Specific Fuel Consumption Research Articles

Effect of Butanol-Gasoline Blend Toward Performance Matic-Transmission Applied in Single Cylinder Capacity Engine

The availability of fuel oil is decreasing while the level of consumption is increasing. This encourages the need for the development of alternative energy to minimize the crisis. This study investigates the characteristics of fuel and automatic transmission combustion engines. The fuel used is butanol variations B7, B12 and B18 (7%, 12%, and 18%) and pertalite (RON-90). The gasoline engine used has a capacity of 110 cc with a compression ratio of 9.5:1, an automatic transmission system, and air conditioning. The performance test equipment used is the Dynotest-chassis type 50L-BRT. Fuel variations are applied to an engine performance test by using engine speeds of 3000-9000 rpm. The results showed that the use of 18% butanol increased the output power and thermal efficiency by 8.3 kW and 923.95 kPa at 8000 rpm. torque and MEP (average effective pressure) increased by 8 N.m and 923.95 kPa at 5000 rpm. Meanwhile, SFC (specific fuel consumption) decreased by 0.35 kg/kWh at 8000 rpm.

Combined effect of multi‐injection scheme, injector nozzle bore, and biodiesel blends on combustion and performance characteristics of diesel engine

AbstractMany researchers have conducted extensive experimental and numerical studies to explore the influences of multiple types of fuels. The high demand of energy in the world has led to the growing crisis and depletion of fossil fuels. Therefore, the researchers have focused on investigating renewable energy sources like biodiesel with the aim of suggesting, which energy is more friendly to the environment. Biodiesel has specifications for using it as an alternative fuel to traditional fossil fuels. Whereas, the use of biodiesel fuel in the original design of Diesel engine can emit a higher percentage of nitrogen oxides (NOx). Therefore, to reduce the harmful emissions of the fuel, the injection schemes and injector nozzle bore (INB) of the engine were modified. The present research combines the effect of the nozzle hole diameters and split injection scheme on the performance and combustion parameters of compression ignition (CI) engine was investigated. The engine was fueled with diesel blended of different proportions (Sp20, Sp40, Sp60, and Sp100) of spirulina biodiesel to prove the suitability of this blend as an alternative fuel. The injector nozzle has three injection holes, and the diameter of the three modified holes of the nozzle is changing (from 0.20 to 0.28 mm, step 0.02 mm) along with two types of scheme injection (double and triple). Furthermore, the influence of the direct injection Diesel‐RK model, single‐cylinder, four‐stroke engine; constant compression ratio (17.5:1), engine speed (1500 rpm), and naturally aspired engine at full load condition are studied. A comparison of the present simulation is compared with published results to validate the present simulation model for conventional baseline Diesel for validation. The simulation was done to investigate and present a comparative study with the conventional baseline Diesel engine. The double injection scheme shows a decrease by 1.8%, 1.7%, and 1.9% for parameters of peak cylinder pressure (PCP), peak cylinder temperature (PCT), and maximum rate of pressure rise, respectively. Whereas, the specific fuel consumption (SFC) and break thermal efficiency are increased by 8.7% and 9.33%, respectively. The results showed a reduction by 2.1%, 20.5%, 22.1%, and 3.2% in PCP, PCT, maximum rate of pressure rise, and break thermal efficiency, respectively. Moreover, the SFC is increased by 3.1% with the modified INB 0.28 (mm).

