Specific Means Research Articles

Measles and rubella are two controlled airborne infections: etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and prevention. Part 1. Measles

The lecture is devoted to two infections controlled by specific means of prevention — measles and rubella, which still pose a danger both to the sphere of child and maternal health, and to healthcare in general.
 The first part of the lecture is devoted to measles, one of the most contagious diseases, outbreaks of which can be successfully prevented through vaccination or, conversely, serve as an indicator of gaps in immunization programs and primary health care systems. The lecture covers modern aspects of etiopathogenesis, epidemiology, clinical picture, diagnosis, treatment and prevention of measles. In the context of an increase in the incidence of this infection in our country and a number of foreign countries in 2023, the information presented in the lecture may be useful for practitioners and, first of all, family doctors.

On the criticism of culture as a value

Speech in the publication of A.P. Ogurtsov talks about the contemporary understanding of culture by M. Heidegger, which testifies to the spiritual fall of the world and the replacement of the concept of “spirit” with the concept of “culture” in a specific meaning — as a value, which Heidegger considers “the highest sacrilege”, because God appears among the values. This understanding of culture is associated with “the secularization of thought and the oblivion of being; value thinking is rooted in the will to power”. It is significant that in our time it is not uncommon to understand culture as a value.

Study on therapeutic management of carpal tunnel syndrome

Carpal tunnel syndrome has long been considered a pathology requiring surgical intervention. Over the years, therapeutic management has become increasingly complex, with improvements observed in patients benefiting from orthopedic, surgical, ergotherapeutic and physiotherapeutic treatments, tailored to individual possibilities. The objective of this case study is to observe whether individualized and adapted kinetic treatment based on specific, non-specific and comprehensive means, succeeds in optimizing the results within the QuickDASH-Score for a 64-year-old patient following surgical intervention for carpal tunnel syndrome. The QuickDASH analyses physical function, pain and other symptoms associated with various types of upper limb musculoskeletal pathologies and disorders. The initial evaluation score was 47 points, with the physiotherapy program carried out over a six-months period. The main objectives included pain, edema, and inflammation control; enhancing joint range of motion within physiological limits in affected areas; preventing muscle-tendon retractions; and fostering independence in daily activities. The final evaluation had 32 points, signifying a 15-point improvement and achievement of the objective, resulting in enhanced quality of life. Physiotherapy in carpal tunnel syndrome is a meticulously applied treatment that alleviates specific symptoms. It's crucial to educate patients on how physiotherapy contributes to full functional recovery, as premature ending can have significant adverse effects on quality of life.

Feature-specific quantile normalization and feature-specific mean–variance normalization deliver robust bi-directional classification and feature selection performance between microarray and RNAseq data

BackgroundCross-platform normalization seeks to minimize technological bias between microarray and RNAseq whole-transcriptome data. Incorporating multiple gene expression platforms permits external validation of experimental findings, and augments training sets for machine learning models. Here, we compare the performance of Feature Specific Quantile Normalization (FSQN) to a previously used but unvalidated and uncharacterized method we label as Feature Specific Mean Variance Normalization (FSMVN). We evaluate the performance of these methods for bidirectional normalization in the context of nested feature selection.ResultsFSQN and FSMVN provided clinically equivalent bidirectional model performance with and without feature selection for colon CMS and breast PAM50 classification. Using principal component analysis, we determine that these methods eliminate batch effects related to technological platforms. Without feature selection, no statistical difference was identified between the performance of FSQN and FSMVN of cross-platform data compared to within-platform distributions. Under optimal feature selection conditions, balanced accuracy was FSQN and FSMVN were statistically equivalent to the within-platform distribution performance in multivariable linear regression analysis. FSQN and FSMVN also provided similar performance to within-platform distributions as the number of selected genes used to create models decreases.ConclusionsIn the context of generating supervised machine learning classifiers for molecular subtypes, FSQN and FSMVN are equally effective. Under optimal modeling conditions, FSQN and FSMVN provide equivalent model accuracy performance on cross-platform normalization data compared to within-platform data. Using cross-platform data should still be approached with caution as subtle performance differences may exist depending on the classification problem, training, and testing distributions.

