Specific Diet Research Articles

P189 Lifestyle and psychosocial factors in IBD; prevalence and patients’ perspective

Abstract Background Lifestyle and psychosocial factors impact mucosal inflammation and subjective well-being in Inflammatory Bowel Disease (IBD) patients. Better understanding of the relevancy of these factors within the IBD population, including prevalence and patients' perspective, may enhance systematic implementation of lifestyle interventions in regular care. This collaborative study with the Dutch patient organisation aimed to estimate the prevalence and patients’ perspectives on lifestyle and psychosocial factors in an outpatient cohort of IBD patients. Methods A multicentre cross-sectional study was conducted, enrolling IBD patients who utilized the remote monitoring platform myIBDcoach in 2022. Patients reported on clinical disease activity, lifestyle and psychosocial factors on this platform. A nationwide online survey was distributed by the Dutch patient organisation for IBD in April 2022 to assess patients’ perspectives regarding the impact of lifestyle and psychosocial factors on intestinal complaints, motivation to make changes, and need for and satisfaction with support in this regard from the hospital. Results In the multicentre myIBDcoach cohort (n=460), 16.3% adhered to a specific diet (Table 1). Two third (67.4%) did not comply with the Dutch healthy exercise norm and smoking was prevalent in 9.3%. About one-third experienced at least regularly poor sleep (33.8%), at least occasionally emotional distress (33.9%), and high perceived stress (36.7%). In the nationwide survey (n=1148), most (58.3-75.7%) patients believed that stress, unhealthy food, poor sleep, minimal or no exercise, and symptoms of anxiety and depression could lead to intestinal complaints (Fig. 1A). Around 70% of patients were taking action or were motivated to do so regarding their diet, stress, and physical activity (Fig. 1B). About 30% had no intention of addressing social support, and 22.8% were unwilling to change their alcohol use. Less than one-fifth received support from the hospital regarding these various factors (Fig. 1C). When support was received, most patients expressed satisfaction. Although desired, approximately 20% lacked support concerning stress, physical activity, diet, and sleep. Conclusion There is considerable scope for improvement in lifestyle and psychosocial factors among individuals with IBD, highlighting the need for systematic integration of these factors into clinical care. From the patient's viewpoint, widespread recognition of the impact of these factors emerged, with most expressing openness to initiating changes across various areas. These insights emphasize the potential for implementing targeted interventions, particularly in areas where patients indicated a need for additional support.

Effects of dietary minerals deficiency and supplementation on different parts of muscle minerals content in grazing Mongolian sheep.

The objective of this study was to investigate the impact of dietary deficiency and supplementation of calcium, zinc, copper, cobalt, manganese or selenium on minerals content in the longissimus dorsi (LD), biceps femoris (BF) and triceps brachii (TB) of grazing Mongolian sheep. We randomly divided 98 sheep into 7 treatment groups and fed them specific diets for 60 days: a total mineral nutrition diet (LCG), a calcium deficiency diet (LCa), a zinc deficiency diet (LZn), a copper deficiency diet (LCu), a cobalt deficiency diet (LCo), a manganese deficiency diet (LMn) and a selenium deficiency diet (LSe). Then 7 sheep from each group were slaughtered and samples of LD, BF and TB were collected for mineral content analysis. The remaining sheep in each group were subsequently fed specific diets for an additional 41 days: a total mineral nutrition diet (SCG), a calcium supplementation diet (SCa), a zinc supplementation diet (SZn), a copper supplementation diet (SCu), a cobalt supplementation diet (SCo), a manganese supplementation diet (SMn) and a selenium supplementation diet (SSe). Afterward, all sheep were slaughtered, and muscle samples were collected and analyzed. Significant findings emerged that LCa decreased sulfur (S) content in BF and increased Ca content in LD and BF, while SCa increased S and Ca content in BF and TB, respectively (P < 0.05). LZn decreased Zn, S, and potassium (K) content in LD and BF, while SZn increased Zn and S content in LD and BF, respectively (P < 0.05). LCu decreased Cu and iron (Fe) content in LD and TB, while SCu increased Fe content in TB (P < 0.05). LCo decreased phosphorus, S, K, Ca, Mn, Fe, Cu, and Zn content in LD (P < 0.05). LMn decreased Mn content and increased K content in TB, while SMn decreased K content in BF and TB (P < 0.05). LSe and SSe decreased and increased Se content in LD, BF, and TB, respectively (P < 0.05). Dietary mineral levels have varying effects on lamb meat minerals content. It is important to ensure an adequate intake of minerals in the diet to enhance the mineral nutrition of lamb meat.

