Specific Nutrition Research Articles

Dietary Diversity and Its Contribution in the Etiology of Maternal Anemia in Conflict Hit Mount Cameroon Area: A Cross-Sectional Study.

Background: In the Mount Cameroon area, maternal anemia remains a major public health concern. We hypothesized that nutrient inadequacy may account for the level of anemia in pregnancy. Thus, this study examined the relative effect of dietary diversity on maternal anemia in the study area.Methods: A total of 1,014 consenting pregnant women were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Information on socio-demographic, antenatal characteristics, malaria and anemia control measures were documented. Dietary diversity (DD) was evaluated using the 24-h recall method and hemoglobin (Hb) levels (g/dl) measured using a portable Hb meter. Malaria parasitaemia was diagnosed by blood microscopy. Anemia status was trimester specific. Logistic regression analysis was used determine predictors of maternal anemia.Results: Among the pregnant women enrolled, the mean DD score was 3.5±0.8 SD and only 10.4% had adequate dietary diversity. Anemia prevalence was 40.9%. Majority of the women consumed starchy staples (99.3%) while least consumed foods were dairy (4.5%), eggs (8.3%), fruits and vegetable (vitamin A-rich) (8.6%). A significant lower prevalence of anemia was associated with intake of dairy (P < 0.001), animal protein (P = 0.006), vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables (P < 0.001). Furthermore, mean Hb levels were higher (P < 0.001) among women with diverse diets (12.39 ± 1.34) than in those with less diverse diets (10.85 ± 1.33). Predictors of anemia were as follows: study setting [Odd Ratio (OR) = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.07-1.94], occupation (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.16-3.43), number of clinic visits (OR = 1.9, 95% CI: 1.27-2.91), trimester of pregnancy (OR = 3.2, 95% CI: 1.45-7.38), malaria parasitaemia (OR = 1.8, 95% CI: 1.33-2.68), out of home eating (OR = 1.4, 95% CI: 1.03-2.13), and DD (OR = 9.8, 95% CI: 4.56-20.80). The attributable risk of anemia due to dietary diversity was 82.9%.Conclusion: In the study area, DD is a major risk factor for maternal anemia. This finding underscores the importance of content specific nutrition education during clinic visits to improve intake of protein and iron-rich food in anemia prevention.

Evaluation of different ozonation on aflatoxin degradation and physicochemical characteristics of hazelnuts

Hazelnut contaminated with aflatoxin (5, 10, 25, and 50 ppb) were treated ozone at three different doses and two exposure times (5, 10, and 20 ppm for 10 and 20 min) on aflatoxin degradation. The highest peroxide value was reached (12.89 meqO2/kg) 20 ppm/20 min, and the lowest was 5 ppm/20 min (3.20 meqO2/kg). The reductions of α-tocopherol were 15.38%–28.87%, when control 19.14%, and the highest reduction were ozone concentration had adverse effect on α-tocopherol (24.96% 20 ppm/10 min), 28.87% (20 ppm/20 min). Ozonation was not lead to significant changes in color (L*, a*, and b*) and textures. Decrease in aflatoxin B1(AFB1) contents was dependent on increasing ozone concentration, the highest degradation for AFB1(38.96%) and total aflatoxins(31.35%) were obtained with use of 20 ppm/20 min ozonation. At 5 µg/kg contaminated group, the AFB1 reduction rate was 19.88% for 5.min and 32.23% for 20 min. Ozonation, especially 5 ppm is innovative for reducing aflatoxin, while maintaining the quality. Practical applications The effect of different ozone treatments on the degradation of the aflatoxin (AFB1), which was produced by mold growth on hazelnuts’ physicochemical characteristics, was determined. It is essential that ozonation with low concentration and short application time is needed to minimize the destruction to tocopherols and specific nutrition. The current research aimed to determine the lowest optimal dose of detoxification using different amounts of ozone and exposure time on the different amounts of AFB1.In addition, the effects of ozone applications on the physicochemical characteristics of nuts were also determined.

The Athlete Food Choice Questionnaire (AFCQ): Validity and Reliability in a Sample of International High-Performance Athletes.

