Specific Time Points Research Articles

Investigating the Dynamics in 18-36 Months Toddlers’ Vocabulary Acquisition

Objectives: The purpose of this study was to determine whether there were changes in language ability and vocabulary usage of children aged 18 to 36 months by specific time points. Methods: A total of 1,152 Korean children’s Wordbank data based on the MacArthur-Bates communication development assessment (K M-B CDI) were used for analysis. Korean Wordbank data is divided into two sections according to the time of data collection, one is collected before 2003, and the other is collected between 2016-2017. Data from the 2-time points were divided into time point 1 group (n = 988), and time point 2 group (n= 164). The total score and category score of K M-B CDI were compared between the time points. In addition, the significance of differences in each vocabulary item was compared by performing differential item functioning analysis based on classical test theory and item response theory. Results: This study found that the group difference in total score was not significant. However, the differences in category scores were found to be significant in 7 of the total 24 categories, and the scores of the time point 2 group were found to be significantly higher than the time point 1 group in the 6 categories. In addition, 117 items out of a total of 641 items were analyzed to have a differential function. Conclusion: Given that children in time point 2 showed higher performance in the categories of function words, it can be inferred that changes in children’s language skills may appear over time, and the results of this study also confirmed the dynamics of early children’s vocabulary use patterns.

The Impact of Intellectual Capital on Task Performance in Educational Sector of Lahore: Mediating role of Organizational Learning, and Innovative Work Behavior

This research looks at the impact of intellectual capital (IC) on task performance (TP) through the mediating role of organizational learning (OL) and innovative work behavior (IWB) in the education sector of Lahore, Pakistan. In order to accomplish the purpose, a theoretical framework has been made in line with literature review, using resource orchestration theory. Pretested investigative tool was used to accomplish a survey from university, college, and private schools in the district of Lahore, during October 2022 to January 2023. By using structural equation modeling (PLS-SEM) based on a sample of, 361 questionnaires, which were sent through email and by courier. Out of which 340 answered, 10 incomplete and 11 forms returned un-answered. Regression analysis was applied for hypothesis testing. The main significance of this research is that the performance requirements and improvements in teacher quality will lead to students having the highest level of knowledge, which will help Pakistan rise to the top of the world in the near future. If teachers make the appropriate decisions at the appropriate times and use the appropriate strategies, performance should be accomplished. Since the results relate to a particular point in time, the study has the cross-sectional research limitation. Researchers can plan to conduct a longitudinal analysis in the current sample as part of a future line of research to address the gap. Future research can be expended to other region of Pakistan.

Enhancing the atomic correlation dynamics under the effects of Stark shift and Kerr medium through multi-photon transitions

Enhancing and preserving the atomic correlation and entanglement is of significant utility in quantum information. To this aim, we study the temporal evolution of uncertainty-induced nonlocality ([Formula: see text]) and logarithmic negativity ([Formula: see text]) as measures of quantum correlations (QCs) and quantum entanglement (QE) between two effective atoms coupled to a bosonic reservoir in the absence of thermal fluctuations and in the presence of Kerr medium (KM) and Stark shift (SS) under which n-photon transitions are permitted. We explore how Markovian and non-Markovian regimes affect the temporal dynamics of atomic correlation and entanglement and its limitations. Our findings indicate that by adjusting the KM and SS parameters, the quantum correlations between the two atoms can be enhanced and maintained while displaying similar qualitative behavior. Notably, it was observed that the QCs and QE quantities are at their highest magnitudes in the non-Markovian regime when the strengths of both SS and KM are increased, implying that QCs and QE are well protected. In contrast to the typical view that protecting the QCs from decoherence that may be observed owing to environmental noise, we proposed a gainful way to reduce the atomic decoherence by adjusting the number of n-photon transitions. Our investigation reveals that in the non-Markovian regime, the considered system exhibits better resistance against decoherence in comparison to the Markovian regime, as evidenced by the significant amount of quantum correlations detected among the two effective atoms at a specific point in time.

