Specific Legislation Research Articles

PRODUCTION OF SHEEP'S MILK POWDER BY SPRAY DRYING TECHNIQUE: PHYSICAL, MICROBIOLOGICAL AND SENSORY

In this study, milk sheep was dried by spray dryer to produce milk of sheep powder for the purpose of extend the shelf-life and facilitate storage. The objective of this research was to determine the spray drying parameters, resulting in the conditions of injection nozzle of 3 mm in diameter, air flow of 30 m3 / h, pump flow 1.23 L / h, inlet temperature 160 ° C, pump air flow 2.66L / h and outlet temperature 80 ° C and 2% proportion of soy lecithin. Moisture content, fat content, protein, pH, water solubility, coagulase positive Staphylococcus , Bacillus cereus , coliforms at 45ºC and salmonella sp were analyzed for the powder samples. In order to assess sensory acceptability, sensory analysis of the product was carried out compared to similar products available on the market. The product presented favorable results and in accordance with the legislation in terms of physical, chemical and sensory requirements. Sensory analysis showed that the product under study has less acceptability when compared to cow's milk, however when compared with goat's milk there was no significant difference. The results indicate that the product can be produced on an industrial scale with some adjustments and in addition, the results found can serve as a basis for the elaboration of a specific legislation for milk and sheep products in Brazil.

Важность комплексного подхода к реформированию законодательных норм, регулирующих выделение в участки образованных 30 лет назад земельных долей

The purpose of the article is to investigate to what extent the decision to abolish unclaimed shares is provided by the current rules for surveying plots allocated to the account of shares. The privatization of farmland assigned to collective farms and state farms carried out in the early 1990s led to the formation of common shared ownership of these lands. After 20 years, almost a third of these lands had the status of unclaimed (unclaimed land shares). Over the past 10 years, municipalities have carried out significant work and about half of such shares have passed into municipal ownership on the basis of court decisions. From 2025, all other unclaimed shares will become municipal by virtue of the law, and within a year they must be allocated to land plots. This requires, among other things, land use planning support. The adjustments made over the past 20 years to federal legislation regulating the turnover of agricultural land are characterized by complexity. This also applies to the land use planning provision that implements the relevant norms. From 2025, fundamentally new provisions on the status of unclaimed shares will come into force, also requiring land use planning support, but this time no corresponding amendments have been made to special legislation. It is proposed to make appropriate adjustments to the rules for allocating abolished unclaimed shares to land plots.

Analysis on the Regulatory Frameworks of Vaccine Manufacturing and Distribution in Ghana

Objective: Analyze Ghana's vaccine regulations framework to identify strengths, limitations and policy refinement opportunities regarding manufacturing/distribution. Method: Structured CRuPAC legal review model encompassing comparative assessment of Food/Drugs Act and Public Health Act provisions based on identified criteria; investigation of rules, historical applications and guiding principles; counterargument evaluation; advice formulation integrates relevant case laws, specific legislation sections and academic literature. Results: Robust ecosystem found but with bureaucracy/access constraints; precedent supports compulsory vaccination upholding safety/welfare principles. Conclusions & Recommendations: Balance safety considerations and industrial growth incentives; expedite registration pathways for proven developers, offer tax incentives for local producers, leverage compulsory licensing during shortages; increase healthcare budgets for system strengthening. Contributions: Granular legal analysis establishes evaluative baseline; structured CRuPAC assessment elucidates reform gaps; expansive literature review provides contextualization; reasoned interpretation of vague provisions based on legal theory; tailored, evidence-based recommendations. Significance: Highlights precedents, incentives and measures to optimize policies for regulators/manufacturers/legislatures regarding emergency preparedness.

