Specific Output Research Articles

Reconceptualizing Disorders of the Self as Disorders of Relationship.

To validate a universal neuropsychological model that suggests that disorders of the self are best conceptualized as disintegrated neuropsychological processes (ie, sensations, mental experiences) that lack a sense of relationship to the unified experience/sense of self. Cross-sectional observational study. Rehabilitation hospital outpatient clinics. A total of 73 individuals including 33 with acquired brain injury and 40 with multiple sclerosis. Not applicable. On the basis of the Cambridge Depersonalization Scale, a measure of general disintegration of sensations and mental experiences, a team of rehabilitation clinicians and researchers proposed 6 clinically derived indices of specific disintegrated neuropsychological inputs (ie, sensations), outputs (ie, mental experiences), and experiences of disintegration (ie, space, time, context). As hypothesized (1) a confirmatory factor analysis supported the proposed factors including disintegrated bodily sensations (root mean square error of approximation [RMSEA]=0.193, P=.009; comparative fit index [CFI]=0.909; Tucker-Lewis index [TLI]=0.819), disintegrated context (RMSEA=0.143, P=.129; CFI=0.970; TLI=0.911), disintegrated emotions (RMSEA=0.090, P=.266; CFI=0.967; TLI=0.902), disintegrated cognition (RMSEA=0.091, P=.210; CFI=0.963; TLI=0.939), disintegrated smell/taste, and disintegrated spatial perception (measures of model fit for these last 2 factors could not be determined given they included only 2 items); and (2) Pearson correlations indicated that all 7 Cambridge Depersonalization Scale indices were negatively correlated with a measure associated with right hemisphere functioning, with 5 achieving/approaching statistical significance. The results suggest that (1) neuropsychological abilities should be conceptualized in terms of relatively singular neuropsychological domains (ie, affect, behavior, cognition, sensation) and the experience of relationship that is created when they are integrated, and (2) disorders of the self are best conceptualized as disorders of disintegration that are associated with decreased relationship between specific neuropsychological processes and the unified experience/sense of self.

Defining indicators for the anaerobic fermentation process of aquaculture wastewater sediments

The object of this study is the process of anaerobic fermentation of wastewater sludge from aquaculture. It was established that the exponential dependence adequately describes the experimental data on the change in the level of decomposition of dry organic matter (DOM) and the specific yield of biomethane per unit of decomposed DOM of aquaculture wastewater sediment depending on the time of anaerobic fermentation. The maximum level of DOM decomposition during anaerobic fermentation achieved in 38 days was 0.74 relative units at a process speed of 0.108 relative units per day. The integrated level of DOM decomposition over 21 days of anaerobic fermentation can reach only 0.43 relative units, and the integrated level of DOM decomposition is set at the level of 0.033 relative units per day. The output of biogas and biomethane during anaerobic fermentation over 21 days of anaerobic fermentation reached 4.083 and 2.627 l, respectively. At the same time, the concentration of biomethane in biogas on day 7 of fermentation reached 74‒75 % and remained at this level until day 21. The maximum level of specific yield of biomethane during anaerobic fermentation reached on day 38 was 803.936 ml in terms of normal conditions per gram of decomposed DOM with a rate of change of the specific yield of biomethane of 0.207 ml in terms of normal conditions per gram of decomposed DOM per day. The integrated specific yield of biomethane over 21 days of anaerobic fermentation could reach 580‒590 ml in terms of normal conditions per gram of decomposed DOM. With a fermentation time of 21 days, the specific output of biomethane has an optimal value depending on the periodicity of loading the reactor, which is 1.48‒1.49 m3 of biomethane per one m3 of biomass in the reactor in one day with a periodicity of loading the reactor once per time from 4.5 to 6 days. The research results could be used to determine the volume of biomethane production and electricity based on it during the anaerobic fermentation of aquaculture wastewater sludge

