Specific Race Research Articles

Normative Data for the 12-Item Sniffin' Sticks Odor Identification Test in Older Adults.

Quantitative olfactory assessment has demonstrated clinical utility for the evaluation of a range of neurologic, psychiatric, and sinonasal conditions. Here, we provide age, sex, race, and education-specific normative data for the 12-item Sniffin Sticks Odor Identification Test (SSOIT-12) in older Black and White U.S. adults without preclinical or clinical dementia or sinonasal disease. A sample of 2,224 Atherosclerosis Risk in Communities study participants aged 66-89years were included. A normative regression equation was developed using a linear model for the association of age, sex, race, and education with odor identification score. Regression-based normative mean scores and percentiles were generated by age, sex, race, and education groups. Participants (mean age = 74years, 59% women, 20% Black, 48% > high school education) had a mean SSOIT-12 score of 9.8. Age, sex, race, and education were all associated with odor identification performance (all ps < .05). A linear regression model for the predicted SSOIT-12 score was developed for use with an individual's actual SSOIT-12 score in order to calculate the Z-score and corresponding percentile for a specific age, sex, race, and education group. Data are also reported in tabular format. Our study provides SSOIT-12 normative data obtained from a large population of White and Black older adults without preclinical or clinical dementia or sinonasal disease living in the USA. These findings can aid clinicians in assessing the degree of olfactory loss, establishing concordance with a person's perception of olfactory difficulties and quantitatively monitoring changes in olfactory performance over time.

Assessing Students’ Perspective towards Language and Culture on a Multicultural Basis

Language is the expression and communication of ideas between human beings by means of speech and hearing the sounds spoken of heard among a given people over a period of time. Culture refers to the attainment and activities of any specific period, race, or people, including their implements, handicrafts, agriculture, economics, music, art, religious beliefs, traditions, language, and story. This study sought to assess the students’ perspective towards language and culture on a multicultural basis. It aimed to determine the perception of students towards language and culture on a multicultural basis. The study used the qualitative research design. The respondents of this study were the 188 grade 12 and 1st year college of education major in English students at the college of Education and Social Sciences of Mindanao State University at Naawan, Naawan Misamis Oriental, Philippines. A structured survey questionnaire composed of 6 questions was used and distributed accordingly. Letters of request to the participants and parents’ consent form were also considered in this study. This study used percentage to present the responses of the students. The result showed that Ninety-six percent of the students responded that like language, culture can be learned. Fifty-eight percent of them believe that too much use of technology can be a reason for people to forget and lose interest in their culture and adapt to some from other countries. Many of them affirmed the possibility of having one global culture. This study concluded that language and culture can be learned but there’s a possibility that culture can be lost and have one global culture due to technology.

Diet-Related Risk Factors for Cervical Cancer: Data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999–2018

Diverse dietary constituents, encompassing both macro- and micronutrient intakes, have established connections with various cancers, though their specific roles in cervical cancer remain unclear. This study explores dietary intake correlations among women aged 30 yrs and above diagnosed with cervical cancer (n = 215), contrasted with women without (n = 860). These populations were selected from the 1999–2018 cycle of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The research implemented the univariate analysis and the least absolute shrinkage and selection operator (LASSO) regression to estimate the association of 29 variables with cervical cancer, subsequently identifying the most pertinent variables linked to cervical cancer. Six covariates emerged as significantly associated with cervical cancer in univariate analyses (age, race, fiber, magnesium, caffeine, vitamin C) (p < 0.05). In LASSO regression, with the escalating penalty factor (λ), it was discerned that specific covariates, including age, race, fiber, and Vitamin C, consistently remained in the model. Univariate analysis and logistic LASSO regression findings suggested that diets deficient in fiber and vitamin C were related to cervical cancer.

How Much Is a Trump Endorsement Worth?