Bullying at work: Differential pattern in Euro-Area according to gender-based disparities

AbstractThis study examines the influence of bullying at work on self-rated anxiety (SRA) across 19 European countries through the European Working Conditions Survey (2015 and 2021). Descriptive analysis highlights a significantly higher prevalence of bullying among women compared to men. The econometric analysis uncovers that the detrimental impact of bullying is particularly pronounced in environments characterised by higher gender inequality. Gender differences are more prominent in countries where women face lower economic participation and opportunities. However, the frequency of reported bullying is higher in the group of countries where conditions for women are more equal. The apparent lack of awareness regarding these abusive behaviours would feasibly result in a lack of specific legislation and consequently generate a greater impact on SRA, even though the issue seems less prominent.

The Trajectory of International and National Anti‐Terrorism Laws: An Appraisal of Counter‐terrorism Legislation in Kurdistan, Iraq

ABSTRACTTerrorism is not a new phenomenon. Nevertheless, since September 11, 2001, it appears that there has been a global consensus on the need for a more uniform and comprehensive response to terrorism. Thus, countries develop their counter‐terrorism strategy that comprises different approaches, including using the criminal justice system. The criminal justice response to terrorism covers special legislation, strategies, policies, investigation, prosecution, and sentencing. To combat terrorism and improve the criminal justice system in response to existing threats of terrorism, KRI legislated a special anti‐terrorism law. This paper investigates the trajectory of international and national terrorism law in the Kurdistan Region of Iraq (KRI). Accordingly, this research was set to examine international and national terrorism law critically. The focus is placed on the Anti‐terrorism Act No. 3 of 2006, emphasizing the principle of legality. As such, this paper adopted the doctrinal legal methodology that utilized qualitative techniques in analyzing the secondary data. The gathered information and data were then analyzed thematically. Based on the legal analysis, this study found that local circumstances and international pressure influence the trajectory of the counter‐terrorism laws in KRI. The absence of uniformity in the definition indicates the complexity of conceptualizing the phenomenon. The KRI anti‐terrorism law did not define international terrorism and may affect the principle of legality in counter‐terrorism strategy. Consequently, the study will benefit law, security, and international relations researchers. It serves as a basis for future empirical research examining the effects of anti‐terrorism laws in KRI or other jurisdictions.

Законодательство о деликтной ответственности: проблемы согласованности актов и защиты прав предпринимателей

The systemic analysis of the provisions of certain regulatory acts used in entrepreneurial activity and the Civil Code of the Russian Federation allowed to assess the prospects of application of novelties of special legislation. Taking into account the legal positions of the courts of higher instance, the author finds confirmation of examples of the lack of coordination of the norms of certain laws with the provisions of civil legislation. The article proposes options for harmonising the norms of Russian legislation in order to improve the effectiveness of protection of the rights of entrepreneurs in cases of harm caused to them.

Privacy and Personal Information Protection by Social Media Companies in an AI era

Social media platforms have become vast and powerful tools for connecting, communicating, sharing content, conducting business, and disseminating news and information. The history and evolution of social media illustrates not only the digital society’s ever-growing dependence on social media, but also the downside to this reliance, namely the challenges of protecting a social media user’s privacy and personal information. As technological advancement such as artificial intelligence (AI) grow and impacts on the way data, not only personal but also product and service data, is collected, the spotlight is increasingly focusing on the difficulties in privacy and data protection in an AI-era. The discussion focusses on the misconduct by social media companies in respect of privacy and personal information and the lessons learnt from the way in which social media companies have dealt with social media users’ information. Since self-regulation by a social media company does not provide adequate safeguards that privacy and personal information will be protected, limitations to the collection, use, access, and storage of personal information must be imposed by means of legislation. To ensure compliance, non-compliance must be linked to a penalty and enforced by a government. Privacy and data protection regulations were formulated in a pre-AI era, and at that stage, the implications of the rapid evolution of AI on privacy and data protection were not foreseen. To ensure digital trust in an AI era, the legal consequences of misconduct of social media companies must be explored. Social media users must have control of their own data and social media companies must be clear about the kind of data a company will collect on its users, and for what purposes. The lessons learnt from past misconduct is also indicative of whether personal data protection legislation is flexible enough to provide for AI or whether specific legislation must be implemented as society enters the AI era. As the Fourth Industrial Revolution takes shape and AI gains prominence, the data legal landscape is evolving with compliance and enforcement being key to protecting privacy and data, addressing legal uncertainty, and ensuring trust.