Introducing a new data resource for comparative child welfare research: The ROCKWOOL-Duke global child welfare database

The Rockwool–Duke Global Child Welfare Database (RDGCWD) is a cross-national aggregate longitudinal data resource created to facilitate comparative research on children’s involvement with child welfare systems (CWS) and child protective services (CPS) across national contexts. The basis for the RDGCWD is harmonized data collected from national and transnational child welfare and statistical agencies on three types of contact: maltreatment investigation, substantiated maltreatment, and out-of-home placement. The database covers 44 countries for the period 2000–2020 with 33 country–year observations of children investigated by CWS/CPS, 104 country–year observations of investigations by CWS/CPS, 194 country–year observations of CWS/CPS confirmations of maltreatment, 66 country-year observations of children maltreated, 233 country–year observations of children entering out-of-home care, 402 country–year observations of children residing in out-of-home care at a specific point in time, and 55 country-year observations of entrances into care. Interested researchers can access the data at the National Data Archive on Child Abuse and Neglect (NDACAN).

Temporal Network Kernel Density Estimation

Kernel density estimation (KDE) is a widely used method in geography to study concentration of point pattern data. Geographical networks are 1.5 dimensional spaces with specific characteristics, analyzing events occurring on networks (accidents on roads, leakages of pipes, species along rivers, etc.). In the last decade, they required the extension of spatial KDE. Several versions of Network KDE (NKDE) have been proposed, each with their particular advantages and disadvantages, and are now used on a regular basis. However, scant attention has been given to the temporal extension of NKDE (TNKDE). In practice, when the studied events happen at specific time points and are constrained on a network, the methodologies used by geographers tend to overlook either the network or the temporal dimension. Here we propose a TNKDE based on the recent development of NKDE and the product of kernels. We also adapt classical methods of KDE (Diggle's correction, Abramson's adaptive bandwidth and bandwidth selection by leave‐one‐out maximum likelihood). We also illustrate the method with Montreal road crashes involving a pedestrian between 2016 and 2019.

O-247 The intrafollicular inflammatory response during ovulation in women is most likely controlled by high concentrations of active cortisol being synthesized shortly before follicular rupture

Abstract Study question How is the anti-inflammatory response in human follicles controlled during the ovulatory process leading to the expulsion of the oocyte? Summary answer Intrafollicular concentrations of cortisol becomes high close to ovulation concomitant with an exceptionally high biological activity securing a timely and efficient termination of inflammatory processes. What is known already Ovulation has been described as a local controlled inflammatory process resulting in the degeneration of the follicle wall to facilitate oocyte extrusion. Ovulation also affects glucocorticoid metabolism of granulosa cells (GC) and although de novo synthesis of cortisol only occurs in the adrenal cortex the mid-cycle surge induces a change from high expression of HSD11b2, inactivating cortisol to cortisone, to high expression of HSD11b1 which reversibly catalyses cortisol production from cortisone. Furthermore, the high concentrations of progesterone and 17-OH-progesterone within follicles cause dislodging of cortisol from cortisol binding protein (CBP) thereby activating the biological activity of cortisol. Study design, size, duration This prospective study included 50 women undergoing fertility treatment according to a standard antagonist protocol at the fertility clinic at the university hospital of Koege, Denmark. Women donated one follicle for research purpose aspirated at one of four time points during the process of final maturation of follicles; T = 0h, T = 12h; T = 17h; T = 32h and then one additional follicle at OPU at T = 36h Participants/materials, setting, methods The concentration of cortisol and cortisone together with sex steroids were measured by LC-MS/MS in follicular fluid (FF) collected at the above five time points. Whole genome microarray data, validated by q-PCT analysis, was used to evaluate gene expression of CYP11b1, CYP21A2, HSD11b1, HSD11b2 and NR3C1 in GC at the five different time points. Main results and the role of chance The expression of HSD11b1 is strongly upregulated during the ovulatory process. From 0-12h expression is increased 690 times reaching more than 20.000 times higher than at T = 0 during the remaining period. In contrast, expression of HSD11b2 is quickly downregulated by 15-20 times through the ovulatory process. The concentration of cortisol is different from the gene expression but increases significantly from a few ng/ml at T = 0h to around 15 ng/ml at T = 12h—17h and peaks at 40-50 ng/ml at T = 32h—36h. In contrast, cortisone is almost constant from 0 to 17h at a concentration of 30-40 ng/ml being significantly reduced to 10-20 ng/ml at T = 32—36h. Concentrations of progesterone and 17-OH-progesterone increased during the ovulatory process to high levels which in essence displaces cortisol from its binding protein CPB, due to similar binding affinities. This will contribute to high levels of biologically active cortisol close to ovulation, which allows the inflammatory reaction to act on the follicle wall and secure extrusion of the oocyte to oviduct before becoming inhibited by cortisol. Furthermore, a significant decrease in 11-deoxycortisol expression was seen but CYP11B1 expression was below detection limit in GCs. This study provides new information on human ovulation. Limitations, reasons for caution Although 50 women were included more observations at each specific time point would have strengthened the conclusions. Wider implications of the findings For the first time, this study collectively evaluates the temporal effect of cortisol and cortisone concentrations in connection with gene expression profiles of enzymes involved in regulation the inflammatory response during human ovulation which now forms a physiological framework for understanding potential dysregulations in the involved processes. Trial registration number NA