Nucleic acid‐templated chemical reactions for nucleic acid detection

AbstractNucleic acid‐templated reactions are chemical processes driven by the increased effective concentration of reactants on nucleic acids through the sequence‐specific hybridization of nucleic acids. Because these reactions translate the signals of target nucleic acids to detectable specific outputs, such as fluorescence, they can be applied for nucleic acid sensing and imaging. Owing to their advantageous features, such as signal amplification, isothermal nonenzymatic operation, and diverse reaction outputs and designs, the templated reactions have considerable potential for designing next‐generation nucleic acid sensors with high sensitivity, selectivity, rapidity, and user‐friendliness. Thus, over the past two decades, numerous templated reactions have been developed for more efficient nucleic acid detection. This review highlights recent advances in nucleic acid‐templated reactions since 2020, focusing on the newly developed reactions and strategies for designing highly sensitive, selective, and accurate nucleic acid sensing systems. We also summarize templated reaction research since 2015 and explore how integrating these reactions with other signal amplification systems and readout methods has led to the development of practical nucleic acid sensors with improved properties. According to the analysis of each type of templated reactions (ligation, releasing, and transformation), design trends are discussed that inform the outlook for the future development of nucleic acid sensors utilizing templated reactions.

Exploitative and exploratory search: Dynamic capabilities enhancing SME adaptation, new product development, and environmental performance

ABSTRACT This study delves into how small and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs) adapt to market changes and enhance environmental performance through exploitative and exploratory search strategies within emerging economies. Operationalizing these strategies as dynamic capabilities, we investigate their impact on new product development amid environmental dynamism. Utilizing a two-wave survey of 437 manufacturing SMEs, with lagged primary environmental performance data, we applied partial least squares—structural equational modeling (PLS-SEM) to test our hypotheses. Our findings contribute invaluable insights to entrepreneurship literature, emphasizing the crucial role of intentional search in SMEs’ continuous adaptation and innovation. We shed light on the distinctive contributions of exploitative and exploratory search in shaping SMEs’ resource base and specific outputs, such as environmental performance. By discerning between possessing a capability and achieving successful outcomes, our study offers a resilient framework for SMEs, boosting both new product development and environmental performance in emerging economies.

On the Role of the 1957 Decrees of the Baltic Soviet Republics in Dismantling the Gulag and Special Settlement System

The article looks at the process of dismantling the Gulag and special settlement system in the USSR from 1953 to 1957. Some of the specific outputs of this process were the decrees adopted by the Presidiums of the Supreme Soviets of the Lithuanian, Latvian and Estonian SSRs in 1957. In all three cases, there were two simultaneously approved legal acts with similar contents: one on the establishment of a Presidium commission to review the cases of special settlers, and one on the ban on the return of convicts. The research paper describes the legal and political framework of the process that led to the adoption of the decrees mentioned, and sheds some light on their application. The relationship between the all-Union and the Soviet republic levels is observed. The reaction to the events of 1956 led to a tightening of the Soviet regime. In the light of the events abroad and in the USSR in 1956, the 1957 decrees of the Baltic Soviet republics were an example of the USSR’s ad hoc approach to governance more generally, and of the release process specifically. The content of these legal acts was evidence of the primacy of political expediency over the law.

Flow pattern formation due to the interdependency of multi-component interactions and their impact on the performance of turbine and exhaust duct of gas turbine

Abstract Drawing the inspiration from Full Engine Simulation performed by the scientific community, the methodology for performing an integration analysis of single stage turbine with convergent exhaust nozzle of a small gas turbine engine is developed in the present study. Initially, a numerical simulation on exhaust system supported with experimental validation has been discussed. A scope of improvement in the exhaust system study has been identified and these principles are applied to improve the accuracy of prediction of CFD analysis. By taking the confidence from the validation, a 3D steady pressure-based analysis is carried out to understand the flow patterns and aero-thermal properties of the single stage turbine with convergent type nozzle influenced by the integration. The integration resulted in increased specific work output of the turbine and increased the thrust coefficient of the nozzle. Further important outcomes of this study highlight the changes observed in the performance parameters with and without integration. The thermal pattern across the rotor blades from CFD analysis is observed to be in-line with the used blades of the gas turbine engine thereby reinforcing the accuracy of the methodology developed for the integration study.