Customers’ Preference of Palpali Dhaka Garments in Kathmandu Valley Ordered Logistic Model

Dhaka is a handcrafted cloth with a specific meaning in Nepal. Despite its indigenous value, Producer & Supplier are not aware in promotional activity of the Palpali Dhaka garment is not sufficient. So, there is lack in preference of Palpali Dhaka garment. Therefore, the aim of this study is to analyze the determinant of customer preference of Palpali Dhaka garment in Kathmandu valley. Following exploratory research design was adopted and data was collected using structured questionnaire. Where ordered logistic model was used for inferential analysis, both descriptive and inferential analysis was used. Respondent were sampled from Kathmandu valley. Simple random sampling technique was used for 196 respondents. KOBO toolbox was used for data collection. The study found that the promotion of Palpali Dhaka garment is affected by major determinants. The factors which are significant to customer preference of Palpali Dhaka garment are Brand, Quality, Knowledge source, Family type, Advertising, Reducing Challenges which shape customer preference. Based on the findings of the study, the study concluded that for the better promotion of Palpali Dhaka garment the producer and supplier should improve promotional activity, improve Brand and Quality of Palpali Dhaka.

Механизмы защиты потребителей цифровых финансовых услуг

Modern trends in digitalization, which are becoming global in nature, radically affect the financial sphere of people’s lives. The use of digital technologies and the capabilities of the Internet helps to speed up and facilitate access to various financial services. Currently, customers can take advantage of a wide range of financial services, ranging from payments (for example, for utilities) to obtaining a consumer loan, without even leaving their place of residence. Such operations can be carried out in various ways: through an ATM, payment terminal, information kiosk, mobile or Internet application, by sending SMS in other ways. Payment for such services can be made either in cash or non-cash, or using special digital means, for example, electronic money or cryptocurrency. However, for financial services clients, the progress and spread of digital technologies not only increases the comfort and speed of financial transactions, but also increases risks that need to be taken into account and analyzed, as well as mitigation measures taken. The object of the study is the economic and legal relations that arise in the process of consuming digital financial services. The purpose of the study is to characterize the current mechanisms for protecting consumers of digital financial services. Research methods - analysis and synthesis, documentary method, abstract-logical method, statistical method, comparative legal, logical-legal methods. The scientific novelty of the research is the systematization of trends in the development of digital financial services, the main risks for users of these services, as well as key areas and mechanisms for protecting consumers of digital financial services.

Structural and semantic analysis of the concept union in political media discourse (comparative study of the English, German and Russian languages)

The article analyzes the semantic structure of the concept union by comparing its semantic markers for different European languages within the media discourse. The purpose of the article is to determine the features of individual meanings expressed through semantic markers in the media discourse of these languages and reflecting the uniqueness of the implementation of the concept union in semantic terms. When considering the features of meaning, semantic markers associated with the central concept are established; patterns of their frequency of use in the languages under study and factors influencing the transformation of semantics are determined. The interrelation of situations of communicative interaction and its influence on the realization of the specific meaning of the concept union indicate the high relevance of the study.The choice of linguistic means of implementing the concept and the role of the communicative situation in this process has a significant impact on the negative or positive assessment of the phenomenon itself. The research methodology includes elements of system analysis, linguistic description method, discourse analysis, semantic and component analysis. The study uses statistical data extracted from the corpus corresponding to the declared languages by automatic sampling according to the specified parameters.The authors conclude that the semantic structure of the concept is realized depending on the communicative situation by various semantic markers, which, with the similarity of structures in the course of historical development and various social experiences, have a divergence of meaning, which may later serve as a space for various kinds of semantic manipulations in modern media discourse. The peculiarities of the use of the concept union in politically oriented texts of the studied languages are also of interest.

Multiclass liver disease prediction with adaptive data preprocessing and ensemble modeling

Liver disease includes a range of health conditions resulting from various factors that impact the normal functioning of the liver over an extended period. Effective treatment of Hepatitis C, a type of liver disease, can be significantly enhanced by accurately and timely predicting risk factors and severity, covering different stages like fibrosis and cirrhosis. This research utilizes the Hepatitis C dataset from the UCI repository to present a comprehensive framework for the prediction of liver disease across various stages. We have proposed an adaptive data preprocessing technique designed to enhance the efficacy of our foundational ML models. This method incorporates class specific mean imputation, outlier rejection, log normalization, feature selection, feature scaling and data balancing. The proposed preprocessing technique underwent rigorous analysis. Furthermore, we also proposed a set of ensemble models by combining basic ML classifiers to further improve the accuracy of liver disease predictions. The best model underwent rigorous parameter optimization and exhibited remarkable training and testing accuracy, reaching up to 99.87% and 99.80% respectively, outperforming earlier research on the dataset. A user-friendly interface was developed to enhance user interaction and practical use, enabling medical professionals to effortlessly enter patient information and promptly receive assessments regarding the risk factors associated with liver disorders.