Creating community, one byte at a time: Digital community cookbooks during the COVID-19 pandemic

Community cookbooks, also known as charity cookbooks, have existed in the United States since the Civil War. Originally designed to raise money for war widows and orphans, these cookbooks have remained a fundraising staple for church groups, women’s social clubs, schools, and other non-profits and reflect people and places from specific points in time. With the COVID-19 pandemic and subsequent quarantines and isolations came a rise in digital quarantine cookbooks that functioned as fundraisers and reflected the makeup of communities like their hard-copy ancestors. By placing digital quarantine cookbooks within the established genre of community cookbooks, we see how this new digital practice attempts community through connection and solidarity in the face of isolation and separation.

35-OR: Incretin Production Is Impaired in Atypical Low BMI Diabetes Mellitus

Introduction: Atypical Low BMI Diabetes Mellitus (ALBDM) constitutes an unclassified form of diabetes that is likely to be prevalent in low- and middle-income countries. Recently, we reported in Diabetes Care that such individuals demonstrate striking defects in insulin secretion, despite absence of visible pancreatic pathology (PMID: 35522035). This study aims to determine whether defects in the incretin axis might contribute to impaired insulin secretion in ALBDM. Methodology: We assessed the glucagon and incretin (GLP-1, GIP, and Oxyntomodulin) responses to an oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) in patients with ALBDM. Ten male subjects demonstrating features of ALBDM (n=10, age 33±8.3 years, BMI 18.5±1.1 kg/m2, HbA1c 7.5±0.7%) were compared with 7 healthy BMI-matched normoglycemic (HbA1c: 5.0±0.3%) controls. All subjects underwent an OGTT, with blood sampling for C-peptide and incretin levels at nine specific time points. Insulin secretion rate (ISR) was calculated by C-peptide deconvolution using ISEC software, and total secretion rate for incretins were calculated as area under the curve (AUC) using the Trapezoid method with linear interpolation. Results: As we previously reported, ALBDM subjects displayed impaired insulin secretion (50% reduction in post-OGTT insulin AUC, p=0.007). There was a profound reduction of OGTT-stimulated rise in the incretins GLP-1 (80% reduction; p=0.055), GIP (79% reduction; p=0.02) and oxyntomodulin (75% reduction; p=0.007) in ALBDM subjects compared to controls. In ALBDM subjects, mild hyperglucagonemia was observed in the early postprandial phase at 15 min of the OGTT followed by slow postprandial suppression. Conclusions: Significant reductions in levels of GLP-1, GIP and Oxyntomodulin and an accompanying early phase of hyperglucagonemia suggest potential defects in development and/or function of enteroendocrine cells, which may contribute to defective insulin secretion and hyperglycemia in patients with Atypical Low BMI Diabetes Mellitus. Disclosure F.Jebasingh: None. N.Jiang: None. M.Hawkins: None. N.Thomas: None. S.Anoop: None. M.E.Kurian: None. V.N.Sandeep: None. F.Christina: None. S.Jennifer: None. A.Jose: None. P.Christudoss: None. G.Rebekah: None. Funding Endocrine Society of India

Modeling critical success factors of lean six sigma in higher education institutions