The Athlete Food Choice Questionnaire (AFCQ) is a novel tool for understanding factors influencing athlete food selection and providing context to nutrition knowledge and diet quality data. Reliability, face, and content validity have been previously established during development. The aim of this study is to evaluate the AFCQ's factorial structure, reliability, and construct validity in an independent sample of international high-performance athletes. The AFCQ contains 36 items within nine factors. Participants rate how frequently (1 never to 5 always) items influence their choices. Model consistency and construct validity was evaluated by confirmatory factor analysis. Measures included model fit incidences and duplicate methods examining reliability, convergent, and discriminant validity. Athletes (n = 232) at the 2018 Commonwealth Games, Gold Coast, Australia, completed the AFCQ. A modified 32-item model achieved discriminant validity for all factors and convergent validity for "emotional influence," "food and health awareness," "nutritional attributes of food," "performance," and "influence of others." Reliability measures of all constructs except "usual eating practice" and "food values and beliefs" were above acceptable thresholds, although "usual eating practice" was considered tolerable and conditionally accepted. The AFCQ was confirmed in its original nine-factor structure in an independent sample of high-performance athletes. This provides a detailed and transparent account of the construct validity of the AFCQ, adding to the foundation of evidence for this new instrument. The AFCQ captures the unique influences specific to athletes while being broad enough for application across diverse sporting and culturally mixed cohorts. This tool could assist sports science professionals in making more informed and effective decisions around strategies to support athletes, including the ability to triage for specific sports nutrition advice.

The protective effect of a nutraceuticals combination in an experimental model of liver ischemia-reperfusion

Presenter: Carlos A Pantanali MD | Hospital das Clinicas of University of Sao Paulo Background: Ischemia-reperfusion (IR) injury is an unresolved problem in liver resection and transplantation. It has a complex pathophysiology and its injury key factors are inflammatory response, oxidative stress and apoptosis. In this context, the preoperatve nutritional state considerably affects postoperative metabolism and liver function. We aimed to evaluate the effect of a nutraceuticals combination on liver injury induced by IR in a rat model. Methods: Thirty-two male Wistar rats were used and the liver IR was performed by clamping the hepatic pedicle of the middle lobe for 60 minutes, followed by reperfusion for 4 hours. The rats were equally divided into 4 groups: group 1 – received the nutraceuticals combination by gavage for 7 days, before being subjected to liver IR; group 2 – submitted only to liver IR; group 3 – received only the nutraceuticals combination for 7 days; group 4 – normal rats (control). Blood was collected, all rats were euthanized and then samples from the injured liver were collected. Hepatocellular injury was evaluated by the serum levels of aspartate aminotransferase (AST) and alanine aminotransferase (ALT), apoptosis was analyzed using TUNEL method, TNF-alpha and caspase 3 in the liver tissue were analyzed by immunohistochemistry, lipid peroxidation was examined by the quantification of malondialdehyde (MDA) through the HPLC method and the inflammatory response was evaluated by serum interleukins 6, 10 and TNF-alpha. Results: The serum levels of AST, cytokine TNF-alpha and apoptosis were significant decreased in group 1 compared to group 2. The ALT also was reduced in group 1, but it didn’t have statistical difference with group 2. The interleukins 6 and 10, and the MDA were similar in both groups. Looking at apoptosis, the TNF-α and Caspase 3 in the liver tissue were statistically lower in group 1 compared to 2. Comparing group 2 with group 3, the nutraceuticals combination demonstrated lower levels of all studied variables. Group 2 had all variables higher than the control. Group 3 had similar levels of both transaminases, apoptosis, Caspase 3, MDA and inflammatory variables compared to normal rats, but TNF-alpha in the liver was higher this group. Conclusion: The combination of nutraceuticals given before liver IR injury is able to prevent apoptosis and inflammatory response by TNF-α, as well as limit the hepatocelullar injury. Thus, a specific nutrition can protect the hepatocytes and its mechanisms of action can be promising therapeutic targets.