Characteristics of Co-firing Solid Recovered Fuel with sub-bituminous Coal on Pulverized Coal Boiler Power Plant 300 MWe

The biomass co-firing test was conducted at a pulverized coal power plant with a capacity of 300 MWe to determine the effect of cofiring on the operating parameters, such as Mill Outlet Temperature (MOT), Furnace Exit Gas Temperature (FEGT), Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and environment. Biomass Solid Recovered Fuel (SRF) and coal was mixed in a stockpile with a composition of 5 % SRF and 95 % coal. Fuel mix was fed into the four operating bunker mills. The load stabilization process duration is 1 h after the biomass is fed to the boiler by keeping the loading constant at the maximum capacity rate. The data was recorded for 2 h with a retrieval interval of every 15 min. The results showed that the FEGT value during co-firing was 0.7 % lower than during coal firing. The mill outlet temperature ranges from 58 °C to 60 °C in both test conditions. NOx emissions increase by 10.1 %, and SO2 emissions increase by 5.5 % during co-firing than coal-firing conditions. There is no significant change in SFC where the value equals 0.54 kg kWh-1 on both tests.

Evaluating the combustion performance of plastic oil in an Otto engine: A comparative analysis with premium fuel

This study examines the performance evaluation of plastic oil combustion compared to premium fuel in an Otto engine, focusing on the application of pyrolysis technology for converting plastic waste into oil. The analysis considers parameters such as the lower heating value (LHV) of the fuels, combustion characteristics observed through spark plug electrode examination, RPM requirements for power output, torque generation, and specific fuel consumption (SFC). The results show that plastic oil derived from PP has a slightly lower LHV compared to premium fuel. Visual inspection reveals cleaner combustion with plastic oil, indicating potential advantages in terms of reduced carbon build up. The engine requires a higher RPM to achieve the same power output with plastic oil compared to premium fuel. However, plastic oil generates higher torque at the same power output, suggesting better combustion efficiency. The SFC is highest for premium fuel under low-load conditions. The findings underscore the potential of plastic oil as a sustainable and environmentally friendly alternative fuel, derived from the conversion of plastic waste using pyrolysis technology. Further research and optimization are needed to enhance the fuel quality and overall performance of plastic oil.

Performance study of Neem/Soyabean biofuels on 4-stroke diesel engine

The transition from the use of fossil fuel to the latest renewable energy sources, it is need to concentrate on the global energy crisis and their environmental issues. In the present work the Neem and Soya bean methyl ester were used in diesel as a blended fuel. The experimental investigations were carried out in a single cylinder 4-stroke water cooled diesel engine developing 3.7 kW at 1500 RPM. The engine was coupled to a rope brake dynamometer to measure the output, fuel flow rates were timed with calibrated burette. The blends of B10, B15, and B20 of Methyl Ester of Neem and Soyabean methyl ester diesel blends are prepared by volume basis and used for experimental purpose. The engine was loaded with 1.5 kg, 3 kg and 4.5 kg. The engine speed, fuel consumption was recorded. Various performance parameters were evaluated such as BTE, BSFC, and mf. The Study showed that using 100% Diesel, the brake thermal efficiency decreases compared to base engine whereas Brake Specific fuel Consumption increases. The B15 blend of Neem methyl ester yields the best blend with diesel and showed better results for Brake Thermal Efficiency, Brake Specific Fuel Consumption.

Performance, emission characteristics of CI engines fueled with Annona seed biodiesel blends and 1-pentanol as an additive

Fossil fuel is one of the predominant sources for automobiles are facing depletion across the world. This depletion put up a greater demand for the need of alternative fuel sources for automobiles. As a solution for this issue, many researchers formulated and synthesized biodiesel from the oil extract of plant seeds and bio waste materials. The present work involves the synthesis and extraction of methyl ester from the oils of Annona seed and blended with diesel along with 1-Pentanol as an additive. Three-blend mixture of biodiesel is prepared with methyl ester of 10%, 20%, and 30% of Annona seed oil with 10 ml of 1-Pentanol in it. The formulated biodiesel is evaluated for its performance using the Kirloskar Diesel engine under different loading conditions. The evaluation is carried out in terms of brake thermal efficiency, brake specific fuel consumption, and other parameters along with emission characteristic analysis of CO, NOx, and CO2, From the observed results, the biodiesel blend with 30% of Annona seed methyl ester showed better performance. However, the emission analysis over different gases showed biodiesel with 10% of Annona seed methyl ester showed reduced emission.

