Specific Gravity Test Research Articles

Replacement of cement in concrete by fly ash and waste brick powder

This study explores the feasibility of utilizing Waste Brick Powder (WBP) and fly ash as substitutes for cement in concrete, addressing growing environmental concerns and waste accumulation from demolition activities in India. The partial replacements of cement with 10%, 15%, and 12.5% fly ash, alongside 10%, 15%, and 12.5% WBP in M25-grade concrete, are investigated over a 7-day curing period. The compressive strength is evaluated as the primary parameter, while specific gravity tests are conducted to analyze material properties. The study aims to assess the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of incorporating fly ash and WBP in concrete production. The results reveal the influence of varying fly ash and WBP proportions on concrete strength, with the optimized mix of 12.5% fly ash and 12.5% waste brick powder demonstrating superior strength properties compared to conventional concrete. This blend demonstrates practical feasibility and potential for widespread adoption in construction applications. This study underscores the sustainable utilization of industrial by-products, aligning with eco-conscious construction practices and contributing to reduced carbon emissions. This paper provides insights for the construction industry in India, offering a solution to waste management challenges while enhancing the sustainability and cost-effectiveness of concrete production.

Engineering Characterization of Rocks from Selected Quarries in Abuja, Nigeria.

The study aims to understand the strength, durability, and suitability of Abuja rock for planning, design, and construction of engineering projects. Three quarries in Abuja (Kubwa, Mpape, and Lugbe) were selected, and four samples were observed to be the most dominant, covering 90%-95% of the rock used in manufacturing aggregates for engineering construction. Geotechnical engineering properties of these rocks were analyzed in an engineering laboratory. Experimental tests included uniaxial compression test, Schmidt hammer rebound test, Los Angeles Abrasion test, Water absorption/moisture content test, and Specific gravity test. The compressive strength ranges from 21.32Mpa to 28.91Mpa, classified as sedimentary rock with moderate hardness. Schmidt rebound numbers range from 21.94 to 35.28, providing immediate access to rock strength. This shows on correlation with R²= 0.409 means the uniaxial compressive strength value is nearly proportional to the Schmidt rebound number. The specific gravity and water absorption relationship showed a negative correlation, with values of 2.43, 2.32, 2.32, and 2.28 on specific gravity and 0.15%, 0.22%, 0.20%, 0.17% on water absorption/water content from porphyritic granite, porphyroblastic gneiss, biotite granite, and granite gneiss, respectively. It shows in a correlation that water content is inversely proportional to the specific gravity with value of R²=0.400. Los Angeles abrasion values were within the allowable range (20-30) which reveals values from 21.00 to 23.00. The study reveals that the engineering characteristics of the sampled rocks are within the standard range for construction purposes. Porphyritic gneiss and granite gneiss are suitable for building and road construction due to their higher compressive strength and low water absorption, providing good strength and durability under different prevailing environmental conditions.

Hydration Status and Self-Esteem as Predictors of Athlete Burnout: A Cross-Sectional Study

Objective: This study aims to explore the relationship between athlete burnout, hydration status, and self-esteem. It hypothesizes that both hydration status and self-esteem significantly predict athlete burnout. Methods and Materials: The study employed a cross-sectional design involving 230 athletes from various sports clubs and institutions. Participants were actively engaged in competitive sports for at least one year, aged between 18 and 35 years, and free from chronic health conditions. Athlete burnout was measured using the Athlete Burnout Questionnaire (ABQ), hydration status was assessed using the Urine Specific Gravity (USG) test, and self-esteem was evaluated using the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES). Data analysis involved Pearson correlation coefficients to assess relationships and multiple linear regression to evaluate predictive values. Results: Descriptive statistics indicated a mean score for athlete burnout of 3.10 (SD = 0.65), a mean USG for hydration status of 1.025 (SD = 0.004), and a mean score for self-esteem of 21.85 (SD = 4.72). Correlation analysis showed a positive correlation between athlete burnout and hydration status (r = 0.32, p < .001), a negative correlation between athlete burnout and self-esteem (r = -0.45, p < .001), and a weak negative correlation between hydration status and self-esteem (r = -0.15, p = .021). Regression analysis revealed that hydration status and self-esteem together explained 29% of the variance in athlete burnout, with both being significant predictors. Conclusion: The findings suggest that higher levels of dehydration and lower self-esteem are associated with increased athlete burnout. Ensuring adequate hydration and fostering self-esteem are crucial for reducing burnout. Interventions should focus on maintaining hydration, enhancing self-esteem, and promoting self-determined motivation.