Особливості формування системи управління кібербезпекою підприємств у воєнний період: теоретико-прикладний аспект

The article examines the peculiarities of forming a cybersecurity management system for enterprises in wartime. The paper presents the theoretical and applied aspect of this issue.
 The purpose of the article is to study the peculiarities and theoretical and applied aspects of forming a cybersecurity management system for enterprises in wartime. The main methods used in the study are analysis, synthesis, statistical methods, etc.
 The importance of enterprise cybersecurity management for their economic security and achievement of the required level of national security is substantiated. A review and analysis of literary sources on the problem of defining the essence of the concept of "cybersecurity" is carried out. It is proved that for effective cybersecurity management it is advisable to classify cyberattacks. It is also advisable to add the following classification features to the existing classification features: "by the level of insurance", i.e. whether it is possible to insure (over-insure) against the threat itself and its consequences, and "by the level of loss", i.e. the level of losses from cyber attacks.
 Modern cyberattacks and their consequences are analyzed. The key stages of building an effective cybersecurity management system are formed. The key aspects of determining the security policy of enterprises, their proactive response to highly dynamic economic conditions (primarily in the field of cybersecurity) in wartime are indicated. The system of enterprise cybersecurity management and organization should provide for the possibility of timely selection of specific means and ways to ensure it. 
 The author analyzes the functional and managerial aspect of forming a cybersecurity management system for enterprises in wartime. The key measures to develop the potential of the security and defense sector of Ukraine are investigated. 
 The study proposes a conceptual model for the formation of an effective cybersecurity management system for enterprises in wartime. Each of its stages is characterized. The functions of the cybersecurity management system of enterprises in wartime are described.

Идея Преображения в русской литературе XX века

The article presents the idea of Transfiguration expressed and fixed in the semantic potential of language, sign and symbol as the initial, fundamental idea of Russian literature. The tasks solved in this article were formed under the influence of research in the field of the semantic potential of language, which is revealed to its speakers in specific historical and cultural realities. In particular, the connection between the peculiarities of national consciousness and the lexical meanings of such words that have no direct analogues in other languages (“svet”, “mir”, “pravda”, “volya”), i.e. create very specific meanings that speakers of other languages cannot recognize as such. These meanings form the spiritual foundation of the national character. The analysis of the contextual meanings ofthese words forms the basis of the presented work and leads to the conclusion that they form a semantic unity, including at the level of the idea of the Transfiguration of man and the world, which is central to Russian culture and literature. The analysis of the idea of spiritual transformation of man in Russian literature of the XX century is carried out on the basis of representation of semantic-semantic models of the artistic worlds of works by I. Shmelev, V. Shukshin, A. and B. Strugatsky works, including the concepts of the idea of Transfiguration. The writers lead their characters through different paths to inner transformation, and the transforming components are always personified. In I. Shmelev’s work, the vector of transformation is formed by the concepts “soul – faith – miracle – heart / heart’s look – peace – truth – freedom – light / light / to shine”. In the work of V. Shukshin – “soul – conscience – peace – peacefulness – humility – truth / justice – clarity – light / bright / shine – will / freedom”. In the work of A. and B. Strugatsky – “light / shines / dawn – miracle / miracles – will / will barrier – world / world – hope – truth / half-truth – gift – happiness / happy –soul”. The degree of the hero’s approach to the world, light, truth is different, it is set, among other things, through the quantitative saturation of conceptually significant words in the work and through their correlation with the concepts-antagonists. Thus, an individual vector of movement of the human soul, aspiring to the acquisition of new higher meanings, is formed. At the same time, the unifying component for them is the intense inner work, which is continuously conducted by writers and their characters.