Synthesis of Fe–Ni–TiO2/activated carbon nanoparticles and evaluation of catalytic activity in a palm oil/diesel fuel blended diesel engine and optimization with RSM

Although diesel engine emissions, which can pose serious risks to the environment and human health, can be reduced with biodiesel/diesel fuel blends, combining diesel fuel with an oxidation catalyst with a sizable oxygen storage capacity can more effectively reduce emissions from diesel engines. In this study, Fe–Ni–TiO2/Activated Carbon (AC) catalyst was produced and used as an oxidation catalyst. Experimental studies were performed on a four-stroke diesel engine by adding at numerous concentrations (0–50–100 ppm) Fe–Ni–TiO2/AC nanoparticles (NP) to the Palm Oil biodiesel (PO)-diesel fuel blend. Optimum conditions were determined by modelling the obtained data in response surface methodology (RSM). The Fe–Ni–TiO2/AC catalyst outcomes in a considerable decrease in hydrocarbon (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx), carbon monoxide (CO), and smoke emissions. Optimization outcomes pointed out that the ideal diesel engine running requirements were determined to be 1750 W engine load, 100 ppm the NP amount, and 30% the PO ratio. Responses for these optimum conditions for Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTHE), CO, HC, NOx, and smoke were determined as 999.06 g/kWh, 27.07%, 0.032%, 40.63 ppm, 818.18 ppm, and 4.26%, respectively. The R2 values showed that the result obtained from the created model was in good agreement with the experimental results.

The Simulation of Combustion Characteristics from Diesel Fuel and Biodiesel in Different Engine Rotation

The combustion characteristics of fuel are important to understand. Diesel engines can ruin by using fuel from diesel and biodiesel. The characteristics between biodiesel and diesel fuel are different. Diesel fuel has low viscosity, high volatility, low density, and cetane number is around 48. However, biodiesel has high density, low volatile, high viscosity and has higher cetane number than diesel fuel. Using biodiesel can reduce the particulate matter from the engine. This happened because biodiesel has high oxygen content and can reduce emissions. These are some advantages of using biodiesel in diesel engines. In this research, the simulation of the combustion characteristics were investigated by diesel-rk simulation. The fuels are diesel fuel and biodiesel made from soybean methyl ester (SME). In this simulation, pure diesel fuel (DF), SME100, SME20 (20%SME blends to 80%DF) and SME40 (40%SME blends to 60%DF) are investigated. The combustion was set up with 1500, 1800, and 2000 rpm. The results show that in all engine rotations, DF has higher Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) than SME. Moreover, the NO2 emission from DF is lower than SME. However, the particulate matter in SME40 can reduce up to 16.1% compared to DF. Moreover, the higher the engine rotates, the emissions from NO2 and PM from SME20, SME40, and DF can be reduced. It can be confirmed that the higher rotation in the engine can decrease the emissions in the engine. In addition, biodiesel can be replaced with diesel fuel and it is environmentally friendly.

A Novel Design towards Reducing Leakage Loss for Variable Geometry Turbines

To accommodate the next generation of adaptive/variable cycle engines and gas turbine power, the variable geometry turbine (VTG) is widely acknowledged as a most essential component. VGT consists of an adjustable vane to address the combined goals of high dry thrust and low specific fuel consumption (SFC) at subsonic cruises for aero-engines. This concept allows an engine to operate at a constant bypass ratio over a wide range of pressure ratios. To avoid scraping during rotation for guide vanes, a typical gap is deliberately left, which leads to significant leakage loss. In this research work, a novel spherical convex plat with a pivot shaft is proposed, which can be obtained by additive manufacturing. The plat is sophisticatedly designed according to the aggressive tip/hub pressure gradient. This design naturally generates a blockage for the gas from the pressure side towards the suction side. As a result, the most aggressive pressure gradient is removed, and maximum leakage flow is eliminated. The overall leakage loss is reduced. This simple rotating structure design can improve the efficiency by 0.4–3.0% within the wide range considered. Based on the understanding of the loss mechanism, a radially restacked vane is designed and another extra 0.2% improvement is achieved. This universal design philosophy is also verified on different loading blade profiles, i.e., front-, middle- and aft-loaded turbine vane. The improved aerodynamic performance is achieved with this novel idea.