Nutrition-Sensitive Agriculture: A Systematic Review of Impact Pathways to Nutrition Outcomes

ABSTRACTThe role of agriculture in reducing undernutrition is widely recognized, yet there is also consensus on the need to make the sector nutrition-sensitive. Evidence on the impact pathways from nutrition-sensitive agriculture (NSA) interventions, agricultural interventions with specific nutrition objectives, and actions detailing each temporal stage to reach nutrition outcomes is limited, however. We thus synthesized study results regarding impact of NSA interventions on nutrition outcomes relating to undernutrition, and constructed an impact pathway by mapping the evidence on each temporal stage from interventions to nutrition outcomes. We used Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses to conduct and report our systematic review of studies on NSA interventions implemented in low- and lower-middle-income countries. Forty-three studies that met the inclusion criteria were extracted and synthesized across impact and pathways analyses. We carried out a thematic analysis of the effect of NSA interventions using evidence-based indicators and constructed the pathways by adopting a published framework on agriculture to nutrition pathways. Our findings reveal that NSA interventions can significantly improve dietary practices, and have the potential to enhance care practices and reduce occurrence of diseases, indicating their effectiveness in simultaneously addressing multiple determinants of undernutrition. However, NSA interventions have a lesser impact on nutritional status. NSA interventions lead to nutrition outcomes through 5 key pathways: food production, nutrition-related knowledge, agricultural income, women's empowerment, and strengthening of local institutions. We emphasize the need to carefully design, implement, and evaluate interventions with consideration for factors affecting impact pathways. Future research should focus on the effect of interventions combining multisector components, and pathways through non-food-production-related income, women's empowerment, strengthening of local institutions, food prices at intervention level, and expenditure on health care.

The Analysis of Actual Nutrient Intake According to the Use Status of Nutrition Labeling for Specific Nutrients: Focus on Processed Foods and Patients with Hypertension and Diabetes from the 2016–2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

본 연구는 영양표시 이용 시 가장 관심 있게 보는 영양소를 분석하였고, 이에 영향을 미치는 요인을 알아보기 위해 이루어졌다. 2016∼2018년 국민건강영양조사 자료를 활용하여 성별, 연령, 영양교육의 여부에 따른 관심 영양소의 차이를 분석하였다. 더 나아가 만성질환 중 비율이 높은 당뇨와 고혈압 환자가 영양표시를 이용하여 당과 나트륨을 관심 있게 확인하고, 정상인 보다 섭취를 적게 하여 영양표시를 적절하게 이용하는지 분석하였다. 연구 결과 가공식품 구매 시 성별, 연령에 따른 관심 있게 보는 영양소가 차이가 있었고, 영양교육 여부에 따른 관심 영양소의 차이는 없었다. 당뇨병과 고혈압 유병 여부에 따른 관심 영양소의 차이는 당뇨병은 차이가 있었고, 고혈압 여부에 따른 차이는 없었다. 본 연구 결과를 기초로 건강한 식습관을 위한 영양표시 사용과 관련하여 특정 영양교육에 대한 변화가 이루어져 효과적인 영양교육이 되도록 제안한다.This study was conducted to analyze the nutrients interest when using nutrition labels, and to find out the factors that influence them. Using the data from the 2016-2018 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, the differences in nutrients of interest according to gender, age, nutrition education, and diabetic and hypertensive patients were analyzed. This study showed that there was a difference in nutrients viewed with interest according to gender and age when purchasing processed foods, and there was no difference in nutrients of interest according to nutrition education. There was a difference in nutrients of interest according to the presence of diabetes, and the presence of hypertension. In conclusion, this study proposes to make effective nutrition education through changes in specific nutrition education in relation to the use of nutrition labels for healthy eating habits.