On parameterized inequalities for fractional multiplicative integrals

Abstract In this article, we present a one-parameter fractional multiplicative integral identity and use it to derive a set of inequalities for multiplicatively s s -convex mappings. These inequalities include new discoveries and improvements upon some well-known results. Finally, we provide an illustrative example with graphical representations, along with some applications to special means of real numbers within the domain of multiplicative calculus.

Fundamental Rights and Limited Possibilities: The Proviso of the Possible in European Fundamental Rights Doctrine

Abstract Fundamental rights to positive state action are costly. An allocation in favor of one individual rightsholder always results in lower allocations in favor of others. The dominant approach in fundamental rights doctrine assumes these conflicts can be resolved judicially by balancing competing rights and other public needs. In practice, carrying out an in-depth balancing in resource allocation cases proves challenging but constitutional courts developed different strategies and concepts to deal with costly rights. The European Court of Human Rights applies a “wide” margin of appreciation and requires that positive state obligations do “not impose an impossible or disproportionate burden on the authorities.” Following the German Federal Constitutional Court, several constitutional courts have applied a concept known as the “proviso of the possible.” The proviso of the possible constrains positive rights and results in a wide margin of discretion granted to political authorities. This article attempts to investigate the specific meaning of the “proviso of the possible” in the context of European fundamental rights law by comparing it against alternative doctrinal concepts. The investigation aims to identify common legal principles and methods to deal with fundamental rights conflicts over scarce public resources.

Вербальные инструменты глокализации рекламных трендов (на примере рекламы российских брендов экокосметики)

In the paper, on the example of the trend towards environmental friendliness, the specifics of the glocalization of modern advertising trends are considered. The authors proceed from the hypothesis that current social trends exploited by advertising discourse should be subjected to national customization. Glocalization is considered as the only way that ensures the effectiveness of global marketing processes. According to the authors, universal trends in different national linguistic and cultural communities will differ: the dynamics of globalization is constantly reinterpreted at the local level, leading to interpenetration of the global and the local. Thus, in advertising discourse, glocalization becomes a communication strategy that enhances the attractiveness of the product or service being promoted. The study of communication strategies used in the framework of adaptation activities in the foreign market is one of the important aspects of this issue, no less important is the consideration of the process of glocalization of global marketing trends – taking into account the value identity of a particular society. Current world trends at the local level undergo cognitive glocalization, which is objectified in language. In the case of the material selected for analysis (advertising of eco cosmetics), glocalization is carried out at all levels of the advertisement text (naming, the advertisement message itself, information on the package, etc.) through certain language tools. So, among the most frequent ones the authors note the use of place names, an appeal to precedent phenomena, stylization as folk poetic speech and some others, more specific means. The material for the study was the names and logos of Russian brands of natural cosmetics (more than 500), as well as more than 130 advertisement and PR texts that position and promote the products of Russian cosmetic eco-brands. During the study, the following set of methods was used: descriptive, analytical, functional, pragmatic, semiotic, complex intertextual analysis, as well as methods of systematization and classification.

Professional and applied physical training as the main type of military professional activity of cadets

Abstract. The readiness of the Armed Forces to repel the armed aggression of the Russian Federation is determined by many factors, one of which is the training of personnel. The activities of all military specialists, including physical training specialists, are aimed at ensuring a high level of personnel training. This is due to the fact that the development of physical qualities, formation and improvement of military-applied skills and abilities of servicemen is the key to successful combat operations.
 Physical readiness is the physical condition of a serviceman characterized by appropriate bodily development, certain functional resources of the body and the required level of motor fitness, which ensures the successful performance of combat missions for the purpose.
 Automation, computerization of military equipment and changes in the methods of warfare have led to a decrease in the share of physical effort in its control and muscle work in the structure of professional combat activity of servicemen in general, and at the same time increased the level of neuropsychological stress and tension, expanded the range of adverse factors of military combat activity. The connection between physical fitness and combat activity of servicemen of some military specialties has become hidden and indirect.
 Reforming educational institutions in the Armed Forces of Ukraine requires addressing global issues of improvement and finding new ways to solve the problems of vocational training of military personnel. The effective performance of cadets in educational institutions largely depends on their professional and applied training.
 One of the main tasks of teaching cadets the techniques and methods of ensuring professional and personal safety in emergency circumstances and in extreme conditions is to improve their firearms skills, as well as to increase the level of resistance to physical activity in training and service activities.
 The most important components of the professional skills of cadets of educational institutions are physical, professional and applied physical, psychological and firearms training.
 They belong to the cycle of professional disciplines and are designed to promote readiness for armed defense of the law, to maintain the constant readiness of future defenders to resolutely and skillfully stop illegal acts using physical force, special means and firearms.

