Specific Error Types Research Articles

Motorist Understanding of Pavement Centre Lines and their Effect on Driving Behaviour

Human factors and more generally driver errors account for the largest number of road accidents. Driver errors are external human factors that can contribute to specific error types selected from slip, lapse, mistake and violation. Action and information retrieval errors are both examples of driver errors. The failure to interpret correctly an intended road marking’s message causes driver misunderstanding and lead to a driver error. Centre lines are examples of such markings and if misread or unrecognised may cause unintentional driver violations and unsafe driving. This study focused on the examining of driver understanding of road markings, and the influence of centre lines on their driving behaviour. This study determined that drivers had a much better understanding of the overtaking messages intended by road markings, than the directional flow message. Drivers demonstrated that they relied more on signs and other drivers to determine whether the road is a two-way or not. This study demonstrated that the presence of both centre lines and edge lines have a positive effect on a driver in handling and controlling of their vehicles’ position. It was postulated from this study that the absence of the edge lines has a more significant effect on a vehicle’s position than the absence of centre lines.

RETRACTED ARTICLE: Flexible big data approach for geospatial analysis

For a long time, the improvement of practical tools to deal with the enormous volumes of information this particular surveying system is significant at collecting has long been view as an issue. Big data systems offered effective management and also computational applications in conditions like this. This paper provides a large scale way for the geological processing of large aerial LiDAR ( Light Detection and Ranging) stage clouds. By utilizing Spark and Cassandra, our proposal seeks to assist the execution of any fair time-consuming process; however, we concentrated on the fast ground only raster generation from massive LiDAR datasets, for the initial evaluation. Filtered clouds ensuing from impartial proper care of neighbouring areas might misclassify on the borders on the regions. Generally, semi-automatic or manual procedures take care of this particular type of error. Likewise, we suggest an integrated approach to resolve these faults, raise the classification procedure consistency, and also the digital terrain models (DTMs) obtained while lessening user interaction. These independent look for most computing levels, together with the reduced processing time, opens these chances to discover the framework for an on-demand DTM output or perhaps another geospatial method as an extremely scalable service orientated solution. The strategy is very beneficial and wonderful to other LiDAR programs, and also might be utilized in real-time with adequate computing tools.

КОГНИТИВНЫЕ ИСКАЖЕНИЯ

The review examines the causes and conditions of the appearance of cognitive distortions in thinking, as well as their consequences, and analyzes some specific types of cognitive errors.

The approach of speech proficiency in edentulous patients- “Solution to Elocution”

Speech is considered as a basic fundamental means of communication, which makes the human being superior than other forms of life. Speech and language therapist judgement of speech is consider as the most perfect because the assessment is mainly subjective and it depends on the perception of individual. This will involve both assessment of the intelligibility and quality of the patient’s speech, and observation of the visible aspects of articulation. The best way is to use perpetual assessment, to highlight potential areas of difficulty, then objective, instrumental assessment of these areas, to confirm the nature and severity of their involvement. Correlation of the vocal signal changes with the characteristics of the prosthesis and the specific types of errors in the prosthetic act would be an essential achievement in the way of improving the outcome of the prosthetic action. It is the responsibility of the prosthodontist to construct dentures as accurately as possible, so as to improve speech sound production with dentures, minimize the period of adaptation and thereby, increase the self-confidence of the patient. For this its very important to have knowledge about assessment of speech. Since past many years clinicians have faced problems in assessing speech. In this article clinical application of speech test in relation to complete dentures have been highlighted.

Two dissociable semantic mechanisms predict naming errors and their responsive brain sites in awake surgery. DO80 revisited

How do we choose words, and what affects the selection of a specific term? Naming tests such as the DO80 are frequently used to assess language function during brain mapping in awake surgery. The present study aimed to explore whether specific semantic errors become more probable under the stimulation of specific brain areas. Moreover, it meant to determine whether specific semantic characteristics of the items may evoke specific types of error. A corpus-based qualitative semantic analysis of the DO80 items, and the emitted naming errors to those items during direct cortical electrostimulation (DCE) revealed that the number of hyperonyms (i.e. 'vehicle' for car') of an item predicted the emission of a synonym ('automobile' for 'car'). This association occurred mainly in frontal tumor patients, which was corroborated by behavior to lesion analyses. In contrast, the emission of co-hyponyms was associated with tumors located in temporal areas. These two behavior-lesion associations thus dissociated, and were also dependent on item semantic characteristics. Co-hyponym errors might generate from the disruption in a temporal semantic-to-lexical process, and the production of synonyms could be the result of an impairment in a frontal lexical-selection mechanism. A hypothesis on the lexical selection mechanisms exerted by the inferior frontal gyrus is proposed. Crucially, the present data suggest the need for more restrictive naming tasks, with items conditioned by tumor location.