Schools' green restaurant assessment (S-GRASS): From validating an instrument to identifying sustainable practices in schools food services

School food services can potentially promote changes in the food system to make it healthier and more sustainable. They can dictate which foods to buy and how to acquire, produce, and distribute them, favoring the production of meals based on sustainable nutrition. The study aimed to obtain an instrument to identify sustainability practices in school food services, covering the five dimensions of sustainable nutrition. The preliminary instrument's version underwent content validation and semantic evaluation. Reliability was assessed by evaluating 23 school food services for interobserver reproducibility and 148 for internal consistency in the Federal District and the State of Mato Grosso (Brazil). The instrument was composed of 76 items divided into 3 sections (1. Water, energy, and gas supply; 2. Menu and food waste; 3. Reduction of waste, construction materials, chemicals, employees and social sustainability). The instrument showed excellent results in content validation, semantic evaluation, and interobserver reproducibility (ICC = 0.949) and reasonable results for internal consistency (KR-20 = 0.660). Evaluating public and private school food services, they showed low sustainability scores in the general instrument (26.93 ± 4.87) and in all 3 sections (1 = 9.97 ± 1.67; 2 = 9.16 ± 2.54; 3 = 7.80 ± 2.39). Section 3 was the one in which school food services performed the worst. Some practices seem consolidated, such as employee attitudes towards reducing water and energy use, recycling cooking oil, offering vegetables and fruits regularly and encouraging diners to reduce waste. Public and private school food services in the Federal District had better results than those in the State of Mato Grosso (31.86 ± 4.63 versus 25.35 ± 3.76). The instrument has strengths, considering its excellent results for content validation, semantic evaluation, and interobserver reproducibility. For internal consistency, the result is believed to reflect the recent topic within school food services. The low performance of school food services points to the need for specific legislation on sustainability, greater planning and investments at the management level, and the execution and recording of activities at the operational level.

Canine Outcomes and Length of Stay in a Midwestern Shelter Affected by Breed Specific Legislation

Breed specific legislation (BSL) is intended to restrict or reduce the ownership of selected breeds of dogs within a municipality. These laws frequently aim at “bully breeds” such as the American Pit Bull Terrier and other pure or mixed breeds with similar phenotypic characteristics which are heavily represented in shelters nationwide. This study describes differences in outcomes and length of stay (LOS) for banned dogs versus dogs of other breeds in a managed admission municipal shelter subject to BSL. It was hypothesized that dogs subject to legislation would have fewer live outcomes and a longer LOS when compared to non-legislated dogs. Retrospective outcome data from 1/1/2022 through 12/31/2022 was analyzed. The study population included 764 adult dogs of which 118 were affected by legislation. The legislated and non-legislated groups were found to be demographically equivalent considering age group, sex, previous alteration status, and intake frequency, but legislated dogs had a significantly heavier body weight compared to non-legislated dogs. Initial Pearson Chi-Square testing revealed a statistically significant increase in euthanasia for legislated dogs and adoptions for non-legislated dogs. After controlling for body weight, there was a statistically significant increase in adoption for the non-legislated group, and increased return to owner (RTO) for legislated dogs, however there wasn’t a statistically significant difference in total live outcomes. Mann-Whitney U Testing demonstrated a statistically significant increase in LOS for legislated dogs compared to non-legislated dogs in the full study population, but after controlling for weight their LOS was no longer significantly different. In the body weight controlled group however, LOS was still significantly longer for legislated dogs versus non-legislated dogs with adoption and RTO outcomes. Euthanasia reasons were evaluated for 80 dogs whose first outcome was euthanasia. Pearson Chi Square testing showed legislated dogs in this group were no more likely to be euthanized for aggression than the non-legislated dogs. In this population, dogs subject to BSL were less likely to be adopted but more likely to RTO. It is suspected shelter staff prevented euthanasia of some legislated dogs through heightened efforts to facilitate RTO even though there was not a formal protocol in place to do so. After controlling for body weight, LOS was equivalent between legislated and non-legislated groups, although the legislated dogs did experience increased LOS before live outcomes. Importantly, legislated dogs were not significantly more likely to be euthanized due to aggressive behavior than non-legislated dogs in this population. These findings indicate that dogs targeted by BSL should be considered an at-risk group within the shelter population and shelters should endeavor to develop specific strategies to reduce LOS and provide best outcomes for these dogs. In many jurisdictions, overturning BSL could be a powerful approach to protecting this at-risk population.

