Specific Formula Research Articles

Advanced Chinese EFL Learners’ Performance on Request

This study aims to investigate the performance of advanced Chinese EFL learners in making requests in different situational contexts. Request, as a sub type of directives, refers to attempts made by a speaker to persuade or dissuade the hearer from performing some kind of action for the benefit of the speaker (Ellis, 2008). According to Brown and Levinson’s (1987) politeness theory, making a request is considered a face-threatening act since it involves imposing one’s will on the hearer. Consequently, indirect request strategies are generally preferred by speakers as they help mitigate any potential imposition on the hearer’s face. However, this is not always the case. Brown and Levinson (ibid.) argue that the specific semantic formula used by speakers depends on contextual factors such as power dynamics between speaker and hearer, social distance between them, and size of imposition involved. In other words, making requests requires language learners to consider various aspects including linguistic form, communicative function, and situational context; thus placing significant cognitive burden on them due to their limited working memory capacity. As a result, breakdowns in communication often occur when EFL learners attempt to make requests.

Assessment of tuberculosis transmission probability in three Thai prisons based on five dynamic models.

This study aimed to assess and compare the probability of tuberculosis (TB) transmission based on five dynamic models: the Wells-Riley equation, two Rudnick & Milton-proposed models based on air changes per hour (ACH) and liters per second per person (L/s/p), the model proposed by Issarow et al, and the Applied Susceptible-Exposed-Infected-Recovered (SEIR) TB transmission model. This study also aimed to determine the impact of model parameters on such probabilities in three Thai prisons. A cross-sectional study was conducted using data from 985 prison cells. The TB transmission probability for each cell was calculated using parameters relevant to the specific model formula, and the magnitude of the model agreement was examined by Spearman's rank correlation and Bland-Altman plot. Subsequently, a multiple linear regression analysis was conducted to investigate the influence of each model parameter on the estimated probability. Results revealed that the median (Quartiles 1 and 3) of TB transmission probability among these cells was 0.052 (0.017, 0.180). Compared with the pioneered Wells-Riley's model, the remaining models projected discrepant TB transmission probability from less to more commensurate to the degree of model modification from the pioneered model as follows: Rudnick & Milton (ACH), Issarow et al., and Rudnick & Milton (L/s/p), and the applied SEIR models. The ventilation rate and number of infectious TB patients in each cell or zone had the greatest impact on the estimated TB transmission probability in most models. Additionally, the number of inmates in each cell, the area per person in square meters, and the inmate turnover rate were identified as high-impact parameters in the applied SEIR model. All stakeholders must urgently address these influential parameters to reduce TB transmission in prisons. Moreover, further studies are required to determine their relative validity in accurately predicting TB incidence in prison settings.

New formulas of convolved Pell polynomials

<abstract><p>The article investigates a class of polynomials known as convolved Pell polynomials. This class generalizes the standard class of Pell polynomials. New formulas related to convolved Pell polynomials are established. These formulas may be useful in different applications, in particular in numerical analysis. New expressions are derived for the high-order derivatives of these polynomials, both in terms of their original polynomials and in terms of various well-known polynomials. As special cases, connection formulas linking the convolved Pell polynomials with some other polynomials can be deduced. The new moments formula of the convolved Pell polynomials that involves a terminating hypergeometric function of the unit argument is given. Then, some reduced specific moment formulas are deduced based on the reduction formulas of some hypergeometric functions. Some applications, including new specific definite and weighted definite integrals, are deduced based on some of the developed formulas. Finally, a matrix approach for this kind of polynomial is presented.</p></abstract>

Rome IV Clinical Criteria and Management of Functional Constipation: Indonesian Health Care Professionals' Perspective.