Purpose This paper aims to identify the relationships among critical success factors (CSFs) for lean six sigma (LSS) implementation in higher education institutions (HEIs). Design/methodology/approach An extensive literature review was conducted to design the survey instrument, which the authors later administered in Mexican public HEIs to identify the existing relationships among the CSFs and their impact on the benefits obtained from implementing LSS projects. The data were empirically and statistically validated using exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Additionally, the authors applied the structural equation modeling (SEM) technique on SPSS Amos to validate the nine hypotheses supporting the research. Findings The results suggest that the success of LSS projects in HEIs is highly bound to a serious commitment from top management and several interrelated factors. Research limitations/implications The main limitations of the study are that the research is cross-sectional in nature and regional in focus. Namely, the data used to validate the structural model were gathered from a small representative subset of the study population – i.e. Mexican public HEIs – and at a specific point in time. Practical implications The results reported here represent a reference framework for HEIs worldwide that wish to continuously improve their processes through LSS improvement projects. Originality/value This study proposes a statistically validated model using the SEM technique that depicts the relationships among LSS CSFs in HEIs.

Left Atrial Ligation in the Avian Embryo as a Model for Altered Hemodynamic Loading During Early Vascular Development.

Due to its four-chambered mature ventricular configuration, ease of culture, imaging access, and efficiency, the avian embryo is a preferred vertebrate animal model for studying cardiovascular development. Studies aiming to understand the normal development and congenital heart defect prognosis widely adopt this model. Microscopic surgical techniques are introduced to alter the normal mechanical loading patterns at a specific embryonic time point and track the downstream molecular and genetic cascade. The most common mechanical interventions are left vitelline vein ligation, conotruncal banding, and left atrial ligation (LAL), modulating the intramural vascular pressure and wall shear stress due to blood flow. LAL, particularly if performed in ovo, is the most challenging intervention, with very small sample yields due to the extremely fine sequential microsurgical operations. Despite its high risk, in ovo LAL is very valuable scientifically as it mimics hypoplastic left heart syndrome (HLHS) pathogenesis. HLHS is a clinically relevant, complex congenital heart disease observed in human newborns. A detailed protocol for in ovo LAL is documented in this paper. Briefly, fertilized avian embryos were incubated at 37.5 °C and 60% constant humidity typically until they reached Hamburger-Hamilton (HH) stages 20 to 21. The egg shells were cracked open, and the outer and inner membranes were removed. The embryo was gently rotated to expose the left atrial bulb of the common atrium. Pre-assembled micro-knots from 10-0 nylon sutures were gently positioned and tied around the left atrial bud. Finally, the embryo was returned to its original position, and LAL was completed. Normal and LAL-instrumented ventricles demonstrated statistically significant differences in tissue compaction. An efficient LAL model generation pipeline would contribute to studies focusing on synchronized mechanical and genetic manipulation during the embryonic development of cardiovascular components. Likewise, this model will provide a perturbed cell source for tissue culture research and vascular biology.

Feeding Flaxseed and Lupins during the Transition Period in Dairy Cows: Effects on Production Performance, Fertility and Biochemical Blood Indices

Flaxseed and lupin seed were offered as an alternative dietary approach in dairy cows, through the partial substitution of soybean meal. Milk production and fertility traits were investigated. A total of 330 animals were allocated into two groups, treated (n = 176) and control (n = 154). From each group, 30 animals were selected for hematological and cytological studies. The experimental feeding period lasted for 81 days (25 days prepartum and 56 days postpartum). The control ration (group C) contained corn, barley, soybean meal, rapeseed cake, corn silage and lucerne hay; whereas, in the treatment group (group T), 50% of the soybean meal was replaced by an equal mixture of flaxseed and lupins. The two rations were formulated to be isonitrogenous and isoenergetic. Milk samples were analyzed for chemical composition, somatic cell count (SCC) content and total colony forming units (CFU). Blood samples were collected, and serum was analyzed for non-esterified fatty acids (NEFA), acute phase proteins (haptoglobin and serum amyloid) and lipid oxidation indices, namely thiobarbituric-acid-reactive substances (TBARS) and catalase activity. To assess polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMN) numbers, endometrial samples from each cow were collected on days 21 and 42. No difference was recorded between groups in milk yield (p > 0.05). In multiparous cows, NEFA (mMol/L) concentrations were significantly lower in group T than in group C on day 14 (p > 0.009) and on day 42 (p = 0.05), while no difference was detected in the group of primiparous cows. At all time points, serum TBARS and catalase values were similar in both groups (p > 0.05). Multiparous cows in group T expressed the first postpartum estrus and conceived earlier than cows in group C (p ≤ 0.05). Between days 21 to 42 postpartum, the PMN reduction rate was higher in group T animals (p ≤ 0.05). Acute phase protein levels were in general lower in group T animals, and at specific time points differed significantly from group C (p ≤ 0.05). It was concluded that the partial replacement of soybean meal by flaxseed and lupins had no negative effect on milk yield or milk composition, and improved cow fertility; which, along with the lower cost of flaxseed and lupins mixture, may increase milk production profitability.