PGM-Free Catalyst Modification for Air-Breathing Stacks

The operation and viability of an air-breathing fuel cell stack will heavily depend on the cleanest available local air, unless its cathode is tolerant to impurities. Previous research on the impact of air impurities showed deleterious impacts on overall performance utilizing platinum catalysts. To date, fuel cell research findings using air impurities employing non-platinum catalysts, platinum group metal-free (PGM-free), is scarce. To test the viability of a PGM-free stack, a miniature four-cell stack with PGM-free catalyst was assembled to compare with results from a standard eight-cell stack Pt-based catalyst, in both H2/Air and H2/O2. A promising open current voltage was obtained, offering a comparable statistic to what would be expected from a platinum-based stack of the same size. Prior research has shown higher performance for PGM-free membrane-electrode assemblies in terms of current density at the desired operating voltage, but significant performance loss after testing indicates poor stability. Repeated testing of the PGM-free stack showed such a decrease in current density performance at designated voltages after initial testing, followed by stability in results. Further testing with exposure to impurities is expected to demonstrate tolerance and reversibility in a PGM-free stack once initial stability is obtained. The purpose of this project is to develop a fuel-cell stack to meet specific power output requirements utilizing PGM-free cathode catalyst.

(Invited) Automation of Electrochemical Water Desalination Processes Using Artificial Intelligence Technologies

Electrochemical desalination technologies, including battery electrode deionization and capacitive deionization (CDI), are being actively studied as alternatives to membrane technology due to their relatively low energy consumption. In line with the development of technology, modeling-based research has also been actively conducted to mathematically simulate and automatically control the technology (Donnan models or Lanmuir models). However, despite the complexity of calculations, these numerical models cannot simulate the entire actual operating environment; therefore, multiple assumptions are required. In addition, even in this simplified environment, predictions for specific parameters (effluent pH, etc.) are often very inaccurate.Therefore, research on big data-based artificial intelligence technology that can overcome the shortcomings of these numerical models has been reported mainly by specific research groups in recent years. First, a study that successfully predicted effluent concentration and pH in CDI using deep learning technology was reported in 2021 yr (i.e., Convolutional Neural Network combined with Long Short-Term Memory), followed by a study based on an ensemble model (i.e., Random Forest) that can overcome the complexity of deep learning models in 2023 yr. In addition, reinforcement learning-based research that can automate processes is also being reported starting in 2022 yr.Therefore, in this presentation, artificial intelligence technologies that can predict specific output variables of electrochemical desalination technology, quantify the correlation between each input variable (xAI), and ultimately enable process automation will be discussed. The advantages and disadvantages of different artificial intelligence technologies will also be discussed from a practical/technical perspective (i.e., response time, computational cost, etc).

Cerebellar transcranial AC stimulation produces a frequency-dependent bimodal cerebellar output pattern.

Transcranial alternating current stimulation (ctACS) has the potential to be an appealing, non-invasive treatment option for psychiatric and neurological disorders. However, its potential has been limited by significant knowledge gaps in the details and mechanisms of how ctACS affects cerebellar output on single cell and population levels. We investigated this issue by making single-unit recordings of Purkinje cells (PC) and lateral cerebellar nuclear (Lat CN) cells in response to ctACS in anesthetized adult female Sprague-Dawley rats. The ctACS electrode was positioned directly on the skull above crus 1, either ipsilaterally just medial to the recording site or contralaterally. The return electrode was placed under the skin of the shoulder ipsilateral to the recorded cell. In response to ctACS at frequencies ranging from 0.5 to 80 Hz, PC and CN activity was modulated in a frequency-dependent manner. PC and CN entrainment strength increased with stimulation frequency. Moreover, a unimodal response was seen for most PCs across all frequencies, whereas most CN cells transitioned to bimodal patterns as stimulus frequency increased. The phase of the local minima CN cells, and its change with frequency, was consistent with CN cells being driven synaptically by PC activity. Furthermore, the nearer ctACS location to the recording site, the stronger the entrainment, suggesting that ctACS electrode placement could be used to target specific cerebellar output channels. In sum, the results show that transcranial stimulation of the cerebellar cortex can modulate cerebellar output, which has potential implications for its use in treating neurological and psychiatric disorders.