CONTROL STRATEGY FOR A NON-HYBRID HYDROSTATIC TRANSMISSION CONSTRUCTION VEHICLE BASED ON POWER FOLLOWER

To achieve energy-saving control of non-hybrid Hydrostatic Transmission Construction Vehicles (HST-CVs) with traditional closed-loop Hydrostatic Transmission (HST) for both propulsion and working systems, this paper presents a control strategy for non-hybrid HST-CVs by referring to the power follower method of the hybrid Energy Management Strategy (EMS). Through the implementation of the presented control strategy by coordinated control of the engine speed and hydraulic pump displacement, the engine can be controlled to operate at the pre-set low Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC) area, similar to that of the hybrid vehicles adopting a power follower control strategy but without the additional installation of accumulators in the hydraulic system. The effect of the control strategy is verified via experimental tests and MATLAB/SIMULINK–AMESIM COLlaborative SIMulation (COSIM). The simulation results show that the proposed control strategy can achieve the expected control target under both highway and off-road conditions.

Analysis of cruise conditions on energy, exergy and NOx emission parameters of a turbofan engine for middle-range aircraft

Studying efficiency and emissions of an aircraft engine at cruise phase is of high importance so as to help in finding optimum flight conditions. Especially, since exhaust emissions from the engine lead to climate change, quantifying exhaust emissions could show adverse effect of the aero-engine on environment. In this study, energetic and exergetic behaviour of high by-pass turbofan are parametrically examined. Besides, cruise NOx emission is measured by P3-T3, Boeing Fuel Flow Method 2 (BFFM2) and DLR methods. Moreover, the index as Specific NOx Production (SNP) is quantified for the turbofan engine. Thanks to this parameter, NOx effect of the engine is compared according to different flight conditions. For this aim, parametric cycle equations and emission calculation methods regarding turbofan engine are encoded so as to determine performance outputs for Mach changing from 0.7 to 0.9 and altitude between 9000 m and 11,000 m. According to performance results, the average specific fuel consumption (SFC) regarding turbofan engine is predicted as 19.65 g/kN.s at 9 km and 19.68 g/kN.s at 11 km. As for exergo-sustainability index, environmental effect factor is calculated as 1.19 at 9 km and 1.26 at 11 km. Also, the average cruise NOx emission index is found as 16.66 g/kg at 9 km and 13.93 g/kg at 11 km. Finally, the mean SNP regarding the turbofan is measured as 0.5071 g/kN.s at 9 km and 0.3374 g/kN.s at 11 km. The findings of this study provide useful insights to comprehend effects of flight conditions on aircraft emissions. In terms of environmental sustainability, decision mechanism could be enhanced to find out optimum flight conditions thanks to the presented results.

Honge Oil Biodiesel as a Promising feedstock – An Experimental Investigation

The performance, combustion and emission characteristics of a vertical air-cooled single-cylinder four-stroke diesel engine fueled with karanja (honge) and diesel oil blends with B20 (20% biodiesel and 80% diesel), B50 (50% biodiesel and 50% diesel) and B100 were experimental tested (100% biodiesel). The bio-oil was extracted using soxhlet extractor and mechanical pressing in the presence of n-hexane. The transesterification process was accomplished through two stage process with NaOH and methanol. Performance parameters evaluated include Thermal Braking Efficiency (BTE), Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC), Total Fuel Consumption (TFC) and Braking Performance (BP). Heat Release Rate (HRR) and pressure-crank angle diagram are two of the combustion properties evaluated. Carbon dioxide (CO2), carbon monoxide (CO), hydrocarbons (HC), nitrogen oxides (NOx) and oxygen (O2) are among the emission characteristics examined. These parameters were determined under constant load conditions of 0%, 25%, 50%, 75% and 100% at the rated speed of 1500 rpm and the results for each karanja oil blend (B20, B50, B100) were compared to diesel. As a result, it is concluded that B20 blend offers superior performance, combustion and emission characteristics compared to other test fuel blends.