Правові обмеження – специфічний метод правового регулювання

The analysis of scientific sources provides grounds to assert that legal regulation is the regulation of social relations carried out through law and the entire set of legal means. The concept of "regulation" (from Latin regulo - rule) implies organization, adjustment, and bringing something into conformity with something else. In our view, to regulate means to define the behavior of individuals and their collectives, to direct their functioning and development, to provide certain limits, and to organize them purposefully. Alongside this, some scholars relate the term "regulation" solely to law as a system of norms and some other specific legal phenomena (legal relations, acts of law implementation). They disagree with the existing understanding of the regulation of social relations as the rigid and authoritative norming by the state and law, as, in their opinion, the category of "regulation" is not synonymous with coercion, rigid, and authoritative prescription. The legal norm establishes only a model of relations in which social interests must be correlated with the interests of society members, and alongside this, law widely uses such means of influencing people's behavior as stimulation, encouragement, granting rights, etc. It is argued that to transition to the definition of legal regulation, it is necessary to refer to the theory of law, which provides explanations for the concepts of "legal influence" and "legal regulation". Legal influence is considered a broader concept, as it includes the normative-organizational influence on social relations not only through a system of special legal means (those that directly regulate these relations - legal norms, legal relations, acts of implementation and application of law), but also through other legal phenomena - legal consciousness, legal culture, legal principles, law-making process, etc. A proposed definition states that legal regulation is the authoritative influence on social relations carried out by the state through all legal means for the purpose of their organization, establishment, protection, and development. Besides such (regulatory) influence, law also exerts a spiritual-ideological influence on individual and social consciousness (both in the process of legal regulation and beyond). "Restrictions" and "prohibitions" as legal categories have been analyzed. The etymology of the words "restriction" and "prohibition," their relationship to each other and to adjacent and synonymous concepts, have been explored, and an original interpretation of the content and essence of these concepts has been proposed. A number of features characterizing restrictions and prohibitions as legal categories have been identified (defined in normative legal acts; established to prevent potential abuses of law; associated with a "narrowing" of an individual's legal status; presuppose a specific model of behavior, specifically restrictions entail active behavior, meaning to do only what is defined within limits; prohibitions entail passive behavior, meaning to refrain from doing prohibited actions; they perform a protective function in social relations; non-compliance with them is accompanied by a negative response from the state. The concept, characteristics, classification, and a systematic analysis of restrictions and prohibitions as means of legal regulation have been defined. Based on the analysis of dictionary, reference, encyclopedic literature, as well as specialized legal sources, the article formulates original definitions of "restriction". The specificity of these particular restrictions and prohibitions lies in their special area of application (they apply to individuals when exercising their powers within the civil service); they apply to specific subjects (directly to individuals who have the legal status of civil servants); their application is determined by a special purpose; they are characterized by specific, comprehensive normative legal regulation; their application is ensured by state coercion. Distinctive features inherent to restrictions and prohibitions in the field of legal regulation have been identified: individual character; preventive nature; limiting aspect; coercive nature; the presence of a special subject; connection to professional activity; relation to delict norms, and their essence has been explained. The normative basis for defining and applying restrictions and prohibitions as means of legal regulation has been characterized (substantive legislation, procedural legislation, sub-legislative normative legal acts). A classification of restrictions and prohibitions has been conducted, and it is proposed to conditionally divide them into three groups (personal, property, and mixed).