Optimization method for nozzle control of governing turbine

The compressed air energy storage (CAES) system necessitates rapid and precise adjustment of turbine operational states to align with fluctuating system loads during the energy release process. As the air storage pressure continuously declines, the adoption of an appropriate air distribution method becomes imperative to enhance turbine performance. This study innovatively investigates the coupled optimal method of nozzle control (NC) and relative stator installation angle (RSIA) to achieve maximum specific work under certain output work conditions, initially proposing the optimal method as a strong candidate for engineering applications. The stator channel has undergone redesign to allow adjustment of the stator installation angle. It is investigated to obtain the response surface model of specific work and output work with base pressure (BP), regulated pressure, inlet nozzle number, and RSIA as independent variables, and the maximum specific work as the optimization objective. The results indicate that, compared with the original NC method at rated output work, the optimized operation markedly elevates the specific work by a maximum of 6.1 % and an average of 3.4 %. Furthermore, the majority of losses within the turbine are attributed to entropy production rate by turbulent dissipation, accounting for up to 88.7 % of the total losses. The optimal method satisfies the output work requirement by adjusting the inlet nozzle number and RSIA without throttling the inlet nozzles under different BP conditions. This is achieved by adopting the 3-nozzle inlet method under high BP and the 4-nozzle inlet method under relatively lower BP conditions. The present study offers theoretical support for the optimal design and operation control of NC turbines, which has broad prospective applications in the optimized air distribution regulation of CAES systems.

Generating High‐Fidelity Structured Light Fields Through an Ultrathin Multimode Fiber Using Phase Retrieval

AbstractLight transmission through a multimode fiber (MMF) has gained major importance for imaging and manipulation. The majority of phase retrieval algorithms used for a MMF implicitly assume light propagation to be described by a unitary operation, yet the transmission matrix of a multimode fiber is inherently non‐unitary. It is demonstrated that this erroneous assumption can impede the performance of many commonly used MMF phase retrieval algorithms and demonstrate that the weighted Yang–Gu algorithm outperforms other phase retrieval algorithms in this scenario. Once accounted for, the non‐unitary property of the transmission matrix can be leveraged to generate intricate intensity and phase patterns at the output of the fiber, and shape specific output fields. This is experimentally demonstrated by generating Laguerre–Gaussian beams that carry orbital angular momentum, and by forming images in planes offset from the distal end of the fiber facet.

Self-sufficient power plant prototype composed by cascaded disruptive power units doing work by isothermal contraction and expansion

This research work aims at the design and development of a disruptive prototype for a Self-sufficient power plant (SSPP) prototype composed by cascaded disruptive power units (PUs) doing work by isothermal contraction-expansion processes. The innovative design integrates thermo-hydraulic actuators enabled to drive hydraulic pumps connected to a hydraulic motor-generator. The prototype's cascaded PUs operates on a double closed processes-based isochoric-isothermal-isochoric-isothermal (VTVT) thermal cycle, enabled to do useful work by contraction and expansion of a thermal working fluid (TWF), which is notable for its high specific work output and high thermal efficiency. This is due to a disruptive cascaded heat recovering technique associated to a heat upgrading strategy. Among the most relevant Key Features are its self-sufficient operation modes that challenge traditional limitations of second-kind perpetual motion machines (PMMs) The expected capabilities on the basis of the consistency of empirical analysis are summarized as: - Design based on the optimal number of cascaded power units, - Efficient generation of useful mechanical work through expansion and contraction of the TWF, - High specific useful work (kJ/kg of TWF), such as helium, - Low ratio of actuator volume and weight to specific work. Preliminary tentative validation: The prototype design model was validated through case studies using air and helium as real TWFs. Empirical results demonstrate the SSPP's exceptional performance under certain conditional restrictions. - The optimal SSPP completed with nine cascaded PUs each operating on a double-VTVT cycle per PU. - Helium: RIT value of 0.9 and 9 PUs coupled in cascade to give an SSI of 156.72and a SSEP yield of 922.23 kJ/kg.cy. - Air: RIT value of 0.9 and 9 PUs coupled in a shell to give an SSI of 27.41 and a SSEP production of 37.67 kJ/kg.cy. These findings highlight the prototype's potential to significantly advance energy production efficiency and self-sufficiency in power generation systems.