The investigation of an SGT5-2000E gas turbine power plant performance in Benin City based on energy analysis

• The effect of change in ambient air temperature on the performance of the SGT5 -2000E Gas turbine Power Plant was analyzed for this location. • The average net power output was 97.33% of the guaranteed value. • For this location, a 1 0 C rise in ambient air temperature, there are drops of 1.16% in net power output and 1.58% net thermal efficiency, a 1.58% increase in SFC and HR, and a 0.64% decrease in WR. • This study has suggested efficient ways of overcome drawbacks observed. In order to address the growing global energy demand and save energy from operating gas turbine power plants, the performance and losses from existing gas turbine power plants need to be studied. In view of this, this research work aims at carrying out the energy analysis of the SGT5-2000E Gas Power Plant for off-design conditions. The energy analysis was conducted using operating data collected from the power plant to evaluate the thermal efficiencies, specific fuel consumption (SFC), heat rate (HR), work ratio (WR) and energy losses with the aid of MATLAB software. The effects of ambient air temperature and compressor pressure ratio on the thermodynamic performance were carried out. Energy analysis results obtained showed that the average net thermal efficiency of the SGT5-2000E Gas Power Plant was found to be 30.21% at the ambient air temperature range from 21 to 35 0 C, the compressor pressure ratio of 10.73 to 10.96, the net power output of 148.92MW to 160. 70MW, and 60.16% of the fuel energy input was lost to the power plant surroundings as waste heat. Also, the results obtained revealed that for a 1 0 C rise in ambient air temperature, there are drops of 1.16% in net power output and 1.58% net thermal efficiency, a 1.58% increase in SFC and HR, and a 0.64% decrease in WR. Furthermore, the results obtained showed that there was a lower performance of the plant at high ambient air temperature and a lower compressor pressure ratio and the exhaust gas waste heat can be utilized for a combined heat and power system. Accordingly, the study has provided an understanding of suitable information about the power plant that can be used for efficient operation and waste minimization as ways of performance enhancement of the SGT5-2000E Gas Turbine Power Plant in Benin City.

Combustion characteristics of nanofuels: A comprehensive review on diesel/biodiesel-based nanofuels

Nanoparticles dispersed in liquid fuels are capable of creating colloidal mixtures with superior heat transfer and combustion properties. This approach has gain considerable attention from the internal combustion engine community to enhance the engine efficiency and reduce its pollutants emission. In the current study, a comprehensive review is performed on the recent findings on the effects of using various nanoparticles on the fuel properties and combustion characteristics in compression ignition (CI) engines. The experimental results on the Brake Thermal Efficiency (BTE), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), NOx, smoke and unburned hydrocarbon (UNBC) emissions are reviewed and summarized. The detailed specifications of the test rigs are also reviewed. The literature review showed that most of the nanoadditives can enhance BTE and BSFC and at the same time reduce smoke and UNBC emissions. Although reduction in NOx emission was reported is some studies, considerable increment in NOx emissions was also observed in several scholars. Most of the studies are performed in single-cylinder four-stroke naturally-aspirated engines with a rated power at full load in the range of 3.7–5.5 kW. Finally, some suggestions on using novel hybrid types of nanoparticles as additives in CI engines are provided for future research studies.