Saints and shrines as ‘contested heritage’ and the case of Norwich Cathedral

ABSTRACT ‘Contested heritage’ and ‘cancel culture’ have specific meanings and points of reference in our culture today, but these are by no means new phenomena in the life of cathedrals. At the time of the Reformation and the Civil War, all evidence of traditional Catholic culture was considered fair game for iconoclasts, who systematically destroyed saints’ shrines and tombs with their relics. In recent years, in association with the revival of the practice of pilgrimage and in unstated rejection of Reformation tradition, shrines of saints in many cathedrals have been restored, some including relics. It is unsurprising that saints and their shrines can be controversial, since saints themselves are ‘signs of contradiction’, those whose lives lived according to the standards of the kingdom of heaven challenge the values of earthly kingdoms and cultures. Norwich Cathedral is unusual among the ancient cathedrals of England in never having had a great saint enshrined within it. This study will consider the cases of two figures locally revered as martyrs, William of Norwich and Edith Cavell, whose lives and witness have been causes of international controversy and yet who still merit commemoration by Christians today.

Security as a fundamental human right

The article is dedicated to the consideration of the right to security as a fundamental human right. The problems related to the right to security are complex and are determined by the specifics of the current development of society. It is shown that in modern conditions the right to security exists de facto by default, but de jure does not have the status of a fundamental and universal human right. At the same time, the right to security is a legal recognition of the existence of safe conditions of existence for every person and the context for the realization of both individual and the entire complex of human rights. The article proves that the right to security is an integral concept, which is confirmed by a significant number of rights derived from it. It is proven that modern ideas about security are determined by secularization and anthropological trends.
 Today, the content of the concept of "security" emphasizes the individual, not the state. Unlike previous eras, the responsibility for creating and functioning laws and rules for a safe life rest with a person.
 Considerable attention is paid to the modern understanding of the right to security, which has its cultural basis in the form of a change in the normative model of society: the current society is a society of dynamic changes, risks, and conflicts, in which the main social ideal is security, and not equality as it was followed in previous eras. It is also noted that different historical and cultural systems have their ideas about security and specific means of ensuring it.
 The right to security, in an ontological sense, is close to the right to freedom, as it exists in two forms - positive (as a system of measures to counter dangers and threats and ensure stability) and negative (as a state of individual protection from risks and threats). It is emphasized that the right to security is basic (background) for the realization of all other human rights.

System of restrictions in public law

The article examines the system of restrictions created and applied within the framework of public law, contributing to the achievement of the goals of public legal regulation. It is substantiated that such a system includes, along with universal ones, specific means, the demand for which is determined by the purpose of public law and the logic of regulating public legal restrictions. It is argued that in modern conditions, restrictions aimed not only at ensuring generally recognized interests, but also the scope and parameters of its action are in demand in public law.

On constant higher order mean curvature hypersurfaces in H n × R ${\mathbb{H}}^{n}{\times}\mathbb{R}$

Abstract We classify hypersurfaces with rotational symmetry and positive constant r-th mean curvature in H n × R ${\mathbb{H}}^{n}{\times}\mathbb{R}$ . Specific constant higher order mean curvature hypersurfaces invariant under hyperbolic translation are also treated. Some of these invariant hypersurfaces are employed as barriers to prove a Ros–Rosenberg type theorem in H n × R ${\mathbb{H}}^{n}{\times}\mathbb{R}$ : we show that compact connected hypersurfaces of constant r-th mean curvature embedded in H n × [ 0 , ∞ ) ${\mathbb{H}}^{n}{\times}\left[0,\infty \right)$ with boundary in the slice H n × { 0 } ${\mathbb{H}}^{n}{\times}\left\{0\right\}$ are topological disks under suitable assumptions.

Функционирование фразеологических единиц в текстах судебных решений по уголовным делам (на материале немецкого языка)

This article is dedicated to the study of phraseological units in texts of court decisions in criminal cases within the German legal system. The research objective is to identify legal phraseological units that repeatedly appear in a fixed form in the analyzed legal documents and hold a specialized meaning in terms of professional language. The authors distinguish types of fixed expressions and clichés, organizing them based on their usage in various structural parts of court decisions. The research novelty lies in the first examination of the characteristics of phraseological language tools in the sphere of legal practice based on German court decisions, shedding light on issues related not only to the construction of court decision texts but also to the influence of the content of structural elements on significant text characteristics of legal documents. The analysis revealed a specific set of professionally marked phraseological units regularly present in the examined texts. It was also found that such linguistic clichés act as distinct markers of the compositional organization of court decisions, representing the thematic content of corresponding sections (headings and thematic blocks), predominantly presented either as multi-word terms or as functional verbal constructions and collocations.