Comprehensive Review and Future Research Directions on ICT Standardisation

Standardisation has become imperative to retaining order and development in modern society. The simplest actions, such as train timings and the width of the railroad, would be very difficult to achieve without Standardisation. Standardisation also solves problems, such as the use of mobile devices, which requires travel abroad when out of range. We perform a large-scale quantitative analysis for papers dealing with (1) standards and (2) Information and communications technology (ICT) data in three important databases, namely Web of Science, IEEE Explore, and ACM digital library, in this paper. These three databases presented 216 articles that were divided into five categories: standard-related review and survey studies, information management across hardware and software standards, energy management standards, machine learning model classification performance, privacy-aware software system standards, and health information and communications technology standards. This paper discusses how Standardisation facilitates the planning of the entire research and innovation process by encouraging discussions regarding the specific outputs the research aims to achieve. The paper further illustrates that references related to standardisation within the call topics act as a crucial motivating factor in the decision to adopt standardisation. In conclusion, our contribution provides a better understanding of standards in peer-reviewed publications and an essential foundation for future research. In addition, we demonstrate that standards play an important role in innovation.

A Spinning Magnetometer Based Approach to Solving the Roll Attitude of Aerial Vehicle

Abstract The accurate attitude estimation is the foundation of autonomous flight control for unmanned aerial vehicle (UAV). However, the existing inertia/magnetic field-based roll attitude estimation presents challenges, including the significant computational burden and high cumulative error. To address these issues, this paper proposes a novel roll attitude estimation approach for UAV based on spinning single-axis magnetometer. Firstly, a distinctive rotating measuring mechanism is structured by incorporating the encoder and geomagnetic sensor. Then, the rotating angle of the sensor in relation to the UAV is ascertained with the specific output signal of the geomagnetic sensor with the rotating mechanism. Based on the above, a roll attitude estimation model to be established with the relative angle relationship. Finally, comparative simulations are conducted to demonstrate the feasibility of the presented method. The suggested design method provides a rapid and cost-effective way for roll attitude estimation.

Micro-capture-C in vessel wall cell types identifies mechanisms underlying coronary artery disease susceptibility loci

Abstract Genetics is estimated to account for 50% of Coronary Artery Disease (CAD) risk. Genome-Wide Association Studies (GWAS) have revealed 100s of genomic loci which are associated with CAD (1). However, moving from GWAS signals to causal genes has proved challenging, slowing progress in developing interventions for CAD and other diseases. The greatest challenge in interpreting GWAS data is that only 10% of variants are in protein-coding regions and 90% are in "non-coding" genomic regions. Many of these non-coding variants are found in regulatory elements such as enhancers. Enhancers are distal regulatory elements that bind transcription factors and regulate genes up to 1 million base pairs away. This is achieved by DNA looping bringing enhancers into physical proximity with target genes. However, it is not possible to predict which gene(s) a given enhancer will regulate based on genomic location alone. We aimed to develop a generalisable workflow to solve CAD GWAS signals accurately and sensitively, by identifying causal enhancer SNPs and linking them mechanistically to output genes in a cell-type specific manner. We combined cell-specific epigenomic mapping with machine learning to prioritise 21,959 SNPs from 861 candidate CAD loci, in endothelial cells (HUVECs) and smooth muscle cells (HCASMCs). Micro-Capture-C (MCC) was used to resolve enhancer-promoter interactions at base-pair resolution (2). MNase footprinting determined differential transcription factor binding at specific enhancer SNPs. In HCASMCs, 20 putative enhancers containing CAD SNPs were found to interact with 32 genes, and in HUVECs 25 enhancers interacted with 48 genes. These genes were enriched for pathways including TGFb signalling, RUNX3 activity, and MAPK6/MAPK4 signalling. To prove causality at specific loci, heterozygous SNPs were identified in the individual primary cell lines. The interaction frequency at these elements was statistically compared between risk and non-risk alleles. For example, at the 9p21.3 locus, an enhancer containing a non-risk T allele was found to interact more strongly with the CDKN2B gene, compared to the risk G allele. Interestingly, this imbalance between allele interaction was potentiated by stimulation with TGFb, a key mediator in atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the transcription factor footprint at the SNP location was altered by the risk allele, indicating the mechanistic cause of the CAD-associated change in CDKN2B expression. We demonstrate a combined computational and experimental approach to identify causal non-coding variants in CAD risk loci, at scale. Among the key outputs of this study is the identification of the risk variant (rs1537373), output gene (CDKN2B), and specific cell type (HCASMC) underlying the 9p21.3 locus association with CAD risk. Using this approach to translate GWAS signals into cell-type specific outputs genes, will lead to a better understanding of the pathogenesis of CAD, and new therapeutic opportunities.