ANALISIS RASIO FINAL GEAR DAN KEMIRINGAN JALAN TERHADAP DAYA, EFISIENSI MEKANIS, WAKTU AKSELERASI DAN SPECIFIC FUEL CONSUMPTION (SFC) PADA MOTOR 110 INJEKSI

The community perceives that vehicles used in daily activities, especially when carrying heavy loads such as going uphill or transporting goods, experience a lack of power and torque. The objective of this study is to determine the results of calculations and experiments on power, mechanical efficiency, acceleration time, and Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) between using standard factory gears and modified gears. In the power test, using gear 38 resulted in the highest power output of 8.85 hp at 7500 rpm. Regarding mechanical efficiency, gear 38 achieved the highest value of 0.9987 at 6500 rpm. As for acceleration time, the steeper the road gradient, the lower the maximum achievable speed. Moreover, in terms of SFC, particularly in the test involving road gradient, the most fuel-efficient result was obtained at a 5° gradient using gear 40 with an SFC value of 0.04127 Kg/Hp.hour at 6000 rpm, while the highest fuel consumption was recorded at a 30° gradient using gear 38, with an SFC value of 0.1158 Kg/Hp.hour at 8000 rpm

Design of Control Schedules for Interturbine Burner Turbofan Engine Considering Ignition and Flameout Characteristics

Abstract The interturbine burner (ITB) engine, which is introduced between high and low pressure turbines (LPTs), is a relatively new concept for increasing specific thrust and lowering high altitude specific fuel consumption (SFC) than engine with afterburner (AB). Although ITB engines have outstanding performance improvements, they also present a challenge to the design of control laws for ITB engines under unknown matching mechanisms and multiple constraints. This study proposes a self-scheduling control law design method for ITB engine mode transition that considers ITB ignition and flameout characteristics, as well as cooling air volume. This method derives the control law based on the global optimal algorithm and shapley additive explanation (SHAP)-value analysis method, which avoids manual analysis and reduces the number of adjustment of variable geometric components. An ITB transient model is established to verify the control laws under the transition of ignition and flameout modes. During the mode transition process of opening and closing the ITB, the flow fluctuation of the precritical point and rear-critical point does not exceed 2%, and the comprehensive thrust fluctuation index composed of three typical state points does not exceed 5%. Through simulation analysis with constrained constraints, at most one variable geometry component is adjusted.

Improved Local Scale Generic Cycle Model for Aerothermodynamic Simulations of Gas Turbine Engines for Propulsion

A local scale Aerothermodynamic Generic Cycle Model (AGCM) is proposed. The AGCM accounts for several improvements not considered in similar models, such as compressor bleed extraction for aircraft Environmental Control System (ECS), parasitic shaft power extraction, and the enthalpy of the fuel entering the combustor. The AGCM is intended for steady-state Design Point (DP) and Off-Design (OD) performance analyses. The underlying physics is presented for the DP model. The turbomachinery component maps scaling and the system of nonlinear equations necessary to define the OD model are thoroughly discussed. The AGCM is compared with an equivalent model developed in the Numerical Propulsion System Simulation (NPSS). The comparisons were performed considering a DP envisioned to approximate a General Electric CF34-8C5B1 engine. The average errors found in these comparisons for the Specific Fuel Consumption (SFC) and net thrust were −0.111% and 0.193%, respectively. Finally, the predictions of the absolute levels of performance intended for the -8C5B1 engine are compared with empirical correlations derived from a comprehensive turbofan engine database. It was found that the predictions of the AGCM are in agreement with the empirical correlations; the errors found in SFC and net thrust at cruise flight condition were −0.43% and 2.06%, respectively.