The updated ROME IV criteria for functional constipation (FC) in children were published in 2016. However, information on the use of these criteria is scarce. This study aimed to report the frequency of the use of the ROME IV criteria by Indonesian pediatricians and general practitioners (GPs) in FC management in infants and toddlers. An anonymous cross-sectional online survey was conducted between November 2021 and March 2022. A total of 248 respondents (183 pediatricians and 65 GPs) from 24 Indonesian provinces completed the survey. Most respondents reported an estimated prevalence of FC to be less than 5% both in infants and toddlers. On average, only 64.6% of respondents frequently used the ROME IV criteria. Pediatricians used the ROME IV criteria more often than GPs did (p<0.001). The most frequently used criteria were painful or hard bowel movements (75.0%) and ≤2 defecations/week (71.4%). Lactulose as a laxative was the preferred treatment choice, followed by changing the standard formula to a specific nutritional formula. Most of the respondents carried out parenteral reassurance and education. Normal growth, as a marker of good digestion and absorption function, and normal stool consistency and frequency were the most reported indicators of gut health. The ROME IV criteria for functional constipation are not extensively used by pediatricians and GPs in Indonesia. Laxatives and specific nutritional formulas were the most used management approaches in infants and toddlers. Medical education, especially for general practitioners, should be updated.

Practical continuous variable quantum secret sharing scheme based on non-ideal quantum state preparation

Continuous variable quantum secret sharing protocol can guarantee the unconditional security of secret key information based on the fundamental laws of physics. However, the state preparation operation may become non-ideal and imperfect in practical continuous variable quantum secret sharing scheme, which will introduce additional excess noise and affect the security of the scheme. Therefore, it is necessary to analyze it. We propose a practical continuous variable quantum secret sharing protocol based on imperfect state preparation. Specifically, in the proposed scheme, we assume that there are multiple users, and the imperfect state preparation performed by any user is equivalent to the corresponding untrusted third party using a phase insensitive amplifier to amplify the ideal modulator and laser owned by the user. The equivalent excess noise introduced by the imperfect state preparation can be calculated comprehensively and quantitatively through the gain of the corresponding phase insensitive amplifier. The results show that the continuous variable quantum secret sharing scheme is sensitive to the excess noise introduced by the imperfect state preparation operation, which will inevitably reduce its performance and security. Fortunately, the upper bound of the additional excess noise tolerance for the imperfect state preparation is achieved by using the specific gain formula of the phase insensitive amplifier, thus the security risks caused by the imperfect state preparation can be effectively solved. Due to considering the additional excess noise introduced by imperfect state preparation, tighter secret key rate curves can be obtained by the proposed scheme than those by the ideal continuous variable quantum secret sharing protocol. These results indicate that the proposed scheme can improve the practical security of continuous variable quantum secret sharing scheme, and provide a theoretical basis for its practical applications.

Antioxidant Effect of Levetiracetam and Brivaracetam Acting on Presynaptic SV2A Receptors: An In-vitro Study

Introduction: Epilepsy is a serious psychological condition associated with social stigma, psychiatric co-morbidity, and a high economic burden. It is pertinent to develop novel treatment methods given the ever-evolving nature of the disease. Recently, various newer Antiepileptic Drugs (AEDs) have been under study, among which a newer targeted modality consists of SV2A receptors. Aim: To compare the antioxidant properties or free radical scavenging activity of the newer heterogeneous AEDs acting on the SV2A receptors, namely Levetiracetam (LEV) and Brivaracetam (BRV). Materials and Methods: This in-vitro study was conducted at Department of Pharmacology, Sri Ramachandra Institute of Higher Education and Research, Chennai, Tamil Nadu, India from July 2021 to August 2021. The study evaluated the antioxidant properties of LEV and BRV using various assays such as the Ferric Reducing Antioxidant Power (FRAP) test, DPPH (1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl) assay, Nitric Oxide (NO) radical scavenging assay, Superoxide Dismutase activity (SOD), and catalase activity. The obtained results were expressed using specific formulas related to the absorbance of the respective chemicals, along with the percentage of inhibition, and have been tabulated in Microsoft excel Sheet Version 16.16.27. Halfmaximal Inhibitory Concentration (IC50) values were calculated using scatter plot graphs. Results: The FRAP values for LEV were reported to be significantly higher compared to BRV at concentrations of 20, 40, 60, 80 μg/mL, while at 100 μg/mL, BRV showed better ferric reducing activity. Although both drugs exhibited antioxidant activity, the results clearly identified LEV as a better NO radical scavenger, with a percentage of inhibition reaching up to 80.52%. During the SOD assay, the percentage inhibition of superoxide generation by LEV was found to be 99.02%, while that of BRV was 97.07% at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. LEV (0.573) also showed a higher degradation of H2O2 per minute than BRV (0.065) at a concentration of 100 μg/mL. Conclusion: The results showed that both drugs, BRV and LEV, exhibited significant antioxidant capacity. However, LEV demonstrated increased antioxidant potency and efficacy compared to BRV.