A comparative study of orthokeratology and low-dose atropine for the treatment of anisomyopia in children

Myopic anisometropia (anisomyopia) is a specific type of refractive error that may cause fusion impairment, asthenopia, and aniseikonia. It is sometimes severe enough to reduce the quality of life. Several studies have investigated the treatment effects of orthokeratology (Ortho-K) and topical atropine on anisomyopia control. However, no study has compared these two interventions simultaneously until now. The cohort of this retrospective study included 124 children with anisomyopia who were treated with binocular Ortho-K lenses, 0.01% atropine, or 0.05% atropine. After a 2-year follow-up, the inter-eye difference in axial length (AL) significantly decreased in the Ortho-K group (P = 0.015) and remained stable in the two atropine groups. When comparing the myopia control effect, the use of Ortho-K lenses resulted in an obviously smaller change in AL than the use of 0.01% and 0.05% atropine (P < 0.01). Ortho-K treatment may reduce the degree of anisomyopia and stabilise the progression of myopia. Hence, Ortho-K might be a better choice for anisomyopic children.

Human-Based Errors Involving Smart Infusion Pumps: A Catalog of Error Types and Prevention Strategies.

Over 4000 preventable injuries due to medication errors occur each year in any given hospital. Smart pumps have been widely introduced as one means to prevent these errors. Although smart pumps have been implemented to prevent errors, they fail to prevent specific types of errors in the medication administration process and may introduce new errors themselves. As a result, unique prevention strategies have been implemented by providers. No catalog of smart pump error types and prevention strategies currently exists. The aim of this study is to review and catalog the types of human-based errors related to smart pump use identified in the literature and to summarize the associated error-prevention strategies. We searched MEDLINE, PubMed, PubMed Central, and Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature (CINAHL) for literature pertaining to human-based errors associated with smart pumps. Studies related to smart pump implementation, other types of pumps, and mechanical failures were excluded. Final selections were mapped for error types and associated prevention strategies. A total of 1177 articles were initially identified, and 105 articles were included in the final review. Extraction of error types and prevention strategies resulted in the identification of 18 error types and ten prevention strategies. Through a comprehensive literature review, we compiled a catalog of smart pump-related errors and associated prevention strategies. Strategies were mapped to error types to provide an initial framework for others to use as a resource in their error reviews and improvement work. Future research should assess the application of the resources provided by this review.

Characteristics of Reported Pediatric Medication Errors in Northern Ireland and Use in Quality Improvement.

To protect children from harm, clinicians, educators, and patient safety champions need information to direct improvement efforts. Critical incident data could provide this but are often disregarded as a source of evidence because under-reporting makes them an inaccurate measure of error rates. Our aim was to identify key targets for pediatric healthcare quality improvement. The objective was to evaluate the types, characteristics, and areas of risk within reported medication errors in pediatric patients. We conducted a retrospective study of a large regional dataset of 1522 pediatric medication errors reported from secondary care between 2011 and 2015, including all hospitals and community pediatric settings in Northern Ireland. The following characteristics were included: error severity, patient age, drug involved, error type, and area of practice. Two academic pediatricians, a senior medicines governance pharmacist, a Reader in Pharmacy Practice, and a Professor of Medical Education analyzed the data. Validity checks included comparing the findings against key published literature and discussion by a practitioner panel representing five multidisciplinary stakeholder groups. Neonates, particularly in intensive care, were implicated in 19% of all errors. The medications most represented in risk were antimicrobials, paracetamol, vaccines, and intravenous fluids. The error types most implicated were dosing errors (32%) and omissions (21%). Incident reports identified neonates, a shortlist of drugs, and specific error types, associated with modifiable behaviors, as priority improvement targets. These findings direct further study and inform intervention development, such as specific training in calculations to prevent dosing errors. Involving experienced practitioners both endorsed the findings and engaged the practice community in their future implementation. The utility of incident reports to direct improvement efforts may offset the limitations in their representativeness.

DNA Replication Stress and Chromosomal Instability: Dangerous Liaisons.