The Extent to Which Obesity and Population Nutrition Are Considered by Institutional Investors Engaged in Responsible Investment in Australia - A Review of Policies and Commitments

IntroductionResponsible investment (RI), in which environmental, social and governance (ESG) considerations are incorporated into investment decision making, is a potentially powerful tool for increasing corporate accountability and improving corporate practices to address broad societal challenges. Whilst the RI sector is growing, there is limited understanding of the extent to which pressing social issues, such as obesity and unhealthy population diets, are incorporated within RI decision making. This study aimed to investigate the extent to which obesity prevention and population nutrition are considered by Australian institutional investors engaged in responsible investment.MethodsA desk-based review was conducted of investment approaches of prominent Australian asset managers and superannuation funds identified as engaged in responsible investment. Relevant information on the incorporation of ESG issues related to obesity and population nutrition was extracted for each investor, drawing on websites, published policy documents and annual reports. Strategies were categorized as: (1) negative/exclusionary screening; (2) positive/best-in-class screening; (3) norms-based screening; (4) ESG integration; (5) sustainability-themed investing; (6) impact/community investing; and (7) corporate engagement and shareholder action. These strategies were compared across investors and by themes related to obesity and population nutrition.ResultsEighteen of the 35 investors indicated that they applied investment strategies that considered issues related to obesity and population nutrition. The most commonly identified strategy was ESG integration (n = 12), followed by sustainability-themed investing (n = 6), and positive screening (n = 4). The ways in which obesity and population nutrition were considered as part of these approaches included relatively high-level general health considerations (n = 12), considerations around the healthiness of food company product portfolios (n = 10), and consideration of specific company nutrition policies and practices (n = 4). The specificity and depth to which RI strategies were disclosed varied.ConclusionThere is significant potential for investment decisions to contribute to efforts to address key social issues, such as obesity and unhealthy diets. Some institutional investors in Australia have recognized the potential importance of incorporating obesity- and population nutrition-related issues into decision-making processes. However, the extent to which these considerations translate into investment decisions and their impact on companies in the food sector warrant further exploration.

Nutrition education in medical school: the case of international medical students in China

ObjectiveTo assess the knowledge on country-specific nutrition situation, perceptions of the nutrition curricula and factors influencing capacity to offer nutrition guidance among medical students studying internationally in China compared with...

Prevalence of diabetes mellitus in patients with home enteral nutrition

BackgroundThere are few data available in the literature on the prevalence of diabetes mellitus (DM) in patients with home enteral nutrition (HEN) via tube feeding. The objective was to analyze the prevalence of DM in patients receiving HEN, as well as evaluating the complications, the prescribed antidiabetic treatments and the nutrition regimen selected. DesignThis was a retrospective, single-center, observational study reviewing clinical histories. The population consisted of patients over 18 years of age who started HEN by tube between January 2016 and January 2018. Sociodemographic variables were recorded, as well as variables related to HEN. Additional variables were recorded in patients with DM. ResultsIn the 198 study patients, followed up for a median of 104 days, the prevalence of DM was 31.8%, and patients with DM were older (71.3±11.5 vs. 64.2±15.8; p=0.002) than those without DM. There were no differences between patients with and without DM as regards the prescription of HEN, its route and form of administration, and its complications. One hundred and thirty-two patients (66.7%) died during follow-up. The presence of DM did not increase the risk of death during follow-up (after adjusting for age, gender, and diagnosis). More than 85% of patients with DM received a specific formula for diabetes, and 84.1% of these patients received drug treatment. ConclusionThe prevalence of DM was high in patients receiving HEN, most of whom were prescribed specific enteral nutrition formulas. The presence of DM was not associated with greater morbidity and mortality or with differences in HEN regimens or indications.

Factors contributing to food insecurity among older persons in Malaysia: Findings from the National Health and Morbidity Survey (NHMS) 2018.

Older persons are vulnerable to food insecurity. Therefore, this study aimed to determine the prevalence of food insecurity and associated factors among older persons in Malaysia. This is a cross-sectional study with two-stage stratified random sampling. In total, 3977 older persons participated in this study. Face-to-face interviews were conducted using a mobile device to obtain information about socio-demographic background, food insecurity, non-communicable diseases, social support and living arrangements. Descriptive and multiple complex sample logistic regression analyses were performed for data analysis. The overall prevalence of food insecurity among older persons was 10.4%. Older persons from rural areas with no or only primary and secondary education, income less than RM 2000 (USD 477.57), at risk of malnutrition and not receiving very high social support were more likely to be food-insecure. Approximately, one-tenth of Malaysian older adults were classified as food-insecure; particularly those living in rural areas from lower socio-economic status, not receiving very high social support and malnourished were more likely to be at risk. A specific nutrition program, such as meals on wheels and food vouchers, should be targeted toward older persons who are at risk to improve their malnutrition status. Geriatr Gerontol Int 2020; 20: 73-78.