Effect of Ethical Leadership on Followership Dimension

Ethical leadership behavior has positive influences on followership dimensions. This study aimed at investigating the relationship Ethical leadership and followership dimensions. This research study used Kelley’s followership framework, to analyze each dimension of the leader-follower relationship. This study use social learning and social exchange theories to test the relationship between ethical leadership and follower. The social learning theory is used to support ethical leadership. Quantitative design was adopted for this purpose, and survey was chosen to collect primary data. Nature of data was cross-sectional. The population of the study consists of all public sector employees in southern districts of Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan. Non probability snow ball technique was used to select the sample size and specific formula gave the sample size of 395. Total 500 questionnaires were distributed among employees working in public sector organizations, among which only 412 came, 395 were used to yield the results. Findings revealed that ethical leadership has a significant relationship with followership dimensions and further analysis of results revealed that these data provided insights into the followers’ current followership style (i.e., their current levels of independent critical thinking and active engagement), their leaders ‘behaviors, and the quality of their individual leader-follower relationship. The findings of the current study declare a significant connection between followership and ethical leadership effect. The study showed that ethical leadership and followers have had a significant relationship. There is a positive and significant relationship exists between ethical leadership and followership dimension in Pakistan public sector. Discussion and implications are presented based on the results of the study.

INTERPERSONAL COMMUNICATION IN OVERCOMING THE PHUBBING BEHAVIOR PHENOMENON IN STUDENTS IN LHOKSEUMAWE CITY

The effectiveness of communication has strong indications that it can overcome phubbing behavior. However, which factors are the most dominant in communication effectiveness is not yet known with certainty. This research aims to determine the effectiveness of communication factors that can overcome phubbing behavior among students in Lhokseumawe City, Aceh, Indonesia. The study’s population consisted of all teenagers in Lhokseumawe City actively studying at state universities in 2022, totaling 8,467 people. The sample included 382 students who met the inclusion criteria set by the researchers and according to a specific formula. This research employed quantitative methods with statistical tests involving Pearson correlation and multiple regression. The results revealed that Positiveness (X4) is the dominant factor significantly influencing the overcoming of phubbing behavior at Lhokseumawe City State University, as evidenced by a partial determination coefficient test value of 0.569 and a relative contribution value of 71.88%. This research contributes to contemporary communication studies and social pathology literature concerning phubbing behavior. It aids in developing communication theories, especially those related to communication psychology and effectiveness.

The modified Polsby-Popper score, a novel quantitative histomorphological biomarker and its potential to predict lymph node positivity and cancer-specific survival in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma.