Performance evaluation of Alccofine stabilised Marine clay as subgrade

Soil stabilization is a remedial measure that reduces permeability and compressibility, increases bearing capacity and shear strength of soil mass, which helps in reducing the settlement of structures. Marine clay is one of the major regional soil deposits in India, widely found in offshore and coastal areas. This is a type of low strength soft clay which majorly causes failure in pavements and foundation structures due to high settlements and low strength characteristics. The scope of this project is to improve the strength of marine clay by stabilizing it with alccofine. The work includes determination of index properties of marine clay by Hydrometer method, Atterberg’s test, Specific Gravity test, Free Swell test. The engineering properties of both virgin soil and soil stabilized with 3%, 6%, and 9% of alccofine are determined by various tests such as Standard Proctor test, California Bearing Ratio test. On the basis of CBR test, the optimum percentage of alccofine in marine clay is found out to be 6%.

INTEGRATED GEOLOGY AND ENGINEERING GEOLOGICAL PROPERTIES OF LATERITIC SOIL AT ITA – ONIYAN AREA, SOUTHWESTERN NIGERIA

This study investigates the geology and the engineering geological properties of lateritic soil of Ita – Oniyan area of Ondo state, Southwestern, Nigeria. Twenty soil samples were collected from twenty test pits at depth of about 1.0m and were air–dried for two weeks and, thereafter were subjected to laboratory analyses which include natural moisture content, particle size analysis, consistency limits, linear shrinkage, specific gravity, standard compaction, shear strength, and unsoaked California Bearing Ratio (CBR) tests. Results showed that the natural moisture content of the soils ranged from 7% to 28%, the liquid limit ranged from 30.2% to 69.1%, the plastic limit ranged from 17.5% to 43.4%, while the plasticity index ranged from 8.6% to 36.9%. The soils were grouped into CL (low plasticity), CI (medium plasticity), and CH (high plasticity). Linear shrinkage ranged from 3.7% to 11.9%. Grain size analysis gave coarse contents varying from 30.4% to 98.1% and fine contents from 27.4% to 86.9%. The unsoaked CBR ranged from 18% to 72%, for compaction, MDD ranged from 1482kg/m3 to 1981kg/m3, and OMC from 13.7% to 32.5%. Geologic mapping showed that the major rock types in the study area were biotite gneiss, charnockite, quartzite and granite parent rocks from which the soil was formed. The soil samples are made up of lateritic soil with high clay content mainly illite, since the soil samples in the study area have poor engineering properties therefore the soil needed to be stabilized to improve their engineering properties.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF PORTLAND AND WHITE CEMENT IMPACT ON UNCONFINED COMPRESSIVE STRENGTH OF SOIL

Soil improvement plays a vital role in any engineering project, as the entire load from the superstructure is transmitted on the underlaying soil. Weaker soil increases foundation dimension, which is costly and soft soil generally causes difficulties on construction sites when it has low strength and low stiffness. Hence, in order to reduce cost and achieving better structural stability, soil must be stabilized with a mixture in order to achieve larger load carrying capacity. When soils fail to meet the geotechnical requirements, stabilizing the soil using cement is an essential process in geotechnical practice. Clay soil was stabilized in this study using white cement and regular Portland cement. White cement and Portland cement were collected and mixed with clay soil in amounts of 2%, 4%, 6%, 8%, and 10%. Soil tests such as grain size distribution, specific gravity test, unconfined compressive test, soil tests were performed on samples. The report includes field sampling, laboratory testing and engineering analysis and evaluation. From the result of unconfined compressive strength test, it is found that the addition of 6%, 8%, 10% of Portland cement and 10% of white cement increases the shear strength of the clay soil.