Achieving Dietary Sodium Recommendations and Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Prevention through Culinary Medicine Education.

Sodium-reduction initiatives have been a cornerstone of preventing hypertension and broader atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) since the early 1970s. For nearly 50 years, public health and clinical guidelines have concentrated on consumer education, behavioral change, and, to a lesser extent, food policy to help reduce sodium intake among Americans. While these efforts undoubtedly helped improve awareness, average sodium consumption remains at approximately 4200 mg/day in men and 3000 mg/day in women, well above the United States Dietary Guidelines of 2300 mg/day. Culinary medicine is an emerging discipline in clinical and public-health education that provides healthcare professionals and community members with food-based knowledge and skills. With the hands-on teaching of kitchen education to individuals, culinary medicine provides eaters with tangible strategies for reducing sodium through home cooking. Here, we review opportunities for culinary medicine to help improve both individual- and population-level sodium-reduction outcomes through five main areas: increasing adherence to a plant-forward dietary pattern, food literacy, the enhancement of complementary flavors, disease-specific teaching-kitchen modules, and the delivery of culturally specific nutrition education. Through this process, we hope to further underline the value of formal, hands-on teaching-kitchen education among healthcare professionals and community members for ASCVD prevention.

District Wellness Policy Nutrition Standards Are Associated with Healthier District Food Procurement Practices in the United States.

Food procurement policies often exist to require that schools purchase foods with specific nutrient standards. Such policies are increasingly being used with the hope of improving access to healthier foods and beverages. Local wellness policies, required in any school district that participates in Federal Child Nutrition Programs, often contain specific nutrition standards that detail what can be sold to students during the school day. This study investigated the extent to which nutrition standards in wellness policies may be associated with healthier nutrition standards in district-level purchasing specifications. Cross-sectional data from the 2014–2015 school year for 490 school food authorities from 46 states and the District of Columbia were collected as part of the School Nutrition and Meal Cost Study and the National Wellness Policy Study. Survey-adjusted multivariable logistic regression models were computed to examine the association between district wellness policy nutrition standards and corresponding district food purchasing specifications. Results show that having a district wellness policy with corresponding nutrition standards and being in a rural area were associated with district food purchasing specifications for specific nutrients. These findings contribute to the literature to suggest that having a wellness policy with detailed nutrition standards may help to increase access to healthier foods and beverages.

Factors Affecting Quality of Life in Pediatric Patients with Transfusion Dependent b-Thalassemia: A Single Centre Experience