The significance of different histological spreading patterns of tumor tissue in oral tongue squamous cell carcinoma (TSCC) is well known. Our aim was to construct a numeric parameter on a continuous scale, that is, the modified Polsby-Popper (MPP) score, to describe the aggressiveness of tumor growth and infiltration, with the potential to analyze hematoxylin and eosin-stained whole slide images (WSIs) in an automated manner. We investigated the application of the MPP score in predicting survival and cervical lymph node metastases as well as in determining patients at risk in the context of different surgical margin scenarios. We developed a semiautomated image analysis pipeline to detect areas belonging to the tumor tissue compartment. Perimeter and area measurements of all detected tissue regions were derived, and a specific mathematical formula was applied to reflect the perimeter/area ratio in a comparable, observer-independent manner across digitized WSIs. We demonstrated the plausibility of the MPP score by correlating it with well-established clinicopathologic parameters. We then performed survival analysis to assess the relevance of the MPP score, with an emphasis on different surgical margin scenarios. Machine learning models were developed to assess the relevance of the MPP score in predicting survival and occult cervical nodal metastases. The MPP score was associated with unfavorable tumor growth and infiltration patterns, the presence of lymph node metastases, the extracapsular spread of tumor cells, and higher tumor thickness. Higher MPP scores were associated with worse overall survival (OS) and tongue carcinoma-specific survival (TCSS), both when assessing all pT-categories and pT1-pT2 categories only; moreover, higher MPP scores were associated with a significantly worse TCSS in cases where a cancer-free surgical margin of <5 mm could be achieved on the main surgical specimen. This discriminatory capacity remained constant when examining pT1-pT2 categories only. Importantly, the MPP score could successfully define cases at risk in terms of metastatic disease in pT1-pT2 cancer where tumor thickness failed to exhibit a significant predictive value. Machine learning (ML) models incorporating the MPP score could predict the 5-year TCSS efficiently. Furthermore, we demonstrated that machine learning models that predict occult cervical lymph node involvement can benefit from including the MPP score. We introduced an objective, quantifiable, and observer-independent parameter, the MPP score, representing the aggressiveness of tumor growth and infiltration in TSCC. We showed its prognostic relevance especially in pT1-pT2 category TSCC, and its possible use in ML models predicting TCSS and occult lymph node metastases.

Presidential Candidate Slogans in the 2024 Indonesian General Election; Strategic Communication with Multi-Generational Characteristics

This study focuses on the use of slogans of the three presidential and vice-presidential candidates who will compete in Indonesia’s 2024 general election. This study maps how these slogans operate in the digital space of social media to capture the attention and votes of a cross-generational public in Indonesia. Discourse analysis is used in this study to discover the hidden meanings of texts, while taking into account the risk that these meanings may not be accurate. The researcher therefore limited the study to a specific time and space context, namely during the period leading up to the 2024 general election, and to an Indonesian case study only. The study found that slogans were chosen from popular diction, to make it easier to introduce the candidates’ profiles to the public. These slogans are also a special formula to shape public knowledge about the candidates’ vision and mission. This study holds the view that popularity and the massification process of promotional content still play an important role in the discourse distribution model in contemporary digital media. This connects the dialectic of discourse that occurs in a multi-generational society. In addition, this study also compares with the views of post-truth and post-factual politics with the assumption that the meaning generated from the use of slogans is not bound. Meaning is generated from highly subjective perceptions, so the role of promotion and massification of the chosen terminology still has an important role to influence audience perceptions and win votes from the active voting public.

Computation of gravimetric geoid model using free air vertical gravity gradient anomaly in geoid-quasigeoid formula

Geoid-quasigeoid separation term is a crucial parameter that allows the conversion between different national height systems based on geoid and quasigeoid surfaces. The consideration of free-air Vertical Gravity Gradient Anomalies (VGGA) in the separation term formula is generally ignored and is not sufficiently investigated. However, this may be important, particularly for the mountainous areas. In this study, the impact of considering modelled VGGA in the special formulation of separation term is investigated. The study area is in mountainous western Turkey where modelled VGGA are previously validated with the homogenous and dense VGGA measurements (in total: 159). The separation term is calculated with and without considering the VGGA. Thus, gravimetric geoid models have been obtained with two different strategies. These gravimetric geoid models are compared with geometric geoid model calculated from recently measured GPS/levelling measurements. The results demonstrate that the consideration of modelled VGGA in the special formula of separation term changes the gravimetric geoid model with the statistics of min: −10.6 cm, max: 17 cm, mean: 0.2 cm, std.: 1.5 cm. This is quite significant for a goal of cm accurate geoid modelling. Especially at elevations higher than 1000 m, the use of modelled VGGA is found to be more effective on the gravimetric geoid.