Alcohol-Based Hand Sanitizer Combination of Eucalyptus Oil Extract against Aspergillus Niger Fungus

The use of hand sanitizers as a protector for the general public has become a lifestyle today. Several types of hand sanitizer preparations can be found in various places. Alcohol is generally used as a microorganism-free material to clean the surface of the hands and clean the skin from various kinds of contamination including fungi. Alcohol in hand sanitizer preparations has various functions including killing fungi, neutralizing various types of microorganisms including fungi. Eucalyptus oil has antifungal properties and is an important component to inhibit the contamination of microorganisms that are harmful to the body such as fungi. This study aims to make an alcohol-based hand sanitizer preparation with a combination of eucalyptus oil extract that can clean the Aspergillus niger fungus. The results of this study, the measurement of pH is indicated by a value of 7 and for the specific gravity test the result is 0.8679 g/ml. The viscosity of the hand sanitizer of eucalyptus oil extract in this study had a value of 4.1 cP. Testing the cleaning power of hand sanitizer preparations with a contact time test of 60 seconds against Aspergillus niger. The results of testing the cleaning power of the Aspergillus niger fungus in hand sanitizer preparations with a contact time test of 60 seconds obtained the cleaning power of the Aspergillus niger fungus of 99.9%. hand sanitizer preparations with a combination of eucalyptus oil extract have very good effectiveness against the fungus Aspergillus niger and have good preparation quality in meeting the pH, specific gravity, and viscosity tests of hand sanitizer preparations.

FORMULASI DAN EVALUSI MUTU FISIK SABUN BATH BOMB EKSTRAK DAUN DADANGKAK (Hydrolea spinosa L.)

Dadangkak contains secondary metabolite compounds including Alkaloids, Steroids and Flavonoids. One of the compounds, namely flavonoids, has activity that can inhibit bacterial growth. The purpose of the study was to determine the effect of dadangkak leaf extract on bath bomb soap preparations and to determine the physical quality of bath boom soap dadangkak leaf extract. This research is a non-experimental research conducted at the STIKES ISFI Banjarmasin. The study sample was dadangkak leaf extract. The research bath boom soap formulation then an evaluation of physical properties consisting of organoleptis test, soluble time, foam height, pH, specific gravity and alkali-free test. The data obtained is compared with SNI. The results of the physical properties test in formula 2 meets the requirements of physical properties with the following results pH 10; Free alkali test 0.06%; Specific gravity test 1.03g/mol; Froth height test 66 mm; Viscosity test 960 mPas. The conclusion of the study found that the formula that meets the requirements for the best physical properties of soap is formula 2 according to the s SNI 06-4085-1996.

Analysis of Land Subsidence in Peatlands in the Awareness Area of Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia

This study area is administratively located in Parit Indah District, Bukit Raya District, Pekanbaru City, Riau Province. Geographically, the research area is located at coordinates 0° 28' 30.92" N 101° 28' 9.45" E N 0° 27' 25.63" - 101° 29' 47.30" E. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of peat soil types on subsidence. The data collection method in this study was carried out using sieve analysis, water content analysis, specific gravity, subsidence analysis, and soil testing in the laboratory. The effect of peat soil on subsidence has a significant effect between the type of peat and subsidence, the higher the maturity level of the peat, the lower the level of subsidence on peat soil. Based on the study's results, the soil consolidation test with a depth of 75cm-3m had a soil settlement value of 0.467. It is recommended to do this to reduce the impact of subsidence in the land area such as the research area so that it does not have too much impact on the construction which is carried out by hardening the location using the vertical wick drain method, as well as for building foundations it can be done using chicken claw foundation.

Mechanical behavior of porous crushable soils: effect of intragranular porosity

Soils consisting of porous particles, such as pumice sands and calcareous sands, exhibit unique characteristics due to the presence of intraparticle voids. Although significant impacts of intraparticle voids on mechanical behavior, such as reduced single-particle crushing strength and shear modulus in pumice sands, have been reported, quantifying the intraparticle porosity is still challenging. Therefore, the previous research has primarily focused on macroscopic behavior, overlooking the influence of intra-particle voids. This study proposes an analytical approach to quantify intraparticle voids based on particle porosity and size distribution. Rigorous validation using specific gravity, sieving analysis, and compression tests strengthens the proposed solution. Our approach enhances understanding of the intra-particle void distribution and its impact on soil behavior.