Background and Objectives:Thalassemia is a serious global health problem, associated with life-threatening anemia that necessitates repeated blood transfusions. Despite the significant advances in the management of thalassemia, little improvement has achieved in patients' health-related quality of life (QOL). This study aimed to assess the QOL of transfusion-dependent children with b-thalassemia. Methodology:A cross-sectional research design followed at the East Jeddah General Hospital, Jeddah City, Saudi Arabia, from April to June 2020. The inclusion criteria were children aged four years or more, with b-thalassemia major or intermedia registered for at least one year at the Hereditary Blood Diseases Unit and receiving a blood transfusion on a monthly or near-monthly basis. The study included 48 children (26 boys and 22 girls). The researchers designed a data collection tool. It comprised sociodemographic characteristics of patients and their parents and the abbreviated version of the World Health Organization Quality of Life Questionnaire (WHOQOL-BREF). It includes 26 items. Parents asked about the quality of their thalassemic children's life during their regular blood transfusion visits. Their responses scored, and the QOL of each thalassemic child produced. This study focused mainly on three QOL domains, namely "Physical health," "Psychological," and "Social relationships." Domain scores scaled in a positive direction (i.e., higher scores denote better QOL). Data were statistically analyzed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (IBM, SPSS, version 25). Descriptive statistics, namely frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation (SD), were calculated. Testing significance was applied using the Chi-square (c2) test, independent samples t-test, and variance (ANOVA). P-values less than 0.05 were considered as statistically significant. Results:Age of thalassemic children ranged from 4 to 15 years (Mean±SD: 8.7±3.0 years). Age at diagnosis ranged from 1 to 60 months years (Mean±SD: 14.1±13.0 months). Seven fathers (14.6%) and nine mothers (18.8%) were illiterate, 23 fathers (47.9%) and 27 mothers (56.3%) had school education, while 18 fathers (37.5%) and 12 mothers (25%) were university educated. The majority of thalassemic children were living with their parents (93.8%). The family monthly income of 30 children (62.5%) was &amp;lt;8000 SR (i.e., &amp;lt;2000 US$). A family history of blood diseases was positive among 52.1% of participant thalassemic children. Before the start of blood transfusion sessions, the overall QOL of 13 children (27.1%) was poor but significantly improves after blood transfusion (p&amp;lt;0.001). Moreover, the overall QOL was significantly better among children with maintained medications (p=0.028). All QOL domains did not differ significantly according to the ferritin level. However, considerably better social domains of QOL were present among children with regular follow up. None of the QOL domains differed among thalassemic children according to their age, age at diagnosis, gender, or their parents' characteristics. Conclusions:The QOL of b-thalassemic children is significantly affected, which substantially improves after blood transfusion. The overall QOL is considerably better among children with maintained medications. Significantly better QOL among thalassemic children was associated with their follow at specific subspecialty clinics, namely Ear, Nose, and Throat (ENT), endocrinology, and nutrition. Disclosures No relevant conflicts of interest to declare.

Impact of Early Incorporation of Nutrition Interventions as a Component of Cancer Therapy in Adults: A Review.

Malnutrition is prevalent among oncology patients and can adversely affect clinical outcomes, prognosis, quality of life, and survival. This review evaluates current trends in the literature and reported evidence around the timing and impact of specific nutrition interventions in oncology patients undergoing active cancer treatment. Previous research studies (published 1 January 2010–1 April 2020) were identified and selected using predefined search strategy and selection criteria. In total, 15 articles met inclusion criteria and 12/15 articles provided an early nutrition intervention. Identified studies examined the impacts of nutrition interventions (nutrition counseling, oral nutrition supplements, or combination of both) on a variety of cancer diagnoses. Nutrition interventions were found to improve body weight and body mass index, nutrition status, protein and energy intake, quality of life, and response to cancer treatments. However, the impacts of nutrition interventions on body composition, functional status, complications, unplanned hospital readmissions, and mortality and survival were inconclusive, mainly due to the limited number of studies evaluating these outcomes. Early nutrition interventions were found to improve health and nutrition outcomes in oncology patients. Future research is needed to further evaluate the impacts of early nutrition interventions on patients’ outcomes and explore the optimal duration and timing of nutrition interventions.

Factors Influencing Dietary Patterns during Pregnancy in a Culturally Diverse Society

The aim of this study was to identify dietary patterns in pregnant women and to assess the relationships between sociodemographic, lifestyle-related, and pregnancy-related factors. This is a descriptive, correlational study involving 306 pregnant women in Melilla (Spain) in any trimester of pregnancy. A validated food frequency questionnaire was used. Dietary patterns were determined via exploratory factor analysis and ordinal logistic regression using the proportional odds model. Three dietary patterns were identified: Western, mixed, and prudent. Sociodemographic, lifestyle-related, and pregnancy-related factors influencing dietary quality were established. The Western dietary pattern was considered the least recommended despite being the most common among women who live in Melilla (p = 0.03), are Christian (p = 0.01), are primiparous women (p < 0.001), and are in their first or second trimester (p = 0.02). Unemployed pregnant women were also more likely to have a less healthy dietary pattern (β = −0.716; p = 0.040). The prudent dietary pattern, the healthiest of the three, was most commonly observed among Muslim women (p = 0.01), women with more than two children (p < 0.001), and women in the third trimester of pregnancy (p = 0.02). Pregnant women who engaged in no physical activity or a low level of physical activity displayed a mixed pattern (p < 0.001). This study provides evidence on the factors influencing dietary patterns during pregnancy and suggests that more specific nutrition programmes should be developed to improve the nutritional status of pregnant women.