Interpretable Machine Learning and Reactomics Assisted Isotopically Labeled FT-ICR-MS for Exploring the Reactivity and Transformation of Natural Organic Matter during Ultraviolet Photolysis.

Isotopically labeled FT-ICR-MS combined with multiple post-analyses, including interpretable machine learning (IML) and a paired mass distance (PMD) network, was employed to unravel the reactivity and transformation of natural organic matter (NOM) during ultraviolet (UV) irradiation. FT-ICR-MS analysis was used to assign formulas, which were classified on the basis of their molecular compositions and structural categories. Isotope (deuterium, D) labeling was utilized to unequivocally determine the photochemical products and examine the development of OD radical-mediated NOM transformation. With regard to the reactive molecular formulas, CHOS formulas exhibited the highest reactivity (86.5% of precursors disappeared) followed by CHON (53.4%) and CHO (24.6%) formulas. With regard to structural categories, the degree of reactivity decreased in the following order: tannins > condensed aromatics > lignin/CRAMs. The IML algorithm demonstrated that the crucial features governing the reactivity of formulas were the molecular weight, DBE-O, NOSC, and the presence of heteroatoms (i.e., N and S), suggesting that the large and unsaturated compounds containing S and N are more prone to photodegradation. The reactomics approach using the PMD network further indicated that 11 specific molecular formulas in the CHOS and CHO class served as hubs, implying a higher photoreactivity and participation in a range of transformations. The isotope labeling analyses also found that, among the reactions observed, hydroxylation (i.e., +OD) is dominant for lignin/CRAMs and condensed aromatics, and formulas containing ≤10 D atoms were developed. Overall, this study, by adopting rigorous and interpretable techniques, could provide in-depth insights into the molecular-level dynamics of NOM under UV irradiation.

HOW STUDENTS SOLVE PIZZA PROBLEMS: AN EXPLORATION OF STUDENTS' MATHEMATICAL LITERACY

The purpose of this study is to describe the mathematical literacy of students in solving pizza problems that have been adapted in the process component and differences. This study focuses on students' answers in solving pizza problems with different information in each question. Data collection was carried out using tests and interviews. In this study, the research method employed is qualitative with a descriptive approach. The research subjects were ninth-grade junior high school students. Data collection was carried out to identify students' mathematical literacy on pizza problems by analyzing the results of tests and interviews. The results showed that: 1. students had difficulty in solving pizza problems, formulating mathematical problems, performing calculations using the concept of specific formula rules, and interpreting from a precise process correctly. The highest level of students' difficulty was observed in the stage of employing the concept of specific formula rules to solve problems; 2. there is a difference in students' answers in solving three types of pizza problems. Besides, students show better performance because they can understand the issues more easily. Therefore, in adapting a question from a foreign language, a careful, thorough, and accurate interpretation is required.

Long-term follow-up of children with carbamoyl phosphate synthase 1 deficiency detected in newborn screening.