Synergistic engineering of heteroatomic N-doping and PPy modification in flower-like vanadium sulfide anode enables stable sodium storage

Vanadium sulfide, an appealing anode candidate for sodium ion batteries (SIBs), still encounters considerable volume fluctuation and sluggish Na+ diffusion kinetics, which inevitably gives rise to unsatisfactory rate capability and severe capacity decay. Herein, we successfully designed and constructed an outstanding sodium-storage feature and exceedingly stable anode for SIBs in the form of three-dimensional flower-like architecture composing of phosphorus doped VS2 wrapped by conductive elastic polypyrrole (PPy) layer (i.e., P-VS2@PPy). Through leveraging the multifunctional synergistic effect of composition and structure, involving enhanced electronic conductivity, reduced volumetric fluctuation, accelerated charge/ion transfer efficiency, and remarkable surface-capacitive behaviors can guarantee significantly enhanced electrochemical sodium-storage ability of P-VS2@PPy composites. As a consequence, such P-VS2@PPy is endowed with desirable rate characteristic accompanied with long-period cyclic lifespan (436.7 mAh/g at 20.0 A/g after 2600 cycles), which far outperform contrastive P-VS2 and pure VS2 samples. Meticulous kinetic analysis combined with theoretical simulations conclude that phosphorus doping and PPy coating have substantial effects on strengthening ionic and electron diffusion kinetics. Thorough examination and analysis of the insertion and conversion mechanisms of P-VS2@PPy was conducted through ex situ tests, revealing superior reversible phase transformation between original VS2, intermediate NaVS2, and final Na2S/V. Additionally, a practical application test demonstrates that sodium ion full-cell and hybrid capacitor based on P-VS2@PPy anode showcase significant capacity contribution and outstanding specific energy output, capable of effortlessly lighting up a LED screen.

Comparative performance analysis of recuperative helium and supercritical CO₂ Brayton cycles for high-temperature energy systems

This study presents a comprehensive comparative analysis of recuperative Brayton cycles utilizing helium (He) and supercritical carbon dioxide (sCO2) as working fluids for high-temperature power generation, focusing on applications in next-generation concentrated solar power (CSP) systems. Thermodynamic cycle simulations were conducted across a temperature range of 1000 K–2000 K, exploring the effects of low-side pressure (1 bar–100 bar) and expansion ratio (1–5) on key performance indicators. These indicators included thermal efficiency, net specific work output, mass flow rate, volumetric flow rate, and system irreversibilities. Results demonstrate that helium-based Brayton cycles exhibit superior thermal efficiency at high temperatures, reaching up to 65 %, compared to sCO2 cycles, which achieve efficiencies up to 55 %. This advantage stems from helium's higher specific heat capacity and lower pressure drops within the cycle. Conversely, sCO2 cycles demonstrate higher net specific work output due to the fluid's higher density, leading to more compact turbomachinery. The study further investigates the impact of irreversibilities, including pressure losses, leakage losses, and heat transfer losses, on cycle performance. A detailed analysis of multi-stage Brayton cycles incorporating intercoolers and reheaters reveals the potential for further efficiency enhancements in both helium and sCO2 systems. This research provides valuable insights for the design and optimization of high-temperature power generation systems, particularly for next-generation CSP plants. The findings highlight the trade-offs between working fluid properties and cycle configurations, guiding the selection of optimal solutions based on specific application requirements and operating conditions.