Legal Issues About NFTs

This paper investigates some of the legal issues related to non-fungible tokens, i.e. NFTs. The main feature of non-fungible tokens is their uniqueness together with the possibility of representing any digital resource on a blockchain, thus making it demonstrable and economically evaluable. From a legal point of view, this kind of instrument is alluring even though many look at it with uncertainty. As with any emerging technology, NFTs also present legal issues which need to be addressed as the market continues to grow. These problems deal with the legal nature of NFTs arising the doubt if they are securities or not. One more issue is the potential applicability to non-fungible tokens of the first sale rule. Furthermore, the problems involved also extend to other areas of law. In fact, both issuers and buyers need to be protected. Regarding issuers, the issue of an NFT may require the drafting of an additional contract with a specialised entity. On the other hand, buyers must be adequately informed of the purchase transaction. It follows that all the parties must be aware of the legal challenges involved and work towards establishing best practices and industry standards to address them. Additionally, it is necessary to issue specific legislation that regulates every aspect of the purchase. Received: 10 February 2024 / Accepted: 29 March 2024 / Published: 5 May 2024

Ethical and Legal Support for Technological Development in the Healthcare System

The article analyses the experience of a number of foreign countries (France, South Korea, China, Germany and Italy) in terms of developing special legislation in the field of ethical examination and creating specialised bodies to exercise relevant powers. Based on the analysis, the necessity of creating a National Council on Bioethics under the President of the Russian Federation in Russia in order to conduct an independent ethical assessment of new technologies in the field of healthcare is advocated. The author identifies the goal of strengthening the legal personality of medical workers in terms of an initial assessment of technological solutions built into practice. The work highlights the need to develop a procedural basis for conducting technological assessment by the medical community based on clearly established principles of legal and ethical expertise. It is emphasised that all technological solutions presented within the framework of strategic development should be aimed at health-saving ends. At the same time, it is advisable to consolidate the normatively established concept of health-saving technologies in order to carry out an examination of the quality of the implemented technological solutions.

The criminalization of women with postpartum psychosis: "a call for action" for judicial change.

To prevent the incarceration and influence outcomes when criminal culpability is linked to postpartum psychosis. Infanticide, neonaticide and filicide are most often linked with postpartum psychosis, which affects 1-2 women per 1,000 births or 4,000 women each year in the United States. Multiple genetic, hormonal and psychosocial factors surrounding childbirth result in a 1 to 4% risk of infanticide in women with postpartum psychosis. The authors seek to increase awareness of postpartum psychosis and postpartum depression in state legislatures. Others are working to have it recognized intheDiagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders(DSM) as a specific illness. Specific postpartum legislation for those charged with crimes related to maternal mental illness is necessary. In Illinois, the very first criminal law in the nation recognizing the pernicious effects of this illness went into effect in 2018. The authors and others are attempting to cause similar or broader legislation to be brought in other states. Several women have been released from extended incarceration utilizing this law. This temporary mental illness can lead to tragic outcomes when hospitalization and crisis intervention is delayed or the illness is misdiagnosed. The legal/judicial system has not utilized the growing body of scientific developments that medical researchers have discovered in recent decades. The lack of a unique diagnostic classification in the DSM and the lack of postpartum criminal laws, lead to mentally ill mothers in the U.S. receiving excessively harsh sentences when prosecuted, evidenced both in trial and sentencing.