To investigate genotype-phenotype characteristics and long-term prognosis of neonatal carbamoyl phosphate synthetase 1 (CPS1) deficiency among children through newborn screening in Zhejiang province. The clinical and follow-up data of children with CPS1 deficiency detected through neonatal screening and confirmed by tandem mass spectrometry and genetic testing in Zhejiang Province Newborn Disease Screening Center from September 2013 to August 2023 were retrospectively analyzed. A total of 4 056 755 newborns were screened and 6 cases of CPS1 deficiency were diagnosed through phenotypic and genetic testing. Ten different variations of CPS1 genewere identified in genetic testing, including 2 known pathogenic variations (c.2359C>T and c.1549+1G>T) and 8 unreported variations (c.3405-1G>T, c.2372C>T, c.1436C>T, c.2228T>C, c.2441G>A, c.3031G>A, c.3075T>C and c.390-403del). All patients had decreased citrulline levels (2.72-6.21 μmol/L), and varying degrees of elevated blood ammonia. The patients received restricted natural protein intake (special formula), arginine and supportive therapy after diagnosis, and were followed-up for a period ranging from 9 months to 10 years. Three patients experienced hyperammonemia, and one patient each had attention deficit hyperactivity disorder, transient facial twitching and increased muscle tone. One patient died, while the other five surviving patients had normal scores of the Ages & Stages Questionnaires (ASQ) and Griffiths Development Scales up to the present time; 4 cases had combined height or weight lag and one case was normal in height and weight. Low citrulline levels and hyperammonemia are common in CPS1 deficiency patients in Zhejiang. Most gene variants identified were specific to individual families, and no hotspot mutations were found. Early diagnosis through newborn screening and following standardized treatment can significantly improve the prognosis of the patients.

Preparing Enteral Formulas for Adult Patients with Phenylketonuria: A Minor Necessity but Major Challenge—A Case Report

Phenylketonuria (PKU) is the most frequent of the congenital errors of amino acid (AA) metabolism worldwide. It leads to the accumulation of the essential AA phenylalanine (Phe) and it is associated with severe neurological defects. The early diagnosis and treatment of this rare disease, achieved through newborn screening and low-Phe diet, has profoundly changed its clinical spectrum, resulting in normal cognitive development. We face the first generation of PKU patients perinatally diagnosed and treated who have reached adulthood, whose special needs must be addressed, including feeding through enteral nutrition (EN). However, recommendations regarding EN in PKU constitute a gap in the literature. Although protein substitutes for patients with PKU are offered in multiple forms (Phe-free L-amino acid or casein glycomacropeptide supplements), none of these commercial formulas ensures the whole provision of daily total energy and protein requirements, including a safe amount of Phe. Consequently, the combination of different products becomes necessary when artificial nutrition via tube feeding is required. Importantly, the composition of these specific formulas may result in physicochemical interactions when they are mixed with standard EN products, leading to enteral feeding tubes clogging, and also gastrointestinal concerns due to hyperosmolality. Herein, we present the first reported case of EN use in an adult patient with PKU, where the separate administration of protein substitutes and the other EN products avoided physicochemical interactions.

The influence of ground potential and electric field based on relative position in three layers soil

The development of high-voltage direct current (HVDC) engineering worldwide has led to an increase in concern over ground potential and electric field pollution, making it crucial to choose a site for direct current (DC) grounding electrode carefully. Soil-layered structure and distance to grounding electrode are the two most crucial factors to consider. While the soil-layered structure throughout the wide area is most likely consistent, it is the distance that proves to be most effective method for improving the reasonable distribution of ground potential and electric field. Although the previous study found that the ground potential and electric field values are greater when the distance to the grounding electrode is shorter, this cannot be applied to a real project. By proposing the analysis approach of equivalent interfacial charge accumulating, we can extract the concept of relative position from the mono-distance ago and conduct a more comprehensive study of their distribution characteristics, surpassing the previous conclusion. According to the research findings, the ideal distribution can be accomplished by shifting the relative position, and as a result, a specific mathematic formula for determining the best relative position has been obtained. Moreover, it should be noted that soil-resistivity and soil-thickness have an impact on computational complexity. The study results were compared and verified using the CDEGS software for a practical HVDC project in China. In the real-world application of the WEICHENG grounding electrode project, we selected the site of the grounding electrode using the approach of relative position with the MOPSO method. The findings suggest that the preferred position for the grounding electrode is between 13 km and 24 km.

