construct (global) quantum states with prescribed reduced (marginal) states, and possibly with some special properties such as having specific eigenvalues, having specific rank and extreme von Neumann or Renyi entropy. Using convex analysis, optimization techniques on matrix manifolds, we obtain algorithms to solve the problem. MATLAB programs are written based on these algorithms, and numerical examples are illustrated. The numerical results reveal new patterns leading to new insights and research problems on the topic.

&lt;p&gt;&lt;strong&gt;Advances towards the completion of the &lt;em&gt;Anthurium&lt;/em&gt; Flora of Central America (Araceae, Pothoideae): contribution of thirty-one new species from Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama&lt;/strong&gt;&lt;/p&gt;

In the present paper, we include the description of 31 new species from Guatemala, Costa Rica and Panama (including one from the Panama-Colombia border), which are distributed in eight sections. The sections represented and the number of species per section are as follows: Andiphilum (two), Belolonchium (five), Calomystrium (five), Cardiolonchium (eight), Decurrentia (one), Pachyneurium (eight), Polyneurium (one) and Tetraspermium (one). Additionally, three Central American taxa are now considered to be distinct at the species level and are here elevated to specific rank; Anthurium arcuatum, A. fogdeniorum, and A. copense. Notes on habitat, conservation status, taxonomy and morphology are provided for each species as well as illustrations.

What it takes to be at the top: The interrelationship between chronic social stress and social dominance.

IntroductionDominance hierarchies of social animal groups are very sensitive to stress. Stress experienced prior to social interactions between conspecifics may be a determinant of their future social dynamics. Additionally, long‐term occupancy of a specific hierarchical rank can have psychophysiological effects which increase vulnerability to future stressors.MethodsWe aimed to delineate differential effects of stress acting before or after hierarchy formation. We studied whether exposure to the chronic social defeat stress (CSDS) paradigm before a two‐week‐long hierarchy formation affected the attainment of a dominant status using the social confrontation tube test (TT). These animals were singly housed for at least one week before CSDS to decrease confounding effects of prior hierarchy experience. Additionally, we investigated whether social rank predicted vulnerability to CSDS, measured by a social interaction test.ResultsIn TT, mice termed as dominant (high rank) win the majority of social confrontations, while the subordinates (low rank) lose more often. Within newly established hierarchies of stress‐naïve mice, the subordinate, but not dominant, mice exhibited significantly greater avoidance of novel social targets. However, following exposure to CSDS, both lowest‐ and highest‐ranked mice exhibited susceptibility to stress as measured by decreased interactions with a novel social target. In contrast, after CSDS, both stress‐susceptible (socially avoidant) and stress‐resilient (social) mice were able to attain dominant ranks in newly established hierarchies.ConclusionThese results suggest that the response to CSDS did not determine social rank in new cohorts, but low‐status mice in newly established groups exhibited lower sociability to novel social targets. Interestingly, exposure of a hierarchical social group to chronic social stress led to stress susceptibility in both high‐ and low‐status mice as measured by social interaction.

Taxonomic notes on the New Zealand flora: lectotypes in Polypodiaceae and Blechnaceae

ABSTRACT Notogrammitis (Polypodiaceae) is a medium-sized genus of ferns in New Zealand with 11 indigenous species. Lectotypes are chosen here for the basionyms Asplenium angustifolium Jacq., Grammitis humilis Hombr. and G. rigida Hombr., but no type material has been found for Grammitis australis var. alpina S.Jones or G. australis var. villosa Hook.f., and the types for these names remain undesignated. In Blechnum, a lectotype is designated for Lomaria colensoi Hook.f. and a second-step lectotypification made for Stegania fluviatilis R.Br. Lectotypes are being chosen where possible for all names at specific and subspecific rank, for which no holotype was designated by the original author, in order to fix the application of the name concerned. Justification for the choice is provided in each case. This article is a contribution towards clarifying the taxonomic and nomenclatural status of New Zealand plants for the plant names database (Ngā Tipu Aotearoa) and the electronic Flora of New Zealand.