AbstractFormer president Trump made hundreds of candidate endorsements in the 2022 Republican primaries. The state of Georgia garnered outsized attention because it was ground zero for Trump’s false accusations of a stolen 2020 presidential election. Trump endorsed several candidates in Georgia’s May 2022 GOP primary contests, including candidates challenging Governor Brian Kemp and Secretary of State Brad Raffensperger, incumbents drawing Trump’s ire for upholding the 2020 outcome favoring Joe Biden. In a survey of likely Georgia GOP primary voters randomizing whether they are told which candidate Trump endorsed in five statewide races (governor, US Senate, lieutenant governor, secretary of state, and insurance commissioner), our analysis shows substantial variability in the influence of Trump’s endorsement. With scant prior information in low-profile contests (e.g., insurance commissioner), the Trump endorsement has a substantial impact, whereas it is rendered ineffectual in the most high-profile race for governor. Thus, the findings demonstrate the remarkable variability of a Trump endorsement, which is primarily contingent upon the salience of a specific race.

Use of a discussion provoking board game for revealing privilege

The article discusses the use of a board game, Reality Check: The Game of Privilege, as a tool to promote dialogue and understanding of privilege among medical students and faculty. The game was played in groups of 5–6 participants, and each player assumed the role of a character with specific socioeconomic, sexual orientation, race, and gender identity. Debriefing sessions and anonymous surveys were conducted after each play session, and the findings were reviewed to identify themes and refine future play sessions. The results of the study showed that the game was effective in promoting discussion and reflection on the impact of privilege and bias on healthcare. The debriefing sessions and feedback from participants highlighted the complexity of privilege and circumstance and its impact on patients' care. The study's authors suggest that the game can be used to create a more inclusive and equitable healthcare system that meets the needs of all patients by recognizing and understanding privilege.

Bridging the gap: FDA diversity-related postmarketing requirements.

e13608 Background: Historically, pre-market clinical trials have lacked enrollment of racial and ethnic minority patients that represent the population intended to be treated with the approved drug in the US. The Food and Drug Administration (FDA) has several programs and initiatives designed to enhance diversity in oncology clinical trials, such as the Oncology Center of Excellence’s (OCE) Project Equity, FDA Guidance documents, and submission of Diversity Plans from industry. Under the code of federal regulations and/or statute, the FDA can issue post-marketing requirements (PMR) to fulfill accelerated approval requirements for confirmatory studies; for assessing safety signals; or for conducting dedicated studies in pediatric patients. FDA may also issue post-marketing commitments (PMC) to generate additional clinical evidence. PMRs and PMCs have been used to obtain additional information on under-represented populations. The objectives of this analysis were to identify oncology PMRs/PMCs issued with a specific focus on racial and ethnic minority populations and examine the trend over the 10-year period. Methods: We searched FDA’s publicly available database of PMR/PMCs, inclusive of drugs and biologic products, and internal agency databases for PMR/PMCs issued between 2012-2022. The PMR/PMC search was further narrowed down by keywords to capture all PMRs/PMCs relevant to races and ethnicity. The PMRs/PMCs were then manually reviewed for duplication and applicability to malignant indications. Results: In a 10-year period, 34 PMR/PMCs focused on race and ethnicity were issued across 461 oncology approvals (initial marketing approvals = 164, new indications = 297). Twenty-two were issued with the initial marketing approval and 12 with supplemental efficacy approvals. All PMR/PMCs were issued in the last 3 years (2019-2022). PMCs accounted for 55.9% (n = 19) and PMRs 44.1% (n = 15). Nine of the 15 PMRs requesting additional information on underrepresented populations were included with the accelerated approval PMRs. Six of the 34 PMR/PMCs were issued to obtain additional PK or dosing information in the underrepresented population. The most common PMR/PMC indications issued were lymphoma (n = 13, 38.2%), multiple myeloma (n = 8, 23.5%), and non-small cell lung cancer (n = 4, 11.8%). Although PMR/PMCs that mentioned a specific race were limited, African American/Black (n = 8) and Asian (n = 1) were occasionally identified. All studies identified in this analysis are ongoing except for one, for which the product was withdrawn. Conclusions: Our analysis highlights the trend and increased emphasis on race and ethnicity in post approval oncology studies. While progress has been made to promote studies that are representative of the US population through these PMRs/PMCs, diversity plans, and FDA guidance over the course of the past 10 years, more efforts are needed to better enhance diversity in clinical trials moving forward.