The Effect of Health Officer Role to the Program of Stunting Prevention on First 1000 Days of Life in Indonesia

A role of health officer to prevent stunting rate was very significant, especially on first 1000 days of life.The role of health officer within program of stunting prevention was divided into three parts: basic role, therole on specific nutritional intervention, since the role on nutritional intervention was regarded as sensitiveaspect. This research aimed to analyze the effect of implementation from health officer to the program ofstunting prevention on the first 1000 days of life, This research was categorized into quantitative researchwhich exerted case control approach, while the data analysis employed bivariate data analysis with logisticregression analysis test. The research sample was taken through cluster random sampling in approximately275 respondents. The result of data analysis showed the effect of health officer basic role to the stuntingprevention. Moreover, the analysis result from those three variables indicated p value ? 0,05, it referred thatthis variable did not get to be confounding factor in this research and it referred that the significant effectwas not existed between health officer role and stunting prevention program on the first 1000 days of lifein Indonesia. This result demonstrated that the variable of specific nutrition intervention became the mosteffective aspect to the program of stunting prevention on the first 1000 day of life, it produced OR value0.703 (95% CI: 0.504-0.981). Therefore, the good specific nutrition intervention has the biggest chance asmuch as 0.703 times in order to prevent stunting rather than the poor specific nutrition intervention.

The Impact of Milk and Its Components on Epigenetic Programming of Immune Function in Early Life and Beyond: Implications for Allergy and Asthma.

Specific and adequate nutrition during pregnancy and early life is an important factor in avoiding non-communicable diseases such as obesity, type 2 diabetes, cardiovascular disease, cancers, and chronic allergic diseases. Although epidemiologic and experimental studies have shown that nutrition is important at all stages of life, it is especially important in prenatal and the first few years of life. During the last decade, there has been a growing interest in the potential role of epigenetic mechanisms in the increasing health problems associated with allergic disease. Epigenetics involves several mechanisms including DNA methylation, histone modifications, and microRNAs which can modify the expression of genes. In this study, we focus on the effects of maternal nutrition during pregnancy, the effects of the bioactive components in human and bovine milk, and the environmental factors that can affect early life (i.e., farming, milk processing, and bacterial exposure), and which contribute to the epigenetic mechanisms underlying the persistent programming of immune functions and allergic diseases. This knowledge will help to improve approaches to nutrition in early life and help prevent allergies in the future.

Quantitative joint evaluation of sheep enteric methane emissions and faecal dry matter and nitrogen excretion

Specific nutrition and management interventions at farm level that aim at reducing enteric methane (CH4) production from sheep may not reduce excretion of dry matter and N, the main source of excreta CH4 production and nitrous oxide. The objectives were a) to determine the relationship of dietary variables and animal characteristics to both enteric CH4 emissions and N excretion from sheep fed ryegrass or forage brassica diets, and b) to jointly predict enteric CH4 emissions, and dry matter and N excretion from sheep based on feed intake, dietary nutrient contents and animal characteristics. A database containing 270 indirect respiration calorimetry and total excreta collection records of eight sheep studies from New Zealand was used. To explain variation in CH4 production and N excretion, all records were assigned to four categories based on CH4 emissions and N excretion being lesser or greater than the means of the entire database, viz. high CH4-high N, high CH4-low N, low CH4-high N and low CH4-low N. A redundancy analysis indicated the two low N categories were positively related to dry matter digestibility. Subsequently, dry matter digestibility was positively related to brassica forages and negatively related to ryegrass forages. Univariate modelling indicated that CH4 (g d−1) was best predicted by dry matter intake (DMI), faecal dry matter excretion (g d−1) by DMI and dietary neutral detergent fibre content, and N excretion (g d−1) by DMI and dietary crude protein content, with dry matter digestibility also contributing to the best prediction of faecal and total N. A bivariate multiple regression model for jointly predicting CH4 emission and total N excretion, and a trivariate model for also predicting faecal dry matter were developed. Key covariates included DMI, dietary neutral detergent fibre and crude protein contents, whereas DMI was replaced by body weight in the bivariate yield model (g [kg DMI]-1), and not selected for the trivariate yield model. Regression coefficients of dietary crude protein content obtained through multivariate modelling had opposite signs for CH4 emission and N excretion, indicating a trade-off. However, this trade-off was not supported by univariate modelling. Therefore, evidence for a trade-off between enteric CH4 and N excretion from sheep is limited.