Nutritional modulation of gut microbiota in inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review

Introduction: Inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) have shown an increase in incidence worldwide. The pathogenesis of IBD is that genetically susceptible individuals develop intolerance to dysregulated gut microbiota (dysbiosis) and chronic inflammation develops as a result of poor dietary triggers. Diet plays an important role in modulating the gut microbiota and can be applied as a therapeutic tool to improve the course of the disease. Objective: It was to carry out a systematic review of the main interactions between nutrology, gut microbiota, and inflammatory bowel disease, to elucidate the main clinical outcomes of the disease after nutrological treatment, analyzing the main macro and micronutrients. Methods: The PRISMA Platform systematic review rules were followed. The search was carried out from August to October 2023 in the Scopus, PubMed, Science Direct, Scielo, and Google Scholar databases. The quality of the studies was based on the GRADE instrument and the risk of bias was analyzed according to the Cochrane instrument. Results and Conclusion: 144 articles were found. A total of 39 articles were evaluated in full and 30 were included and developed in the present systematic review study. Considering the Cochrane tool for risk of bias, the overall assessment resulted in 27 studies with a high risk of bias and 22 studies that did not meet GRADE and AMSTAR-2. Most studies showed homogeneity in their results, with X2=59.9%&gt;50%. With nutritional treatment, several micronutrients have the potential to modulate intestinal inflammation. Immunonutrition has demonstrated its importance through vitamins A, C, E, and D, folic acid, beta-carotene, and trace elements such as zinc, selenium, manganese, and iron. The Specific Carbohydrate Diet, fermentable oligosaccharides, disaccharides, monosaccharides, and polyol diet, and the Mediterranean diet also appear to show strong anti-inflammatory properties and promise to improve symptoms of inflammatory bowel disease. Diet modulation can control IBD by reducing persistent intestinal symptoms, balancing the gut microbiota, and reducing markers of inflammation. Dietary therapy can improve the quality of life of IBD patients.

Treatable inherited metabolic epilepsies

Inherited metabolic epilepsies (IMEs) represent inherited metabolic disorders predominately presenting with seizures. While most IMEs are currently managed with symptomatic and supportive therapies, some are amenable to disorder-specific targeted treatments. In most cases, these treatments are effective only if given in a narrow time window early in the lives of affected patients. Hence, prompt recognition of treatable inherited metabolic epilepsies at an early age and as soon as symptoms appear has paramount importance. Herein, we provide an overview of inherited metabolic epilepsies, which presently have established targeted treatments showing clinical efficacy in reducing seizure burden and improving neurodevelopmental outcomes. These therapeutic modalities range from specific diets, vitamins, and supplementation of organic compounds to synthetic pharmacological agents and novel genetic-based therapies that alter the biochemical pathways of these disorders at the cellular or molecular level, steering them to their normal function.

The Abu Dhabi Document: A Potential Cornerstone for Islamic-Christian Dialogue in Italian Educational Contexts

In Italy, the migratory phenomenon has also had an impact on the school system, becoming an interesting potential field for intercultural and inter-religious encounters. As regards, for instance, the presence of pupils and students and their families of Islamic faith, very frequently, emphasis is placed almost exclusively on specific issues and requests, such as exemption from the teaching of the Catholic religion or specific diet. On the other hand, we rarely discuss how the presence of diverse faiths can create a unique opportunity for mutual knowledge to spread and promote the “culture of encounter”. In fact, engagement with religious others is an unavoidable duty, both pedagogical and civic. Therefore, starting from an analysis of pedagogical-educational aspects of the Document on Human Fraternity for World Peace and Living Together, the aim of this article is to outline a rethinking of the concept of intercultural/inter-religious dialogue, above all as a pedagogical challenge and a preventive measure against extremism, within the broad framework of inclusive citizenship.

From Food Waste to Functional Biopolymers: Characterization of Chitin and Chitosan Produced from Prepupae of Black Soldier Fly Reared with Different Food Waste-Based Diets.

The use of food waste as a rearing substrate to grow insects is an ecofriendly and sustainable alternative to food waste disposal. In the present research, Hermetia illucens prepupae were reared with a standard diet, different food waste-based diets based on vegetables, fruits, and meat, and a mixed one, where the previous three components were present equally. The demineralization and deproteination of the prepupae allowed for the obtainment of chitin that was then deacetylated to produce chitosan. Also, the bleaching of chitosan was attempted for further purification. The yield of the different reactions was investigated, and the infrared spectra of the obtained materials were analyzed to obtain information on the quantity and acetylation degree trend of the chitin and chitosan as a function of the diet. The possibility to slightly modulate the yield and acetylation degree of both biopolymers thanks to the specific diet was enlightened. Interestingly, the standard diet resulted in the highest fraction of chitin having the highest acetylation degree, and in the highest fraction of chitosan having the lowest acetylation degree.