Chromosomal instability (CIN) is associated with many human diseases, including neurodevelopmental or neurodegenerative conditions, age-related disorders and cancer, and is a key driver for disease initiation and progression. A major source of structural chromosome instability (s-CIN) leading to structural chromosome aberrations is “replication stress”, a condition in which stalled or slowly progressing replication forks interfere with timely and error-free completion of the S phase. On the other hand, mitotic errors that result in chromosome mis-segregation are the cause of numerical chromosome instability (n-CIN) and aneuploidy. In this review, we will discuss recent evidence showing that these two forms of chromosomal instability can be mechanistically interlinked. We first summarize how replication stress causes structural and numerical CIN, focusing on mechanisms such as mitotic rescue of replication stress (MRRS) and centriole disengagement, which prevent or contribute to specific types of structural chromosome aberrations and segregation errors. We describe the main outcomes of segregation errors and how micronucleation and aneuploidy can be the key stimuli promoting inflammation, senescence, or chromothripsis. At the end, we discuss how CIN can reduce cellular fitness and may behave as an anticancer barrier in noncancerous cells or precancerous lesions, whereas it fuels genomic instability in the context of cancer, and how our current knowledge may be exploited for developing cancer therapies.

Specification issues in nonlinear SEM: The moderation that wasn't.

Analysis of interaction or moderation effects between latent variables is a common requirement in the social sciences. However, when predictors are correlated, interaction and quadratic effects become more alike, making them difficult to distinguish. As a result, when data are drawn from a quadratic population model and the analysis model specifies interactions only, misleading results may be obtained. This article addresses the consequences of different types of specification error in nonlinear structural equation models using a Monte Carlo study. Results show that fitting a model with interactions when quadratic effects are present in the population will almost certainly lead to erroneous detection of moderation effects, and that the same is true in the opposite scenario. Simultaneous estimation of interactions and quadratic effects yields correct results. Simultaneous estimation of interaction and quadratic effects prevents detection of spurious or misleading nonlinear effects. Results are discussed and recommendations are offered to applied researchers.

Вариативность клинической картины эфферентной моторной аграфии при реализации различных культурных функций письменной речи

The research is devoted to the study of writing errors in patients with Broca’s aphasia performing the human-specific writing tasks. The object of the study is writing, the subject – disorder of writing in Broca’s agraphia. The aim of the research was to identify the most specific types of errors in writing language, depending on the cultural and historical significance of the actualized functions of writing language in Broca’s aphasia. Used instruments include classical neuropsychological assessment as well as specially developed experimental tasks aimed at actualization of cultural-historical functions of writing (communicative, mnestic and regulatory functions). Nonparametric Chi-square Friedman and Wilcoxon T-criteria used for pairwise comparison of data and analtysis of the distribution of errors. The study involved 22 patients with organic brain damage due to ischemic stroke in the basin of the left middle cerebral artery. Shown that the most specific grammatical errors were syntactic errors such as breaking of the sentence boundaries, omissions of independent and functional words, disorders of concordance and execution. Diversity in the performance of writing tasks that are similar in neuropsychological component structure but differ in functional purposes are explained by the choice of different strategies of writing. However, the general pattern is the dominance of the semantic content of the text over its formal structuring, expressed in grammatical rules. The research confirms that when studying agraphia, it is important to consider both structural (speech act operations) and functional (cultural and historical specific) aspects of writing.

A COMPARATIVE CLUSTERING MODEL THAT CONSIDERS FALSE POSITIVES AND FALSE NEGATIVES IN SOME SOCIOECONOMIC APPLICATIONS

Unsupervised learning enables classifier models to be built quickly and inexpensively in comparison with supervised approaches because the labeling task is eliminated. On the other hand, to assess the quality of a classifier, the only parameter to consider is usually accuracy, treating incorrect predictions like if they had the same importance when in reality the consequences of diagnosing a healthy patient as sick (Type I Error), or diagnosing a sick patient as healthy (Type II Error) are different. That is why, depending on the application, it is preferable to avoid a specific type of error, even if the accuracy decreases. The present work shows a model based on clustering methods that take into account Type I and II Errors to solve medical and business instances using three techniques: k-means, Spectral and Gauss. Based on representative and well-studied datasets for socioeconomic applications, the results show that the accuracy of a model is not a conclusive parameter and to make a decision it is necessary to focus on errors in the confusion matrix which according to each specific instance, take a different meaning and significance. Our results and analysis are discussed to determine the best model for each case study. Finally, conclusions and limitations are analyzed