Abstract 6741: Number of prescription drugs and overall survival in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer

Abstract Background: Assessment of comorbid diseases is essential to clinical research and may risk-stratify patients for adverse events and death. Total number of prescription medications and drug classes could be an easy-to-use tool for estimating patient risk independent of established methods such as the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) that is created from administrative data. Additionally, clinicians have access to prescription medication lists, facilitating assessment of comorbidities in clinical settings. Methods: Retrospective observational study of US Veterans treated for metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer in the Veterans Health Administration who received treatment with abiraterone or enzalutamide between May 2011-June 2, 2017. We determined number of unique drugs and anatomic therapeutic chemical (ATC) drug classes prescribed in the year prior up to 14 days before initiation of treatment. Multivariable logistic regression and Cox proportional hazard modeling was used to assess the association between number of drugs with all-cause 90-day mortality and overall survival (OS) while accounting for important covariates including age, CCI, body-mass index, prostate specific antigen, race, prior docetaxel, hemoglobin, albumin, bilirubin, and creatinine. Results: Among 11,021 Veterans, a median (IQR) of 11 (6,18) unique medications and 10 (5,15) unique ATC medication classes were filled in the year prior to treatment. The median age was 75 years with median CCI of 3 and 2,550 were black (23.1%). Increasing age was associated with increased CCI across age strata with mean CCI of 3.7 in age &amp;lt;70, 4.2 in age 70-79, and 4.3 in age 80+ (p&amp;lt;0.001). Increased age was associated with decreased number of unique medicines with mean 14.7 in age &amp;lt;70, 12.7 in age 70-79, and 11.2 in age 80+ (p&amp;lt;0.001). Black race was associated with increased mean number of medications compared to white race (15.5 vs. 12.0, p&amp;lt;0.001). After adjusting for relevant patient, tumor, and treatment factors, the number of medications and drug classes were each independently associated with increased 90-day mortality with adjusted OR (95% CI) of 1.021 (1.011,1.030) and 1.024 (1.012,1.036) respectively. Both number of medications and number of classes were also associated with decreased OS with adjusted Hazard Ratio of 1.015 (1.013,1.018) and 1.018 (1.014,1.021) respectively. Within subgroups of patients with comparable CCI, increased number of medications was associated with increased risk of death. Conclusion: The number of prescription medications and drug classes are independently associated with short- and long-term outcomes in patients undergoing treatment for metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer, even after accounting for important covariates including age and CCI. Assessment of patient medications may provide a simple, yet reliable tool to assess comorbidities, risk of adverse events, and death. Citation Format: Martin W. Schoen, Carley Pickett, Daniel B. Eaton, Brendan T. Heiden, Su-Hsin Chang, Yan Yan, Melanie P. Subramanian, Varun Puri. Number of prescription drugs and overall survival in metastatic castrate resistant prostate cancer [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2023; Part 1 (Regular and Invited Abstracts); 2023 Apr 14-19; Orlando, FL. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2023;83(7_Suppl):Abstract nr 6741.

Weight Loss Versus Glycemic Control as the Primary Treatment Target in Newly Diagnosed Type 2 Diabetes: Why Choose When You Can Have Both?