Effect of Stone Dust on Properties of Soil

Abstract: Stone dust is a kind of solid waste material that is generated from stone crushing industry which is abundantly available. It is estimated that each crusher unit produce 15%-20% stone dust. Disposal of such wastes poses lots of geo environmental problems such as landfill disposal problems, health and environmental hazards. The best way to eliminate these problems is to make use such waste. Keeping this in view an experimental study was conducted on locally available soil by mixing it with Stone Dust. The effect of randomly distributed Stone Dust on MDD, OMC, and CBR has been discussed in this report. The percentage of stone dust by dry weight of soil was taken as 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50%.The first series of compaction, specific gravity and CBR tests were conducted on the soil and the same tests were conducted in the second series on soil samples mixed with stone dust. Laboratory experiments favorably suggest that mixing stone dust with soil would be effective in improving soil properties. Due to rapid growth of population and industrialization there is tremendous increase in construction activities. The cities and villages are coming closer, there is fast growth of vehicles running on roads. There is shortage of land for construction of buildings, roads, highways and airfields. The land available may not be suitable for construction activities. The soil may be black cotton, clayey, and loamy. The existing site conditions may or may not be sufficiently strong enough to withstand the load coming on it. In order to overcome these problem ground improvement technique such as soil stabilization, soil reinforcement etc. are evolved. The mechanical stabilization of soil proves to be cost effective and reliable. As the property of clayey soil proves to be suitable for mechanical stabilization, the cohesive natured clayey soil were chosen and checked for their geotechnical properties with other general soil characteristics by varying the content of stone dust The modification of soil is carried out by addition of stone dust to original expansive soils in the range of 0 to 50% by the percentage increase of 10%, 20%, 30%, and 50% and the effect of stone dust on liquid limit, plastic limit, plasticity index, dry density, optimum moisture content and CBR values is considered

PEMANFAATAN LIMBAH KULIT BAWANG PUTIH (Allium sativum L.) SEBAGAI BAHAN AKTIF PEMBUATAN SABUN CAIR

Utilization of household waste in Indonesia is still very rarely done, one of which is the use of garlic skin waste. From research by Allemann & Baumann in 2008, garlic skin is rich in antioxidant compounds so it can protect skin cells from free radical damage if used as a skincare product, one of which is liquid bath soap for the body. This research aims to formulate garlic skin extract as liquid soap. The concentration used is 10%. The liquid soap formulation used was 17 g of SLS, 3 g of NaCl, 9 g of Cocamidopropyl Betaine, 9 g of Glycerin, Fragrances, and Dyes to taste. Garlic skin extract liquid soap is evaluated for its physical quality consisting of organoleptic test results in the form of liquid, gum-scented and red-colored, pH test of 8.2, height test and foam stability of 79 mm, moisture content test of 51.12%, specific gravity test of 1.012 g/ml, and irritation test declared non-irritating. The results showed that garlic skin extract liquid soap with a concentration of 10 % had a physical quality that complied with their requirements. This research concludes that garlic skin extracts liquid soap meets the requirements of the physical quality test and safe for the skin because it does not cause irritation to the skin when used.

PENGARUH MATERIAL LOKAL KEDIRI TERHADAP TINGKAT DURABILITAS LAPIS STRUKTUR JALAN

<p><em>Air conditioning or asphalt concrete is formed from coarse aggregate, fine aggregate, and asphalt. An aggregate is a collection of grains of crushed stone, gravel, sand, and other minerals in the form of both natural and artificial products. Coarse aggregate is sieve holder No. 8 (2.36 mm) retained aggregate while fine aggregate is sieve No. 8 (2.36 mm) passed aggregate. The problems that often occur in road pavement layers are poor durability and surfaces that are easy to wear out. This study aimed to find the maximum marshall value in the form of 60/70 penetration asphalt mixture stability. This study used an experimental method with a laston AC-BC test, the test was carried out with abrasion, gradation, specific gravity, and Marshal testing tests using marshal test equipment, following SNI 06-2489-1991, or AASHTO T245-90, or ASTM D1559-76. Using aggregates from the Kedak area, stability results of 3046, 4896, 3754 were obtained, which met the standards of the Bina Marga specifications standards. So that the aggregate from the Kedak area can be used as an alternative constituent material in road planning in the Kediri area because it is more efficient and has good durability.</em></p>