Taguchi Approach and Multiple Regression Analysis for IDI Engine with RBME Optimization

Diesel engines are suited to human usage. With the trend of Petro diesel running out, experts have been concentrating more on alternative fuels. One such alternative fuel whose fuel characteristics are more similar to diesel is bio-diesel. The majority of researchers came to the conclusion that by using 100% bio-diesel, emissions might be lowered while still retaining efficiency, with a minor increase in NOX emissions relative to diesel fuel. In this study, we looked at adding isopropanol to reduce these NOX emissions. An IDI (Indirect Diesel Injection) single-cylinder, four-stroke diesel engine is selected for testing. It is feasible to ascertain the engine characteristics and emissions of fuels like diesel and rice bran methyl ester (RBME) mixed with iso-propanol additive by conducting tests on IDI engines. The goal of the task is to determine the best settings for each answer, analyse the impact of each input component on the response, compare projected values using Taguchi's Additive Law and multiple regression techniques, and determine Confidence Intervals (CI). The regression formulas are derived from multiple regression analysis with a coefficient of regression up to 83% for the responses Exhaust Gas Temperature (EGT), Brake Thermal Efficiency (BThe), Brake Specific Fuel Consumption (BSFC), Hydrocarbons (HC), Carbon Monoxide (CO), Carbon Dioxide (CO2), Oxygen (O2), Nitrogen Oxides (NOX), and Smoke. RBME+2% Isopropanol is shown to be the optimum fuel overall based on engine performance and emission characteristics, particularly for EGT, BThe, BSFC, O2, NOX, and Smoke.

Experimental analysis of the combined effect of thermal barrier coating material and the nanoparticle augmented fuel usage on CI engine characteristics

The scope of this work involves the utilization of optimal insulating material and nanoparticles in addition to diesel for enhancing the CI engine performance reduce harmful environmental emissions. The first phase of the research work focused on coating the combustion chamber components, including cylinder-liner as well as a piston with 150 and 100 μm thickness, correspondingly, with equivalent quantities of Yttria Stabilized Zirconia (YSZ) and Alumina (Al2O3) powder using the plasma spraying method. The second phase of experimental work oversees the augmentation of diesel fuel with 30 ppm and 60 ppm of Cerium Oxide (CeO2) nanoparticles independently. Initially, the effectiveness, as well as emissions criteria, were investigated using a thermal barrier coated (TBC) engine & neat diesel. The implications of CeO2 nanoparticles were then compared with the reference engine. Usage of the thermal barrier coated chamber reduced the specific fuel consumption (SFC) by 7.71 % and increased the brake thermal efficiency (BTE) by 1.75 %. Additionally, the SFC was reduced by 8.25 % and 13.19 %, and the BTE was enhanced by 2.43 % and 3.54 % in the TBC engine, which used 30 ppm and 60 ppm CeO2 mixed diesel fuel, respectively, when correlated with the reference engine. Besides, harmful pollutant gases of carbon monoxide (0.0707 % vol), hydrocarbon (37 ppm), and smoke (8.08 %) were minimized extensively by TBC coating material usage and the inclusion of nanoparticles in the fuel.

Enhancement of the performance and emissions reduction of a hydroxygen-blended gasoline engine using different catalysts

Recently, Egypt has been suffering from rapid and considerable growth in fossil fuel demand, especially in the transportation sector. Hydroxy (HHO) gas which is generated from water electrolysis process has a significant effect on increasing the engine performance, and reducing fuel consumption, and emissions. In the present work, a dry fuel cell is constructed and tested under different types of electrolysis, different concentrations of electrolytes, and different numbers of neutral plates (NP) to obtain the most economic, safe, and best cell quality suitable for different engine operating conditions. A 183-cc single cylinder SI engine connected with a hydraulic pump, in one unit, was used for the study. HHO gas was supplied to the intake manifold of the engine under different conditions. The results showed that engine performance is most improved by using HHO gas generated by KOH electrolyte, 4 NP, at 1500 rpm. Under the optimum conditions, the maximum increase in the engine/pump efficiency was 47.24 %, maximum decrease in specific fuel consumption (SFC) was 32.1 %, and maximum reduction in CO and HC emissions were 91.7 %, and 34.84 %, respectively.