Prevalence and Risk Factors of Neck Pain Among the Hospital Front and Back Office Workers at the Nairobi Hospital, Kenya

Objective: To identify the prevalence and risk factor of neck pain among the hospital front and back-office workers at The Nairobi Hospital, Kenya. Material and methods: Descriptive cross-sectional studies was carried out among 133 participants on the prevalence and risk factors of neck pain at a specific point of time defined by the population. All variables were collected within a specified duration. An adapted structured close ended questionnaire was used, covering group-made questions for population parameters and variables, for screening neck status for the enrolled participants. In addition to the adapted questionnaire from the Oswestry Neck Disability Index (ONDI) combined with our variables, participants were requested to fill out an adapted combined self-developed questionnaire consisting of demographics characteristics; age, gender, duration of employment, and pain intensity. Collected data was analyzed using statistical package of social sciences-SPSS version 21, and results tabulated in tables, pie charts and graphs. Results: majority of participant ( n=112,84%) were from the age of group between 41-50 years at 42%, followed by 31-40 years at 37%, 21-30 years at 20% and finally 51 years and above at 1%. Females represented by 66% and males at 34% of the participants. Period of employment was between 1-10 years at 60% followed by 11-20 years with 34%, less than 1 year and 21-30 years each represented by 3%. workers currently with neck pain at the Nairobi hospital were (n=38 ,34%). Pain intensity; Majority of those who had neck pain 25% had mild pain, while only 1% had severe pain. Those with risk factors for sitting durations; sitting at 2-4hrs represented by 47.3%, followed by 5-6hrs at 37.5%, less than 2 hours was 8.9%, 7-8hrs was 3.6% and more than 8hrs was 2.7%. Conclusion: study concludes that prevalence of neck pain among front and back-office workers at The Nairobi Hospital currently accounts for 34% with female being the most affected. This is associated with continuous sitting and poor body mechanics in relation to work station and equipment. Age, gender, period of employment, and sitting posture awareness were also found to be important factors influencing the occurrence of neck pain. KEY WORDS: Neck pain, prevalence, risk factors, Front and back-office workers.

Rang: Reconstructing reproducible R computational environments.

A complete declarative description of the computational environment is usually missing when researchers share their materials. Without such description, software obsolescence and missing system components can jeopardize computational reproducibility in the future, even when data and computer code are available. The R package rang is a complete solution for generating the declarative description for other researchers to automatically reconstruct the computational environment at a specific time point. The reconstruction process, based on Docker, has been tested for R code as old as 2001. The declarative description generated by rang satisfies the definition of a reproducible research compendium and can be shared as such. In this contribution, we show how rang can be used to make otherwise unexecutable code, spanning fields such as computational social science and bioinformatics, executable again. We also provide instructions on how to use rang to construct reproducible and shareable research compendia of current research. The package is currently available from CRAN (https://cran.r-project.org/web/packages/rang/index.html) and GitHub (https://github.com/chainsawriot/rang).

Normal Pressure Hydrocephalus and Comorbidities: A Quality Study of the University Hospital Münster