Quality of Paving Block With Additional Ingredients of King Pineapple Leaf Fiber (Agave Cantala Roxb)

TThe king pineapple plant (Agave Cantala Roxb) is a plant that grows in lowlands and hills with a stem height between 150-200 cm, and leaf lengths between 90-100 cm, on the inside of the leaves contain a lot of fiber wrapped in green outer ciliates. The quality of paving blocks with additional material of fibers of king pineapple leaves with a size of 2-3 cm, with a percentage of 0%, 3%, 5% and 7% of the weight of cement, in a ratio of 1: 5, then molded with a size of 20 cm x 10 cm x 8 cm. Conducted testing of the tensile strength of single fibers and compressive strength of paving blocks. The results of the takari sand fine aggregate gradation test meet the requirements of SNI 03-1986-1990 in zone III. Specific gravity testing is classified as normal fine aggregates of 2.5 to 2.7 according to SNI 1968-1990. The test results of sludge content of 2.62% ? 5% SK SNI S-04-1989-F, the content weight of 1,550 Kg/cm ? 1.2 Kg/Cm³ refers to the 1989 PBI. Test results Single tensile of king pineapple leaf fibers averaged 196,692 MPa. The weight of the block paving volume decreased by 2.16%, while the absorption of block paving water increased by 0.91%. The test results of the strongest compressive strength of paving blocks are found in additional materials of 5% capable of withstanding a load of 57.56 Kg / cm².

Properties of Bitumen Modified with Nanoclay/Pet (Polyethylene Terephthalate) Blend

As the world continues to urbanize, the construction of transportation highway continuously requires quality pavement which made transportation engineers and experts focus on improving the performance and life of pavements, to which many studies had searched for better materials or modifications that could improve the properties of bitumen and reduce or even eliminate the development of asphalt pavement failures. To this end, the properties of bitumen modified with blend of PET + nanoclay was conducted. The bitumen was modified with PET (0.5 – 4.0% at 0.5% interval), and nanoclay (1.0 – 8.0% at 1% intervals), while the tests conducted on the materials were oxide composition test, Fourier Transform Infrared Spectroscopy (FTIR) test, penetration test, solubility test, ductility test, flash and fire point test, specific gravity test, softening point test, and viscosity test in accordance with codes and specification. Results from the findings showed that the unmodified bitumen and PET are hydrocarbon materials, while the nanoclay is an inorganic compound and a good reactive pozzolana. More results from the findings showed that the properties of bitumen was improved with addition of PET and nanoclay blend such that the penetration and solubility of bitumen decreases with increase in modifier content, and there was an increase in softening point, flash point, fire point, specific gravity, and viscosity of bitumen as replacement of PET and nanoclay blend increases. Hence, the modifiers (Nanoclay/PET blend) can be used to improve properties of bitumen since they fall within standard and code specification.

Effects of sample preparation methods on measured characteristics of marine and fluvial sediment

Dredged sediment is complex material composed of mineral phases, organics phases, and liquid phases. For the characterization of sediment in the laboratory, the material should be dried before applying some tests, such as the determination of organic matter content, X-ray diffraction (XRD) analysis, X-ray fluorescence (XRF) analysis, specific surface area, specific gravity, and many other tests. To do such tests, in test standards, no specific drying method is recommended. This paper evaluates the effects of drying methods on the measured characteristics of dredged sediment. The drying methods investigated in the current study are oven-drying, freeze-drying, and air drying. From the results obtained, it seems that the drying method affects the results of the test done on the sediment. Among the drying methods, freeze-drying has less effect on sediment properties when the results are compared to a few properties measured on undried material. However, from the point of view of materials classification in road construction, no effects of drying methods are recorded.