"BIG DATA SOHASIDA SUNʼIY INTELLEKTNING HUQUQ VA MAJBURIYATLARI: MUAMMOLAR HAMDA YECHIMLAR "

"This article is devoted to analyzing problems and potential solutions in the regulation of the rights and responsibilities of artificial intelligence (AI) in the context of the processing and analysis of Big Data. We explore the legal and ethical aspects of accountability, transparency, non-discrimination, and protection of personal data in the use of AI. The research examines existing legal frameworks, and we propose measures that have the potential to improve them significantly, including the development of specific legislation, the establishment of independent audit mechanisms, the establishment of transparency and accountability requirements, and the promotion of international cooperation. Particular attention is paid to the role of transparency and accountability principles in AI regulation. The features of regulation of AI and Big Data in Uzbekistan are analyzed. It is concluded that with these promising measures, it is necessary to create an effective and balanced regulatory system that ensures the development of innovative technologies and the protection of human rights in the digital age. "

Social networking platform and tourism destination evangelism: government regulatory responses

Purpose This conceptual paper aims to explore government regulatory responses of social networking platforms (SNP) and tourism destination evangelism. This research draws on a two-phase data source review of government legislations that guarantee social media users and empirical papers related to social media platforms. The results revealed that Ghana has adopted specific legislations that manage and control SNP. To the best of the author’s knowledge, this study is the first of its kind that synthesized government legislation and empirical papers on social networking platforms in evangelising destinations which have been missing in extant literature.

Право на проведение оценки (определения стоимости) объектов гражданских прав

The article examines the powers of individual subjects of property and obligation rights related to their right to determine the market value of valuation objects, the rights to which are not defined by special legislation. The types of classification and forms of ownership of objects of civil rights are indicated, which can limit the right of owners of objects, other interested parties in the value to independently evaluate such objects.

Securities Markets and Their Regulation in Zambia: A New Dawn or a Rebranding of the Old Norms?

Securities markets are a barometer for the economic progression of any country. The quest to harness the maximum benefits that such markets afford has led governments to enact specific legislation and develop appropriate policies. Despite enacting legislation in 1970, it was only in 1993 that the Zambian securities market was established. Simultaneously, the Securities Act 1993 was also enacted. However, it was replete with shortcomings, leading to its repeal and replacement by the Securities Act 2016 (amended by the Securities (Amendment) Act 21 of 2022; hereinafter the Securities Act 2016 as amended). The Securities Act 2016 as amended has for the most part been hailed as a progressive piece of legislation that has incorporated global best practices aimed at enhancing the securities market. There is optimism that the Securities Act 2016 as amended has breathed new life into the securities industry which was seemingly ailing and on life support. It remains questionable, however, whether the Securities Act 2016 as amended enhances the performance of the securities market by effectively fostering fair and efficient trading and ensuring financial integrity, or if it simply reiterates the problems of its predecessor or worse still creates new challenges. In this article the author critically assesses the Securities Act 2016 as amended to ascertain the extent to which it conforms to the IOSCO Principles 2017 and the practices of other countries such as Kenya, whose Capital Markets Act Chapter 485 offers greater clarity.

The development of Islamic banks in Kazakhstan

The purpose of the research this article examines the functioning and future prospects of Islamic finance in Kazakhstan, addressing a relatively underexplored topic in the academic literature. The authors' aim is to examine the historical development of Islamic finance, identifying the obstacles that have hindered its progress, especially given the limited progress made in the last decade.Research methodology – includes applied research methods, scientific abstraction and systematic approach. The authors derive their conclusions and recommendations from an assessment of the strengths, weaknesses and threats of Islamic finance aimed at reducing the negative impact on the country's economy and financial system.Originality/value of the research - the authors carefully examine Islamic law and the use of Islamic financial instruments. Based on their analysis, recommendations are made to promote the introduction of Islamic financial instruments in the financial sector of Kazakhstan.Findings. Our findings of the study highlight the problems associated with the country's conservative approach to Islamic finance and the presence of various restrictive barriers, both prudential and social. The study can help legislative and executive authorities in developing a program for the development of Islamic finance in Kazakhstan. They can also use these recommendations to improve or create more specific legislation in this area.