Weight loss has been associated with significant improvements in glycemic control, quality of life, and comorbidities in people with type 2 diabetes. Furthermore, achieving diabetes remission can reduce the risk of microvascular complications and mitigate the burden of diabetes on healthcare systems. However, preventing weight regain is challenging in the long term. Strict glycemic control, particularly in the early stages of the disease, can reduce the subsequent risk of microvascular complications and specific macrovascular endpoints in the long run; however, its impact on cardiovascular and all-cause mortality remains controversial. New classes of antidiabetic agents, namely glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, have been shown to reduce cardiorenal risk and induce weight loss, in addition to effectively lowering blood glucose with a minimal risk of hypoglycemia. Recently, it has been debated whether weight loss or glycemic control should be the first priority in people with a recent diagnosis of type 2 diabetes. This article aims to discuss the debate from a clinical perspective, evaluate the advantages and disadvantages of each therapeutic strategy, and assess the impact of both approaches on the future risk of diabetic complications, based on the latest evidence. Given that both goals are equally important, the authors suggest that merging the two strategies, with the early and aggressive use of combination therapies consisting of glucagon-like peptide 1 receptor agonists and sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors, will confer maximum benefits in terms of weight loss and glycemic control, and will reduce the future risk of complications from diabetes. A personalized approach that takes into account specific patient characteristics, including age, sex, race, frailty, and cognitive status, among others, can lead to more effective diabetes care.

Variety-Specific Flowering of Sugarcane Induced by the Smut Fungus Sporisorium scitamineum

Sugarcane smut is the most severe sugarcane disease in China. The typical symptom is the emerging of a long, black whip from the top of the plant cane. However, in 2018, for the first time we observed the floral structures of sugarcane infected by smut fungus in the planting fields of China. Such smut-associated inflorescence in sugarcane was generally curved and short, with small black whips emerging from glumes of a single floret on the cane stalk. Compatible haploid strains, named Ssf1-7 (MAT-1) and Ssf1-8 (MAT-2), isolated from teliospores that formed black whips in inflorescence of sugarcane were selected for sexual mating assay, ITS DNA sequencing analysis and pathogenicity assessment. The isolates Ssf1-7 and Ssf1-8 showed stronger sexual mating capability than the reported Sporisorium scitamineum strains Ss17 and Ss18. The ITS DNA sequence of the isolates Ssf1-7 and Ssf1-8 reached 100% similarity to the isolates of S. scitamineum strains available in GenBank. Inoculating Ssf1-7 + Ssf1-8 to six sugarcane varieties, i.e., GT42, GT44, GT49, GT55, LC05-136 and ROC22, resulted in different smut morphological modifications. The symptoms of floral structure only occurred in LC05-136, indicating that the flowering induction by S. scitamineum is variety-specific. Furthermore, six selected flowering-related genes were found to be differentially expressed in infected Ssf1-7 + Ssf1-8 LC05-13 plantlets compared to uninfected ones. It is concluded that the flowering induction by S. scitamineum depends on specific fungal race and sugarcane variety, suggesting a specific pathogen-host interaction and expression of some flowering-related genes.

Multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous identification of race specific and non-specific leaf resistance genes in wheat (Triticum aestivum L.)

Race-nonspecific resistance is a key to sustainable management of pathogens in bread wheat (Triticum aestivum L.) breeding. It is more durable compared to race-specific immunity, conferred by the major genes (R), which are often overcome by pathogens. The accumulation of the genes, which provide the resistance to a specific race of a pathogen, together with the introduction of race-non-specific resistance genes is the most effective strategy aimed at preventing the breakdown of genetically conditioned immunity. PCR markers improved the productivity and accuracy of classical plant breeding by means of marker-assisted selection (MAS). Multiplexing assays provide increased throughput, reduced reaction cost, and conservation of limited sample material, which are beneficial for breeding purposes. Here, we described the process of customizing multiplex PCR assay for the simultaneous identification of the major leaf rust resistance genes Lr19, Lr24, Lr26, and Lr38, as well as the slow rusting, race-nonspecific resistance genes: Lr34 and Lr68, in thirteen combinations. The adaptation of PCR markers for multiplex assays relied on: (1) selection of primers with an appropriate length; (2) selection of common annealing/extension temperature for given primers; and (3) PCR mixture modifications consisting of increased concentration of primers for the scanty band signals or decreased concentration of primers for the strong bands. These multiplex PCR protocols can be integrated into a marker-assisted selection of the leaf rust-resistant wheat genotypes.