Astragaloside Ⅳ negatively regulates Gpr97-TPL2 signaling to protect against hyperhomocysteine-exacerbated sepsis associated acute kidney injury

BackgroundHyperhomocysteine (HHcy) plays an important role in promoting inflammation and cell death of tubular epithelial cells. However, the role of HHcy and Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) in sepsis associated acute kidney injury (S-AKI) remain unclear. PurposeA significant aspect of this study aimed to elucidate the effect of AS-Ⅳ treatment on HHcy-exacerbated S-AKI and reveal its potential mechanism. MethodsMale C57BL/6 J mice fed with specific diet containing 2% methionine were established as in vivo models, and AS-Ⅳ was orally administrated continuously for 3 weeks, and then LPS (10 mg·kg−1 bodyweight) was given by a single intraperitoneal injection. The renal morphological changes were evaluated by HE and PAS staining. RNA-sequencing analysis was applied to select key signaling. The NRK-52E cells exposed to Hcy or combined with LPS were used as in vitro models. The mRNA and protein expression levels of Gpr97-TPL2 signaling were examined by qRT-PCR and western blotting assays. ResultsIn vivo, HHcy mice developed more severe renal injury and prevalent tubular inflammation after LPS injection. In vitro, the levels of NGAL, Gpr97 and TPL2 were significantly increased in NRK-52E cells induced by Hcy (1.6 mM) or in combination with LPS. Notably, the effects of Hcy on TPL2 signaling was abolished by transfecting TPL2 siRNA or treating TPL2 inhibitor, without alterations in Gpr97. However, the enhancement of Gpr97-TPL2 signaling induced by Hcy was counteracted by Gpr97 siRNA. Subsequently, our findings demonstrated that AS-Ⅳ treatment can improve renal function in HHcy-exacerbated S-AKI mice. Mechanistically, AS-Ⅳ alleviated renal tubular damage characterized by abnormal increases in KIM-1, NGAL, TPL2, Gpr97, Sema3A and TNF-α, and decreases in survivin in vivo and in vitro mainly through suppressing the activation of Gpr97-TPL2 signaling. ConclusionThe present study suggested that HHcy-exacerbated S-AKI was mediated mechanically by activation of Gpr97-TPL2 signaling for the first time. Furthermore, our research also illustrated that AS-Ⅳ protected against HHcy-exacerbated S-AKI by attenuating renal tubular epithelial cells damage through negatively regulating Gpr97-TPL2 signaling, proposing a natural product treatment strategy for HHcy-exacerbated S-AKI.

The Effect of Maternal Diet and Physical Activity on the Epigenome of the Offspring.

The aim of this review was to examine the current literature regarding the effect of maternal lifestyle interventions (i.e., diet and physical activity) on the epigenome of the offspring. PubMed, Scopus and Cochrane-CENTRAL were screened until 8 July 2023. Only randomized controlled trials (RCTs) where a lifestyle intervention was compared to no intervention (standard care) were included. Outcome variables included DNA methylation, miRNA expression, and histone modifications. A qualitative approach was used for the consideration of the studies' results. Seven studies and 1765 mother-child pairs were assessed. The most common types of intervention were dietary advice, physical activity, and following a specific diet (olive oil). The included studies correlated the lifestyle and physical activity intervention in pregnancy to genome-wide or gene-specific differential methylation and miRNA expression in the cord blood or the placenta. An intervention of diet and physical activity in pregnancy was found to be associated with slight changes in the epigenome (DNA methylation and miRNA expression) in fetal tissues. The regions involved were related to adiposity, metabolic processes, type 2 diabetes, birth weight, or growth. However, not all studies showed significant differences in DNA methylation. Further studies with similar parameters are needed to have robust and comparable results and determine the biological role of such modifications.

Disease activity and fatigue in inflammatory arthritis patients with different dietary preferences: a retrospective exploratory cross-sectional study.