Quality of Lithuanian Language of Native and Non-native Students

The aim of the paper is to answer the questions about the extent of specific types of errors in Lithuanian and non-Lithuanian students’ performance on the same test and what it can say about native speakers’ and non-native speakers’ Lithuanian competence. Research material was a C-test completed by 326 third grade pupils of 6 Gymnasiums in Vilnius. There were 127 Lithuanian, 96 Polish, and 103 Russian pupils aged between 16–17. A total of 19,560 test items were analysed combining quantitative and qualitative error analysis methods.Data analysis leads to the following conclusions:1. The analysis of the extent of the errors revealed that the two non-native speaker groups are similar. The native speaker group made significantly fewer errors in all categories. The results of the analysis of the nature of errors suggest that, in principle, grammatical competence of non-native speakers is closer to that of native speakers than lexical competence.2. An examination of the same problematic points for all three groups reveals that, in most cases, both native and non-native speakers make the same mistakes, but non-native speakers make more of them. This suggests that the skills which differentiate between native speakers are the ones that are more difficult to develop for non-native speakers as well.3. Non-native speakers have a narrower vocabulary than native speakers, they make more lexical mistakes. However, it should also be noted that native speaker performance is also dominated by lexical errors.4. Analysis of the most problematic points revealed that grammar mistakes in such cases are more often made by native speakers than by non-native speakers. These grammatical mistakes are probably due to the lack of strong ability of native speakers to see beyond the words immediately following each other, to take into account more complex constructions, long sentences and to understand the logic of the text.

Chromosome errors in human eggs shape natural fertility over reproductive life span.

Chromosome errors, or aneuploidy, affect an exceptionally high number of human conceptions, causing pregnancy loss and congenital disorders. Here, we have followed chromosome segregation in human oocytes from females aged 9 to 43 years and report that aneuploidy follows a U-curve. Specific segregation error types show different age dependencies, providing a quantitative explanation for the U-curve. Whole-chromosome nondisjunction events are preferentially associated with increased aneuploidy in young girls, whereas centromeric and more extensive cohesion loss limit fertility as women age. Our findings suggest that chromosomal errors originating in oocytes determine the curve of natural fertility in humans.

Analysis and Correction of Combined Channel Mismatch Effects in Frequency-Interleaved ADCs

In this paper, a comprehensive system behavioral model of frequency-interleaved analog-to-digital converters (FI-ADCs) is presented. The model addresses mismatch errors due to imperfect channel separation, incomplete anti-aliasing, in-phase/quadrature branch imbalances, and jitter-induced distortions. Using this model, an integrated analysis of combined channel mismatch effects is provided. Given error parameters or their distributions, closed-form expressions of the expected output signal-to-noise ratio and image rejection ratio are formulated for FI-ADCs with an arbitrary number of channels. The inherent circuit behaviors, sampling clock jitters, and local oscillator phase noise effects are also discussed. Based on the analysis and modeling, a discrete-time equivalent model for FI-ADC systems is derived. Therefrom, an integrated channel mismatch compensation scheme is proposed that contrasts existing signal recovery approaches which calibrate specific types of errors separately. The performance of this novel method is compared with conventional solutions using extensive simulations. Very favorable numerical results are observed.

Error types with use of medication-related technology: A mixed methods research study.

Health information technology has been integrated throughout the medication use process to enhance safety, quality, and care efficiency. However, technologies have the potential to eliminate or reduce, but also create some new types of errors. Assess specific error types before and after the incorporation of two different health information technologies (HITs), e-prescribing and automated dispensing cabinets (ADCs), into pharmacists' daily work. A mixed methods design guided use of a pre-existing database of pharmacist survey responses describing patient safety HIT-related issues in the form of errors prevented and errors observed. In vivo descriptive text responses were converted into error types. Descriptive analysis was performed to characterize the error types associated with each HIT. Four error types were eliminated with the use of e-prescribing, three new error types emerged, and three error types persisted. With ADC use, four error types were eliminated, three new error types emerged, and three error types persisted. Each technology has its own error types, and some persist regardless of HIT use. There is a need to determine optimal risk reduction approaches for each unique HIT introduced, and design safety practice improvement for error types unaffected by the introduction of HIT use.

The relationship between response consistency in picture naming and storage impairment in people with semantic variant primary progressive aphasia.