Racism as a Social Determinant of Health for Newcomers towards Disrupting the Acculturation Process

Previous research has demonstrated that racism is a social determinant of health (SDOH), particularly for racialized minority newcomers residing in developed nations such as the United States, Canada, New Zealand, and European countries. This paper will focus on racism as a SDOH for racialized newcomers in these countries. Racism is defined as “an organized system of privilege and bias that systematically disadvantages a group of people perceived to belong to a specific race”. Racism can be cultural, institutional, or individual. Berry’s model of acculturation describes ways in which racialized newcomers respond to their post-migration experiences, resulting in one of several modes of acculturation; these are integration, assimilation, separation, and marginalization. After examining the definition and description of racism, we argue that racism impacts newcomers at the site of acculturation; specifically, the paths they choose, or are forced to take in response to their settlement experiences. We posit that these acculturation pathways are in part, strategies that refugees use to cope with post-displacement stress and trauma. To support acculturation, which is primarily dependent on reducing the effects of cultural, institutional, and individual racism, health policymakers and practitioners are urged to acknowledge racism as a SDOH and to work to reduce its impact.

1866. Burden of Death Associated with SARS-CoV-2 Infection during the Pandemic in Flint, Michigan (MI): Mortality Trends over the 2-year time period

Abstract Background Approximately 2.4 million cases of SARS-CoV-2 infection have been reported in MI, leading to 35,935 deaths. We aimed to study the mortality trends in patients with SARS-CoV-2 infection during the pandemic in Flint, MI. Methods Hurley Medical Center, is a 443-bed inner city teaching hospital in Flint, MI. We retrospectively collected basic demographics, treatment data, and outcomes on adults (≥ 18 years (yrs) of age) with confirmed SARS-CoV-2 infection, admitted and discharged from our facility from 03/2020 through 02/2022. The 2-year span was further divided into 6-time periods (Table 1). Results During the 2-year study period, the overall crude 90-day mortality rate was 16% (269/1668) and the In-hospital case fatality rate was 15% (244/1668). 90-day mortality was lowest in the time period 5 (Table 1). Men comprised 50% of the cohort and were 1.5 times more likely to die than women (p-value 0.001). African Americans comprised 51% and whites 44% of the cohort. A specific race was not associated with mortality (Table 2). Non-survivors tended to be older, mean age of 68 vs 57 yrs (p-value &amp;lt; .0001). See Table 3 for mean Body Mass Index (BMI). Hypertension (HTN) was the most common co-morbidity (61%), and was strongly associated with mortality (p-value &amp;lt; 0.005) (Table 4). During the study period, 12% of the cohort (207/1668) had received at least one dose of available COVID-19 vaccines (including single dose of Johnson and Johnson’s Jansen vaccine). 89% of non-survivors were unvaccinated (adjusted Odds ratio for mortality 1.61, 95% CI 1.03 - 2.53, p-value 0.038). Conclusion Despite substantial changes in supportive care and management, SARS-CoV-2 infection regardless of the circulating variants carried a significant mortality risk. Trend towards improving mortality can partly be attributed to better supportive care-treatments, and some background immunity from prior infection or vaccination. Immunization against COVID-19 is highly protective against severe disease. Vaccination coverage in this high-risk cohort was low, at only 12%. Vaccination coverage in Flint and surrounding areas remains low at less than 50% as reported by Genesee County health department. Public health efforts should be focused at overcoming the barriers to vaccine acceptance in this high-risk unique population. Disclosures All Authors: No reported disclosures.

Electronic Health Record Patient Portal Use in Radiotherapy Treated Patients in the Era of COVID-19; Who's Getting Left Behind?