Engineering properties of construction and demolition material blends for pavement subbase applications

ABSTRACT A detailed laboratory study is carried out to evaluate the engineering properties of the Recycled Concrete Aggregate (RCA) coming from the construction and demolition waste to be used in the stabilized subbase of the flexible pavement. The index properties such as impact test, abrasion test, specific gravity, water absorption, and pH test were carried out on the RCA material. The RCA was blended with the natural aggregate (NA) in 20% to 100% with an increment of 20%. The cement was added in the 3%, 4%, 5%, and 6% to the RCA and NA material blend to make a bound subbase layer. On the combination of RCA, NA, and cement proctor tests, the Unconfined compressive strength (UCS) test, durability test, and Repeated load triaxial (RLT) test were carried out. The results support the use of RCA material in the subbase layer of flexible pavement with UCS of more than 1.5 MPa, which is the Indian standard requirement. Even the durability under wet and dry cycles was satisfied by all combinations except combinations having 100% RCA + 3% Cement. From the RLT test, the resilient modulus (Mr) was found for different fifteen stages of confining pressure and deviator stresses. The Mr values increase with the increment in deviator stress and confining pressure. The combinations showed better performance in terms of strength with natural aggregate added in RCA to be used in the bound subbase layer of the flexible pavement.

Kajian Karakteristik Agregat Halus Quarry Desa Pulau Terap, Kecamatan Kuok

The purpose of this study was to conduct an in-depth study of the characteristics of fine aggregates derived from the quarry in Pulau Terap Village, Kuok Sub-District, regarding their suitability for use in the production of normal concrete. The testing of fine aggregates aims to ensure their quality. The following are the tests conducted on fine aggregates: Specific gravity and water absorption test, sieve analysis test, silt content examination, organic content test. These tests are in accordance with SNI 1970-2016 (National Standardization Agency, 2016). Based on the results of the conducted research, conclusions can be drawn that, according to the calculated results from the specific gravity test of fine aggregates, the values obtained are S_d 2.6 and S_s with a value of 2.623. The fineness modulus value is 2.938. The silt content is 2.586%, and the bulk density in compacted state is 1.094468 kg/m3, whereas in loose state, it is 0.949530 kg/m3.

Investigation on mechanical and of Sri Lankan timber species for construction applications

Timber has been a prominent construction material for construction from the beginning of human civilization. The research aims at investigating the mechanical properties and durability (against chemical attack) of locally sourced wood species to be used in the construction industry. Authentication test of species, specific gravity, durability, compressive strength, bending strength, tensile strength and shear strength tests were conducted for locally available timber species. From the 34 species investigated, 24 species were observed to have viable properties to be used as softwood and hardwood timber in construction. After being exposed to sulfuric testing, compressive strength results (parallel to grain) of Pihibiya (Filicium decipiens) and Muttikadol (Xylocarpus granatum) were only reduced by 4.3% and 1.6%, respectively. This is evidence of the two species having strong chemical resistivity. Bala, Katta Kumanjal, Muttikadol, Wal Jambu, Karambu, Malkaralla and Thammanna were identified as underutilized timber species in the local context, having bending strengths over 25 N/mm2. Overall, this research is important for the international society as it contributes to sustainable resource management, economic development, environmental conservation, standardization, and knowledge exchange.

Analysis of Land Subsidence in Peatlands in the Awareness Area of Pekanbaru, Riau, Indonesia

This study area is administratively located in Parit Indah District, Bukit Raya District, Pekanbaru City, Riau Province. Geographically, the research area is located at coordinates 0° 28' 30.92" N 101° 28' 9.45" E N 0° 27' 25.63" - 101° 29' 47.30" E. The aim of this study was to find out the effect of peat soil types on subsidence. The data collection method in this study was carried out using sieve analysis, water content analysis, specific gravity, subsidence analysis, and soil testing in the laboratory. The effect of peat soil on subsidence has a significant effect between the type of peat and subsidence, the higher the maturity level of the peat, the lower the level of subsidence on peat soil. Based on the results of the study, the soil consolidation test with a depth of 75cm-3m had a soil settlement value of 0.467. It is recommended to do this to reduce the impact of subsidence in the land area such as the research area so that it does not have too much impact on the construction which is carried out by hardening the location using the vertical wick drain method, as well as for building foundations it can be done using chicken claw foundation.