Idiopathic normal pressure hydrocephalus (NPH) is commonly accompanied by diverse comorbidities that impact the postoperative course and result in a distinction between shunt responders and shunt non-responders. This study aimed to enhance diagnostics by identifying prognostic differences between NPH patients, individuals with comorbidities, and those with other complications. The data of 119 patients with NPH coding at the University Clinic Münster from January 2009 to June 2017 were examined. The study primarily concentrated on examining symptoms, comorbidities, and radiological measurements, including callosal angle (CA) and Evans index (EI). To evaluate the progression of symptoms, a novel scoring system was developed to quantitatively assess the course at specific time points: 5-7weeks, 1-1.5years, and 2.5years after the operation. This scoring system aimed to provide a standardized approach for measuring and tracking the development of symptoms over time. Logistic regression analyses were employed to identify predictor associated with 3 key outcomes: shunt implantation, surgical success, and the development of complications. Among the comorbidities observed, hypertension was the most prevalent. Gait disturbance, in the absence of polyneuropathy, was identified as a predictor of a favorable surgical outcome. Hygroma development was associated with a combination of vascular factors and cognitive disorders. The presence of spinal/skeletal changes, diabetes, and vascular constellations were found to increase the likelihood of developing complications. The evaluation of comorbidities accompanied by NPH holds significant importance and necessitates meticulous observation, expertise, and multidisciplinary care.

Experimental factors and their impact on understanding corrosion in anoxic environments

AbstractThe long‐term disposal of nuclear waste in deep geological repositories requires safe containment for up to one million years. To understand how the waste will respond to the gradually evolving environment, researchers can perform sensitive experiments in the laboratory to replicate the repository conditions at specific time points. In Belgium, spent nuclear fuel will be housed within a carbon steel overpack, which is encased within a cement buffer, which may include a stainless steel liner (the “envelope”). The range of corrosion behaviors for carbon steel, and to a lesser extent, stainless steel, has been studied through hydrogen evolution, an end‐product of oxidation under repository conditions. Considerable time may be required for metallic surfaces to approach a steady hydrogen evolution and this is dependent upon the starting condition of the specimen surfaces. The use of nominally‐similar materials can result in significant variation in the reported corrosion rates. The presence of cements, which generate their own hydrogen and influence water chemistry as a function of time, add complexity to even simple experimental configurations that requires careful interpretation.

Risk of Hysterectomy After Endometrial Ablation: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.

To assess the risk of hysterectomy after nonresectoscopic endometrial ablation in patients with heavy menstrual bleeding. The EMBASE, MEDLINE, ClinicalTrials.gov and Cochrane databases were searched for eligible articles from inception until June 13, 2022. We used combinations of search terms for endometrial ablation and hysterectomy. Articles included in the review described the incidence of hysterectomy at a specific point in time after ablation with a minimum follow-up duration of 12 months. The literature search yielded a total of 3,022 hits. A total of 53 studies met our inclusion and exclusion criteria, including six retrospective studies, 24 randomized controlled trials, and 23 prospective studies. A total of 48,071 patients underwent endometrial ablation between 1992 and 2017. Follow-up duration varied between 12 and 120 months. Analyses per follow-up moment showed 4.3% hysterectomy rate at 12 months of follow-up (n=29 studies), 11.1% at 18 months (n=1 study), 8.0% at 24 months (n=11 studies), 10.2% at 36 months (n=12 studies), 7.6% at 48 months (n=2 studies), and 12.4% at 60 months (n=6 studies). Two studies reported a mean hysterectomy rate at 10 years after ablation of 21.3%. Minimal clinically relevant differences in hysterectomy rates were observed among the different study designs. Furthermore, we found no significant differences in hysterectomy rate among the different nonresectoscopic endometrial ablation devices. The risk of hysterectomy after endometrial ablation seems to increase from 4.3% after 1 year to 12.4% after 5 years. Clinicians can use the results of this review to counsel patients about the 12% risk of hysterectomy 5 years after endometrial ablation. PROSPERO, CRD42020156281.

Evaluate the Correlation and Regression Studies of Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of Transplanted Finger Millet (Eleusine coracana L. Gaertn) under Different Weed Management