Prediction of Parturition in Ferrets Using Ultrasonographic Fetal Measurements

The gestation period in ferrets lasts 42 days (range 38–42). Numerous cases of maternal and paternal cannibalism have been reported, so it is important for breeders to know the exact date of parturition in order to separate the mother from the other ferrets in the herd. Fetal ultrasonographic biometry and specific formulae for assessing fetal growth have not yet been developed in ferrets as they have been in dogs and cats. The aim of this study was to develop a formula, similar to those available for other domestic species, that could be used in ferrets to date the birth of a litter to within one day. Among the different ultrasonographic parameters, the biparietal diameter (BP) gave a very accurate prediction and showed a significant relationship with days before parturition. The formula developed could allow better planning of care before, during and after parturition, thus helping to reduce neonatal mortality.

Sustainability Public Service Through Digitalization: Mapping the Field and Future Directions Via A Bibliometric Review

Purpose: The objective of this study was to identify the profile of academic research on the public service digitalization, with a focus on its impact on government, civic engagement, and to propose a research agenda for the topic. Methodology: We employ bibliometric analysis methods and visualization software to examine the progress and key aspects of digitalization research in public service. A total of 438 documents from the Scopus database were collected as the original data using specific retrieval formulas. Our analysis combines software and bibliometric methods to track annual development trends, identify influential countries, institutions, authors, and assess academic hotspots and research limitations. Results: The findings indicate a continuous growth in the number of research studies focusing on public service digitalization each year. Discussion: The research has important implications for both academia and practice. It sheds light on the evolving landscape of in public service digitalization, with potential benefits for sustainable government-citizen relationships, governance, and the quality of public service to meet citizen needs. Conclusion: This research contributes to the ongoing discourse on government digitalization and its impact on public service. By utilizing bibliometric analysis, it offers a unique perspective on the state of research in this field and forecasts future trends.

Comparative Analysis on Benefits of Elective System at Universities Based on Triangle-dynamic-matching System

Nowadays, the development of education can improve the level of human capital and significantly promote economic development. As part of the education system, more and more students care about the college admissions, but few of them pay attention to the benefits of a good elective system, which also might influence their whole university life. Taking Chinese elective system as an example, the paper proposes a new elective system at universities with a specific formula: Triangle - dynamic - matching system, which combines the advantages the Auction mechanism, the Wharton Business School Mechanism and the Deferred acceptance algorithm with the true preferences of students, teachers and the schools recommendation dynamically. Through the Systematic Literature Review and Analytical Method, the paper aims to analyse the benefits of a good elective system, its utility, the algorithm and problem in the elective system. This is a new system promising Pareto-efficiency and strategy proof, which might helps to save the school's human, material and financial resources, and greatly enhances the efficiency of students' course selection.

Shared Religious Soundscapes: Indian Rāga Music in Jewish, Christian, and Islamic Devotion in South Asia

Music has played a central role in Indian religious experience for millennia. The origins of Indian music include the recitation of the sacred syllable OM and Sanskrit Mantras in ancient Vedic fire sacrifices. The notion of Sound Absolute, first in the Upanishads as Śabda-Brahman and later as Nāda-Brahman, formed the theological background for music, Sangīta, designed as a vehicle of liberation founded upon the worship of Hindu deities expressed in rāgas, or specific melodic formulas. Nearly all genres of music in India, classical or devotional, share this theoretical and practical understanding, extending to other Indic religions like Buddhism, Jainism, and Sikhism. What is less documented is how rāga music has been adopted by non-Indic communities in South Asia: Judaism (Bene Israel), Christianity (Catholic), and Islam (Chishti Sufi). After briefly outlining the relation between religion and the arts, the Indian aesthetics of Rasa, and the basic notions of sacred sound and music in Hinduism, this essay reveals the presence of rāga music, specifically the structure or melodic pattern of the morning rāga known as Bhairava, in compositions praising the divinity of each non-Indic tradition: Adonai, Jesus, and Allah. As similar tone patterns appear in the religious experiences of these communities, they reveal the phenomenon of “shared religious soundscapes” relevant to the comparative study of religion and music, or Musicology of Religion.