The use of Manajemen Nutrisi Balita Stunting (MNBS) Smartphone Application to Increase the Growth of Stunting Children

Introduction: Stunting is a condition that describes a malnutrition status whose prevalence is still high and has not met the reduction target, one of which is in Kabupaten Malang. Manajemen Nutrisi Balita Stunting (MNBS) is an innovation in providing specific nutrition interventions that have been developed into a form of smartphone application that can be used as a medium to prevent stunting problems. This study aims to analyze the effect of Manajemen Nutrisi Balita Stunting (MNBS) to increase the growth of children under age five with stunting condition. Methods: This study used a pre-experimental research design with a one group pretest/posttest design approach. This research was conducted in the working area of Puskemas Kabupaten Malang. The population of this study were parents with stunting children. The sampling technique used was a total sampling of 20 respondents. The inclusion criteria of this study include parents who have stunting children, parents have a smartphone, and parents are willing to take part in the research until complete. Results: The results showed that there was a significant change of children growth with stunting based on the increase in weight and height of children with stunting after the intervention using the Manajemen NutrIisi Balita Stunting (MNBS) smartphone application with p value &lt;0.000, and p value&gt; 0.05. Conclusion: There is an effect of the Manajemen Nutrisi Balita Stunting (MNBS) smartphone application on the growth of under-five children with stunting.

Might Salivary Lysozyme Be An Indicator Of Prolonged Intense Training Load In Athletes? A Preliminary Study In Adolescent Male Gymnasts

Lysozyme is one of the salivary antimicrobial proteins (AMP) which act as a defence at the mucosal surface. While in adult athletes, a decrease in salivary lysozyme (SLys) levels has been reported after prolonged intense training, to our knowledge, no studies have been conducted to study the relationship between SLys levels and long-term physical activity in children or teenagers.The aim of this preliminary study was mainly to evaluate in a group of adolescent male gymnasts undergoing prolonged intense training load whether - in accordance with studies in adult athletes - there will also be a decrease in SLys and if so, whether this phenomenon will be so common that we detect it in a small group of study participants.Twelve adolescent male gymnasts aged from 15.0 ± 1.6 years of national or international performance level were recruited to participate in this study. All participants of the study had their sample of saliva taken: I. Period) after the transitional period (rest), i.e. just before the beginning of the preparatory training period. II. Period) immediately after the end of the preparatory training period that was focused on maximal strength and power development. Preparatory training period lasting 6 weeks consisted of nine 2.5 hour training units (on average) over 6 days in every week. At the same time, three times per week two-a-day training sessions were incorporated. Intensity of the physical exercise was not determined.We found a significant decrease in SLys levels after the preparatory training period (termed as II. period) compared to its level just before the start of the training (i.e. after the rest, termed as I. period).The results of this preliminary study suggest that SLys measurements may be an indicator of prolonged training load in adolescent athletes. Although the intensity of the training load has not been determined, the national and international performance level of the gymnasts enrolled in the study allows at least a rough estimate of its level. However, with respect to some limitations of our study, larger studies on male and female adolescent athletes, applying relevant training load with monitoring of variables such as specific sports performance, physical fitness, nutrition, sleep quality, social and psychological factors, are desirable.