Aim: To evaluate the “Correlation and Regression Studies of Growth, Yield Attributes and Yield of finger millet under different weed management.”
 Study Design: Randomized Complete Block Design (RBD).
 Place and Duration of Study: The field trial was conducted during the Rabi season of 2021-22 at Karunya Institute of Technology and Sciences, Coimbatore, Tamil Nadu. The experimental field had a silky clay loam soil composition.
 Methodology: The field trial comprised of eight treatments and was replicated three times. In the experimental farm, the variety Paiyur 2 was grown into nursery and transplanted at 25th day with the spacing of 30 × 15 cm and followed the all other agronomic practices. To experimented the following treatments viz., T1- PE of pretilachlor at 1.0 kg ha-1,T2- PE of pretilachlor at 0.75 kg ha-1+ one hand weeding on 35th DAT, T3- PE of pendimethalin at 0.5 kg ha-1,T4- PE of pendimethalin at 0.5 kg ha-1+ one hand weeding on 35th DATP, T5- PE of Butachlor at 1.0 kg ha-1,T6- PE of Butachlor at 0.75 kg ha-1+ one hand weeding on 35th DAT, T7- POE of 2,4-D at 2 kg ha-1on 35 th DAT, T8- POE of 2,4-D at 2 kg ha-1+ one hand weeding on 35th DAT, T9- Two hand weeding at 35 DAT and 70 DAT, T10- Unweeded check. The biometric observations were recorded at three specific time points: 35 DAT, 70 DAT, and at harvest stage.
 Results: The grain yield was highly significant positive correlation with Straw yield (r = 0.893), Leaf area index (r =0.975), Dry matter accumulation at 70 DAT (r=0.966), Dry matter accumulation at harvest (r =0.966), Productive tillers (r =0.902), Test weight (r =0.903), Weed control efficiency (r =0.797), Nitrogen uptake (r =0.980), Phosphorus uptake (r =0.972), Potassium uptake (r =0.960). However, significant positive correlation with Plant height (r =0.733). From the regression every unit increase in stover yield, plant height, LAI at 70 DAT, crop dry matter at 70 DAT, crop dry matter at harvest, number of productive tillers plant-1, test weight, Weed Control Efficiency and N, P and K uptake by crop substantially increased the grain yield by 0.798, 0.537, 0.951, 0.932, 0.992, 0.812, 0.865, 0.635, 0.960, 0.944 and 0.920 kg ha-1 respectively.

Complete prevalence and indicators of cancer cure: enhanced methods and validation in Italian population-based cancer registries.

To describe the procedures to derive complete prevalence and several indicators of cancer cure from population-based cancer registries. Cancer registry data (47% of the Italian population) were used to calculate limited duration prevalence for 62 cancer types by sex and registry. The incidence and survival models, needed to calculate the completeness index (R) and complete prevalence, were evaluated by likelihood ratio tests and by visual comparison. A sensitivity analysis was conducted to explore the effect on the complete prevalence of using different R indexes. Mixture cure models were used to estimate net survival (NS); life expectancy of fatal (LEF) cases; cure fraction (CF); time to cure (TTC); cure prevalence, prevalent patients who were not at risk of dying as a result of cancer; and already cured patients, those living longer than TTC at a specific point in time. CF was also compared with long-term NS since, for patients diagnosed after a certain age, CF (representing asymptotical values of NS) is reached far beyond the patient's life expectancy. For the most frequent cancer types, the Weibull survival model stratified by sex and age showed a very good fit with observed survival. For men diagnosed with any cancer type at age 65-74 years, CF was 41%, while the NS was 49% until age 100 and 50% until age 90. In women, similar differences emerged for patients with any cancer type or with breast cancer. Among patients alive in 2018 with colorectal cancer at age 55-64 years, 48% were already cured (had reached their specific TTC), while the cure prevalence (lifelong probability to be cured from cancer) was 89%. Cure prevalence became 97.5% (2.5% will die because of their neoplasm) for patients alive >5 years after diagnosis. This study represents an addition to the current knowledge on the topic providing a detailed description of available indicators of prevalence and cancer cure, highlighting the links among them, and illustrating their interpretation. Indicators may be relevant for patients and clinical practice; they are unambiguously defined, measurable, and reproducible in different countries where population-based cancer registries are active.

Split-intein Gal4 provides intersectional genetic labeling that is repressible by Gal80