Purpose/Objective(s)COVID-19 has accelerated the utility of electronic health record (EHR) patient portal (PP) as a method for patients to communicate with oncology teams and improve the quality of care. This study examines the relationship between several sociodemographic characteristics with activation and use of PP system at an academic center by patients who underwent radiotherapy (RT). Use of PP among patients for up-to-date information on their care and to enhance their ability to manage their healthcare are linked with more favorable outcomes and quality of life. With the rapid integration of PP in oncologic management, differences in sociodemographic could account for disparities seen in PP use highlighting patients that should be receiving targeted efforts.Materials/MethodsEHR data were retrospectively analyzed regarding PP activation and use in all patients who underwent RT between the start of COVID-19 (March 2020) until February 2022 at an academic center. Summary statistics and odds ratios were used to examine the study cohort demographic characteristics regarding the outcome of PP activation.ResultsThere was a 10.4% increase in RT treated patients’ activation of PP from 69.8% before the COVID-19 pandemic (November 2017-March 2020) to 80.2% after the start of the pandemic. Concurrently, telemedicine use (requiring PP activation) among patients increased from 0.8% pre-pandemic to 40.2%. During the study period of interest, PP activation rate was 84.3% among White patients, 67.8% in Black/African American, 76.5% in Asians; 82.9% activation rate in Hispanics compared to 76.2% in non-Hispanics. Non-Hispanic White female was the group most likely to activate PP (OR 2.2; 95% CI 1.7-2.8), whereas non-Hispanic Black male was the least likely (OR 0.5; 95% CI 0.3-0.7). English speakers were significantly more likely to activate their PP (OR 3.7; 95% CI 2.1-6.5) compared to non-English speakers (OR 0.3; 95% CI 0.1-0.5). The highest activated PP by age range was amongst 20-30 years old (89.6%). PP activation was slightly lower in ages 30-40 (80.7%), and then recovered to 85.9% in 40-50 years old, after which there was a gradual decrease each subsequent decade reaching a low of 75.8% in ≥ 80 years. Breast cancer had the highest activation rate (92.7%) followed by head and neck (84%), prostate (81.3%), and lung cancer (66.5%). Married or divorced patients in comparison to single or widowed were more likely to activate PP. There was no correlation with having activated PP with a “no show” status for RT treatment.ConclusionOverall, activation of PP has increased in RT treated patients since the start of the pandemic. There are disparities in respect to race, speaking English, sex, and age. At the time of this study, the PP system was only available in English. The lower rate of activation identified in specific sex, race and age should prompt exploration of creative opportunities to increase patient activation and engagement in populations facing health disparities.

Tomato Powdery Mildew Oidium Licopersicum C.M. in a Greenhouse

This article is about spread of tomato powdery mildew (Oidium lycopersicum Cooke et Massee), features, microscopy analysis of pathogen, damage degree. It informs about specific changes and new specialized race in the morphological features of pathogen. It informs about perspective biological and chemical preparations (Qamair, Alrin-B, Kvadris, Strobi, Bayleton, and Topaz) tested in disease control.

Nearly One-Fourth of Physicians in Large Academic Medical Center Experienced Mistreatment

Nearly One-Fourth of Physicians in Large Academic Medical Center Experienced Mistreatment

The Role of Social Determinants of Health in Moral Injury: Implications and Future Directions.

Purpose of ReviewExposure to potentially morally injurious events (PMIEs) and the development of moral injury have yet to be conceptualized as they relate to social determinants of health (SDoH).Recent Findings.In this paper, the extant literature on moral injury and SDoH is reviewed. Specific individual-level SDoH, including gender, sex, sexual orientation, race, and ethnicity, are explored relative to PMIEs and moral injury. The relationship among environmental SDoH, including childhood environment, justice involvement, and homelessness, is described.SummaryAssessment and treatment implications are discussed, and future research directions highlighting the need for additional work addressing health inequities in moral injury are presented.

Identification of Secreted Protein Gene-Based SNP Markers Associated with Virulence Phenotypes of Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici, the Wheat Stripe Rust Pathogen.