LEGAL MEANS TO PROTECT PUBLIC FUNDS IN IRAQ (COMPARATIVE STUDY)

Public funds in any country are considered sacred funds that are surrounded with care and legal protection that is consistent with the desired goal of the service that these funds provide to segments of society in general, without exception, through the freedom to enjoy this service, its freeness, and the general use of it, as they are public facilities that are distinguished from private facilities owned by people, which If its services are provided to a specific segment of society, the service will be for a price with certain restrictions imposed on its enjoyment, in addition to specifying the segments that can benefit from it, contrary to what we have indicated regarding the enjoyment of public utility services. Therefore, we note that most countries, are seeking to establish special legislation for the operation of these facilities, so as to provide the necessary protection for them since the services they provide are related to the general public without exception. 1- Research objectives-: The research aims to identify the legislative shortcomings in Iraqi legislation regulating the protection of public funds and finding effective legal means to protect these funds. 2- Research methodology-: The descriptive and analytical approach was relied upon, as well as the comparative approach to the legislative texts related to the protection of public funds in Iraq, comparing them to the legislation of other countries.

Place and application of the new Law "On Administrative Procedure" in the regulation of public e-services

The article is dedicated to the analysis of the place and application of the new Law "On Administrative Procedure" in regulating public electronic services in Ukraine. Enacted on December 15, 2023, the Law aims to establish a system of unified, understandable, and transparent interaction between public authorities and citizens and businesses. The article examines the main provisions of the Law, focusing on the principles of administrative procedure and norms regulating the resolution of administrative matters using electronic digital technologies. Based on the analysis of legislation texts, comparative analysis, and consideration of practical aspects of the new law's implementation, the conclusion is drawn regarding the importance of applying its norms to the sphere of public services, including those provided through digital technologies. It is found that the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure" sets general standards for administrative procedure ensuring the observance of rights of individuals and legal entities in relations with administrative authorities, regardless of whether such interaction occurs through physical or electronic channels. Special legislation may define the specifics of providing certain types of public services, but the general standards of the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure" must be adhered to. The article also highlights the main directions for further research and possible directions for further development of legislation in this area. The application of the provisions of the Law of Ukraine "On Administrative Procedure" allows not just to copy the logic of the paper world into digital services, but to develop innovative approaches. This means that the right to participate in the administrative process can be implemented through online offices, the possibility to submit documents in electronic format, support for communication through digital channels and the creation of additional functions that complement the main service

Security rights in crypto-assets: an opportunity for uniform law?

Abstract As the market of crypto-assets grows, so does the demand for their use as collateral in cross-border lending transactions. Such a development, though, may pose significant challenges to the main pillars of security rights due to the distinctive features and the nature of crypto-assets. Accordingly, this article identifies and explores the core legal issues, offers guidance in the crypto-collateral area, and assesses the role of uniform law. In the absence of specific legislation, the analysis is conducted under the prism of the international secured transactions framework, as shaped by the International Institute for the Unification of Private Law (Unidroit) and the United Nations Commission on International Trade Law (UNCITRAL) legislative instruments. As such, the article examines whether the current framework suffices to address emerging challenges or contains gaps and limitations that require legislative intervention. The article argues that the increasing use of crypto-assets as collateral may constitute both an opportunity for uniform law to have a leading role in addressing the arising issues and shaping the field, and an opportunity to put new uniform rules in place. This would require both updating the existing legal instruments in line with new technological needs and creating new instruments where necessary. International fora like Unidroit and UNCITRAL would ideally offer the desirable degree of harmonization, or uniformization, in the area of security rights over crypto-assets. Rather than subjecting them to diverging legal rules, developing more uniform approaches would offer consistency, thus increasing legal certainty and supporting technological innovation.