The split-Gal4 system allows for intersectional genetic labeling of highly specific cell types and tissues in Drosophila. However, the existing split-Gal4 system, unlike the standard Gal4 system, cannot be repressed by Gal80, and therefore cannot be controlled temporally. This lack of temporal control precludes split-Gal4 experiments in which a genetic manipulation must be restricted to specific timepoints. Here, we describe a split-Gal4 system based on a self-excising split-intein, which drives transgene expression as strongly as the current split-Gal4 system and Gal4 reagents, yet which is repressible by Gal80. We demonstrate the potent inducibility of "split-intein Gal4" invivo using both fluorescent reporters and via reversible tumor induction in the gut. Further, we show that our split-intein Gal4 can be extended to the drug-inducible GeneSwitch system, providing an independent method for intersectional labeling with inducible control. We also show that the split-intein Gal4 system can be used to generate highly cell type-specific genetic drivers based on in silico predictions generated by single-cell RNAseq (scRNAseq) datasets, and we describe an algorithm ("Two Against Background" or TAB) to predict cluster-specific gene pairs across multiple tissue-specific scRNA datasets. We provide a plasmid toolkit to efficiently create split-intein Gal4 drivers based on either CRISPR knock-ins to target genes or using enhancer fragments. Altogether, the split-intein Gal4 system allows for the creation of highly specific intersectional genetic drivers that are inducible/repressible.

Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786–2021 by David H. DeJong (review)

Reviewed by: Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786–2021 by David H. DeJong Ryan Hall (bio) Keywords Indigenous peoples, Bureau of Indian Affairs, Native American history Paternalism to Partnership: The Administration of Indian Affairs, 1786–2021. By David H. DeJong. (Lincoln: University of Nebraska Press, 2022. Pp. 510. Cloth, $70.00.) Until relatively recently, government administrators exercised an extraordinary degree of power over Indigenous people. Bureau of Indian Affairs (BIA) officials could dictate almost every aspect of Indigenous people's lives, including where they lived, how and what they bought and sold, what they owned, what they wore and ate, the languages they spoke, how they received and managed money, how they organized their governments, and even how and whether they raised children. Indigenous people resisted, but these policies had undeniably important, and often disastrous, consequences for generations. Yet historians still have an incomplete understanding of the BIA and its inner workings, and in recent decades there have been disappointingly few studies of the Bureau (and of its pre-1824 antecedents in the War Department). Bureaucracy is, after all, an unattractive and intimidating area of study. By design, bureaucracies perpetuate [End Page 352] themselves by producing enormous piles of bloodless and abstruse documentation, the sheer volume of which make them frustratingly difficult for historians to use or comprehend. Paternalism to Partnership seeks to bring some clarity to the study of Indian affairs bureaucracy by focusing on specific individuals. Using separate chapters for each, it offers historical sketches of the sixty-three men and two women who held the highest administrative position in the federal government's Indian affairs system from 1796 through 2021. It typically provides a two- to four-page biographical sketch for each administrator, along with several pages of primary-source excerpts that demonstrate his or her "personal philosophy" (xv). By structuring its analysis in this way, the book contends that individual administrators played essential roles in determining the course of Indian affairs, and by extension, the history of Indigenous people in America. These chapters illuminate the major questions and controversies that preoccupied generations of administrators: for instance, whether the BIA should be under civilian or military control; to what extent the government should manage Indigenous trade; whether treaties should be the primary mechanism for dealing with tribal nations; whether Indian agents should be political appointees or career civil servants; to what extent the BIA should force or advocate for cultural assimilation; and how the BIA should manage Indian lands and money. The chapters also show substantial change over time. While administrators in the nineteenth century generally came to the job with little experience in Indian affairs and were committed to policies of forced assimilation and land dispossession, by the late twentieth and early twenty-first centuries top administrators mostly came from Native communities themselves, and advocated policies of economic development and limited tribal sovereignty. In DeJong's telling, the paternalist BIA of the nineteenth century gave way, bit by bit, to the BIA of today, which is ostensibly focused on serving tribes in a spirit of consultation and partnership. This book gleans these observations from a modest source base. The biographical sketches draw heavily from Robert Kvasnicka and Herman Viola's volume The Commissioners of Indian Affairs (Lincoln, NE, 1979) and a relatively small number of other primary and secondary sources. The primary-source excerpts, which make up about half of the book's total length, come mostly from the annual reports that administrators made to their superiors. These excerpts would not be difficult for historians to find on their own—the commissioners' annual reports are all online and [End Page 353] familiar to any historian of the subject—and the author never introduces or contextualizes them, their intended audience, nor the specific moment when they were written. Still, compiled together they provide snapshots of each administrator's views at a particular point in time. This approach shows what individual commissioners believed and sought to achieve during their tenure, but it also limits the book's perspective on how Indian affairs operated. For example, one of the shortest chapters (just a page and half) discusses William Clark, the famed Corps of Discovery co-captain...