Stripe rust caused by Puccinia striiformis f. sp. tritici (Pst) is a destructive disease that occurs throughout the major wheat-growing regions of the world. This pathogen is highly variable due to the capacity of virulent races to undergo rapid changes in order to circumvent resistance in wheat cultivars and genotypes and to adapt to different environments. Intensive efforts have been made to study the genetics of wheat resistance to this disease; however, no known avirulence genes have been molecularly identified in Pst so far. To identify molecular markers for avirulence genes, a Pst panel of 157 selected isolates representing 126 races with diverse virulence spectra was genotyped using 209 secreted protein gene-based single nucleotide polymorphism (SP-SNP) markers via association analysis. Nineteen SP-SNP markers were identified for significant associations with 12 avirulence genes: AvYr1, AvYr6, AvYr7, AvYr9, AvYr10, AvYr24, AvYr27, AvYr32, AvYr43, AvYr44, AvYrSP, and AvYr76. Some SP-SNPs were associated with two or more avirulence genes. These results further confirmed that association analysis in combination with SP-SNP markers is a powerful tool for identifying markers for avirulence genes. This study provides genomic resources for further studies on the cloning of avirulence genes, understanding the mechanisms of host–pathogen interactions, and developing functional markers for tagging specific virulence genes and race groups.

Rare Cutaneous Malignancies in Skin of Color.

There is a scarcity of information regarding the clinical characteristics of rare cutaneous malignancies in skin of color that has yet to be comprehensively explored. To review and compile the racial differences in epidemiology, clinical presentation, histology, treatments, and outcomes of 3 rare skin cancers: dermatofibrosarcoma protuberans (DFSP), Merkel cell carcinoma (MCC), and sebaceous carcinoma (SC). Several searches with keywords denoting specific skin cancer type and race were conducted on PubMed to complete this narrative review. We analyzed 50 sources that were relevant to the initial objective. The literature demonstrates that there are nuances in DFSP, MCC, and SC unique to African Americans, Asians/Pacific Islanders, and Hispanics that may differ significantly from Caucasian counterparts. African Americans consistently suffer from the worst clinical outcomes in all 3 rare cutaneous malignancies reviewed. Greater physician awareness and knowledge of the discussed racial differences is the preliminary step to address these disparities.

A Short History of ‘Race’ in British Schools: A 75-Year Timeline

This graphic timeline reveals the story of Race in British schools as it unfolds from the 1950 post war period of post-colonial migration and settlement to the present-day aftermath of the 2020s Post-Covid Pandemic. Spanning 75 years, this unique mapping charts the changing social and political context of Race-relations which shaped the British educational response to Black and Brown children in hitherto White classrooms. Decade by decade from the 1950s onwards, the analysis examines how and why specific Race and Ethnic policy discourses evolved such as Multiculturalism in 1980s, Institutional Racism in 2000s and Decolonisation in 2015. It situates the deep national racial and religious fears that fueled controversial policies such as the bussing of Caribbean pupils and PREVENT aimed at the surveillance of Muslim communities’ post 9/11. Furthermore, it situates the historical roots of established approaches such as EDI (Equality Diversity and Inclusion) which we take for granted today. The article concludes by coming full circle exposing the entrenched intersectional Race and class inequalities which the Covid19 Pandemic has now laid bare in British schools.

Communicate hope to motivate the public during the COVID-19 pandemic

How should health authorities communicate to motivate the public to comply with health advice during a prolonged health crisis such as a pandemic? During the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic, for example, people have had to comply with successive restrictions as the world faced multiple races between controlling new waves of the virus and the development and implementation of vaccines. Here, we examine how health authorities and governments most effectively motivate the public by focusing on a specific race: between the Alpha variant and the implementation of the first generation of COVID-19 vaccinations in the winter of 2021. Following prior research on crisis communication, we focus on appeals to fear and hope using communicative aids in the form of visualizations based on epidemiological modelling. Using a population-based experiment conducted in United States (N = 3,022), we demonstrate that a hope-oriented visual communication aid, depicting the competing effects on the epidemic curve of (1) a more infectious variant and (2) vaccinations, motivates public action more effectively than a fear-oriented visual communication, focusing exclusively on the threat of the new variant. The importance of the implementation of such hope-oriented messages is further highlighted by cross-national representative surveys from eight countries (N = 3,995), which demonstrate that feelings of fear towards the Alpha variant alone were insufficient to activate strong compliance. Overall, these findings provide general insights into the importance of hope as a health communication strategy during the COVID-19 pandemic and beyond.