The progressive loss of stored knowledge about word meanings in semantic variant primary progressive aphasia (svPPA) has been attributed to an amodal "storage" deficit of the semantic system. Performance consistency has been proposed to be a key characteristic of storage deficits but has not been examined in close detail and larger participant cohorts. We assessed whether 10 people with svPPA showed consistency in picture naming across 3 closely consecutive sessions. We examined item-by-item consistency of naming accuracy and specific error types, while controlling for the effects of word-related variables such as word frequency, familiarity, and age of acquisition. Participants were very consistent in their accurate and inaccurate responses over and above any effects of the word-related variables. Analyses of error types that compared consistency of semantic errors, correct responses, and other error types (e.g., phonologically related errors, unrelated errors) revealed lower consistency. Our findings support the assumption that semantic features constituting semantic representations of objects are progressively lost in people with svPPA and are therefore consistently unavailable during naming. Variability in the production of error types occurs when distinctive features of an object are lost, resulting in the selection of semantically or visually similar items or in the failure to select an item and a response omission. The assessment of performance consistency sheds light on the underlying impairment of people with semantic deficits (semantic storage vs. access deficit). This can support the choice of an appropriate treatment technique to maintain or reteach semantic information. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

Micro Agent and Neural Network based Model for Data Error Detection in a Real Time Data Stream

In this paper, we present a model for learning and detecting the presence of data type errors in a real time big data stream processing context. The proposed approach is based on a collection of micro-agents. Each micro-agent is trained to detect a specific type of error using an atomic neural network based on a sample multilayer perceptron. The supervised learning process is based on a binary classifier where the training data inputs are represented by data types and data values. The Micro-Agent for Error Detection (MAED) is deployed at several instances depending on the number of error types to be handled. The orchestration mechanism of data streams to be examined is performed by a special Host Micro Agent (HMA). This later receives in real time a data stream, splits the current record into several elementary fields. Each field value is streamed to an instance of MAED Agent which responds with a signal of presence or not of a specific data type error of the corresponding data field. For each detected data type error, the HMA Agent selects and performs the appropriate cleaning algorithm from a repository to correct the present errors of the data stream. To validate this approach, we propose an implementation based on Framework Deep Learning 4j for the Machines Learning part and JADE as a Multi Agent System (MAS) platform. The used dataset is generated by an events generator for smart highways.

The Right Tools for the Job: Discipline-Specific Language-Learning for First-Year International Engineering Students

Vantage College at UBC offers specialized first-year programs for international students that integrate core disciplinary courses with complementary language education to allow students to develop their communication skills before joining their direct-entry counterparts for the remainder of their studies. This paper builds on the partnership between two first year engineering chemistry courses and their adjunct language courses, in which the instructors work closely together to accomplish mutual learning objectives. As a measure of the effectiveness of this integrated approach on the development of discipline-specific communication skills, the frequency of specific language error types are tracked in student’s lab reports, across two terms, and students report through a survey their perception of how this integrated approach helped them develop their technical communication skills. Overall, as indicated by both significant reductions in the frequency of several error types, as well as the responses provided by students, this integrated approach is effective, and the data suggests key areas of focus for further improvement.

Systematic review of computerized prescriber order entry and clinical decision support.

Results of a systematic review of published data on the effect of computerized prescriber order entry (CPOE) with clinical decision support on medication error (ME) and adverse drug event (ADE) rates are presented. Literature searches of MEDLINE, Embase, and other databases were conducted to identify English- and Spanish-language articles on selected CPOE outcomes published from 1995 through 2016; in addition, 5 specific journals were searched for pertinent articles published during the period 2010-16. Publications on controlled prospective studies and before-and-after studies that assessed MEs and/or ADEs as main outcomes were selected for inclusion in the review. Nineteen studies met the inclusion criteria. Data on MEs and ADEs could not be pooled, mainly due to heterogeneity in outcome definitions and study methodologies. The reviewed evidence indicated that CPOE implementation led to an overall reduction in errors at the prescription stage of the medication-use process (relative risk reduction, 0.29 [95% confidence interval, 0.10-0.85]; I 2 = 99%) and reductions in most types of prescription errors, but CPOE also resulted in the emergence of other types of errors. CPOE reduces the overall ME rate in the prescription process, as well as specific types of errors, such as wrong dose or strength, wrong drug, frequency, administration route, and drug-drug interaction errors. The implementation of CPOE can lead to new errors, such as wrong drug selection from drop-down menus.