Using the check dam deposit for an individual event to document the sources and erosional loss of sediment-associated organic carbon from a small catchment on the Chinese Loess Plateau

Information on the sources and fate of organic carbon mobilized by soil erosion is crucial for understanding the impact of erosion on carbon (C) cycling. However, few studies have evaluated this in low-order stream systems. In this study, we adopted a novel approach, that used the sediment deposited behind a check dam constructed at the outlet of the Fengzigou catchment (0.91 km2) on the Chinese Loess Plateau by a single high magnitude storm event, to simplify the field sampling requirements. The total sediment-associated organic carbon (TOC) was fractionated into particulate organic carbon (POC) and mineral associated organic carbon (MOC). These results were combined with those from a sediment source tracing exercise. This made it possible to explore further the source and loss of the sediment-associated organic carbon. The results showed that the inter-gully areas contributed the most eroded TOC (52.3 ± 7.6 %) and, together with the gully walls, represented the main TOC source. The primary contributor of the POC fraction in the deposited sediment was the inter-gully areas (80.5 ± 12.6 %), whereas the gully walls were the main contributor of the MOC fraction (54.9 ± 10.2 %). The total output of sediment produced by the event was 1304 ± 48 t and the equivalent value for sediment-associated TOC was 2.94 ± 0.26 t, of which the POC fraction accounted for 27.6 ± 3.6 % and the MOC fraction 72.4 ± 9.8 %. The TOC lost (0.3 ± 0.02 t) through the mobilization and delivery processes was 10.2 ± 1.2 % of the TOC mobilized by erosion, and the lost carbon was dominated by the POC fraction (86.7 ± 8.8 %). The specific TOC output from the catchment associated with the event documented was 0.3 t km−2. This work demonstrates the potential for erosion-induced carbon redistribution to provide a source for atmospheric CO2 in the study area.

Modifications in Subsurface of Catalysts: Impact of Bringing in Electrophilicity on Catalytic Applications

AbstractSurface, interface, and subsurface in catalysts are broadly perceived as independent units in materials, relying on diverse bonding environments and are recurrently studied discretely because of experimental challenges in distinguishing the surface and subsurface effects. Metal crystals, isolated atoms, or metal nanoparticles in supported catalysts induce an electrophilic nature in subsurface, enhancing the catalysis efficiency. In this review, the influence of modification in subsurface of catalysts and their specific catalytic outputs are discussed. Key approaches and techniques for insertion of subsurface modifications and impact of electrophilicity upon catalysis upgradation are observed. A compilation of frequently used chemical reactions catalyzed by subsurface‐modified catalysts have been structured and thoroughly illustrated.

Study on recovery and utilization of cold energy for insulation design of liquid hydrogen tanks

Insulation design is one of the key technologies for Liquid Hydrogen (LH2) tanks. To enhance the insulation efficiency and energy utilization of the LH2, this study proposes a novel approach to enhance the insulation performance of LH2 tank and cold energy cascade utilization of LH2. Three Cryo-cooling Insulation Systems (CIS) with various insulation schemes are designed, analyzed and compared from the perspectives of insulation performance, consumption and energy utilization efficiency. An optimal insulation scheme among three CISs is identified and evaluated. Additionally, a dimensionless number (Ψ) is proposed to assess the insulation advantages of the CISs. And the insulation performance and economic feasibility of the system be effectively balanced. The findings reveal that the insulation performance of the proposed CIS outperforms previous insulation methods by a factor of 239.13. Among the schemes in three CISs, Schemes 2 (Position of CSs at 6th, 25th and 35th layers), Schemes 3 (Position of CSs at 10th, 40th and 45th layers), and Schemes 3 (Position of CSs at 3rd, 40th and 45th layers) exhibit superior insulation performance in Cases #1 (CIS of LN2-LAr), Cases #2 (CIS of R14-R170), and Cases #3 (CIS of R1150-R23). Notably, Case #1 achieves the highest insulation performance, showing improvements of 2.58 and 1.63 times over Case #2 and Case #3, respectively. However, the energy output in Case #1 is approximately 248.12 W, constituting 83.10 % and 71.60 % of Case #2 and Case #3, respectively. Case #1 demonstrates the highest specific energy output, with improvements of 30.12 % and 81.05 % compared to Case #2 and Case #3, respectively. In terms of the exergy utilization rate of each equipment, the exergy utilization rate of equipment in Case #1 is the highest among the three cases. The study underscore the feasibility of cold energy utilization for insulation, providing solutions for energy conversion and thermal management of LH2 tanks through cryo-cooling cascade utilization.