Recently, diet has received considerable attention as an important factor in inflammatory arthritis. The objective of this study was to evaluate disease activity and fatigue in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and spondyloarthritis (including psoriatic arthritis) depending on their dietary preferences. We retrospectively evaluated data of 774 patients collected by the Mida Rheuma App from January 2022 to December 2022. We assessed demographic parameters, major dietary patterns, and food groups (dairy products, fruits, vegetables, processed meat, meat, oily fish, white fish, and sugar) by each patient's consumption intensity. Disease activity was measured by Routine Assessment of Patient Index Data 3 (RAPID3), Patient's Global Assessment of Disease Activity (PtGADA), and Patient's Global Assessment of Pain Intensity (PPAIN). Fatigue was assessed by the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI). Depending on the food group, patients were divided into a high-consumption group (HCG; consuming the product 0-2 times per day/per week) and a lowconsumption group (LCG; consuming the product 3 and more times per day/per week). Patients on a specific diet which they followed before inclusion in the analysis were compared with the "eat all group" (EAG). The Mediterranean diet group had significantly lower (p < 0.05) RAPID3, PtGADA, and PPAIN (by 9.22%, 8.98%, and 14.3%, respectively), compared with the EAG. In the processed meat HCG, RAPID3, PtGADA, PPAIN, and BFI were significantly higher (14.5%, 18.3%, 16.1%, and 11.8%, p < 0.05) vs. the LCG. The PtGADA, PPAIN, and RAPID3 were significantly lower (p < 0.05) in the oily fish HCG vs. the LCG (18.9%, 18.1%, and 10.6%). Our study results suggest that Mediterranean diet and oily fish have a potentially positive impact on patient-reported disease activity and fatigue in patients with inflammatory arthritis. In contrast, processed meat consumption has a negative effect.

Cocktails of endocrine disruptors in the different diets of French consumers

With a view to identifying main endocrine disruptors (ED) mixtures to which French consumers are exposed through food, their main diets were modelled using an adapted dimension reduction method. Seven specific diets could be modelled for adults while only one overall diet was considered for children aged 3–17 years. The knowledge of the contamination levels of 78 known or suspected endocrine disrupting compounds in the foods constituting these diets, collected in the frame of the second French Total Diet Study, made it possible to explore the mixtures of EDs to which consumers are exposed. We have thus shown that the ED substances most present in mass concentration are comparable for the whole population, whatever the diet considered. However, a second approach made it possible to highlight, for a given diet, the substances whose exposure is statistically higher than in the diet of the general population. Thus, significantly different ED mixtures could be established for each diet. For example, diets with a high proportion of animal-based foods induce significantly higher exposures to some persistent organic pollutants (e.g., PCDD/F, brominated flame retardants), whereas these exposures are lower for Mediterranean-type diet. On the other hand, the latter, richer in fruits and vegetables, is the one for which pesticides represent a specific signature.These results now pave the way for studying the specific effects of these cocktails of endocrine disruptors, each of which is representative of a type of chronic exposure linked to specific diets.

The Use of Diets in the Diagnosis and Treatment of Common Gastrointestinal Diseases in Dogs and Cats.

The nutritional health of dogs and cats is important to pet owners around the world. Nutrition is inextricably linked to the health of the gastrointestinal system and vice versa. Gastrointestinal signs, such as vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, or weight loss, are one of the most common reasons that dog and cat owners make non-routine appointments with veterinarians. Those patients are evaluated systematically to identify and/or rule out the causes of the symptoms. Some causes of chronic diarrhea are within the gastrointestinal tract while others are secondary to pathogenic factors outside the digestive system. Some useful biomarkers of chronic intestinal disease (enteropathy) exist in serum and feces. After determination that the clinical signs are due to primary gastrointestinal disease and that there is no parasitism, specific diets are used for at least two weeks. There are several types of diets for pets with chronic enteropathies. There are limited ingredient diets and hydrolyzed protein diets with reduced levels of allergens. There are also highly digestible and fiber-enhanced diets. Some diets contain probiotics and/or prebiotics. If symptoms do not improve and the patient is stable, a diet from a different class may be tried. For chronic enteropathies, the prognosis is generally good for symptom resolution or at least improvement. However, if interventions with novel diets do not ameliorate the symptoms of chronic enteropathy, then antibiotic, anti-inflammatory, or immunosuppressant therapy or further, more invasive diagnostics such as taking an intestinal biopsy, may be indicated. Pancreatitis is a common gastrointestinal disease in dogs and cats and patients may present with mild to severe disease. Many patients with mild to moderate disease can be successfully treated with early supportive care, including feeding a low-fat diet. A novel pharmaceutical, fuzapladib (Panoquell-CA1) looks very promising for treating more severe forms of acute pancreatitis in dogs. Maintenance on a low-fat diet may prevent pancreatitis in at-risk dogs. Future advances in medicine will allow pet owners and veterinarians to use dietary management to maximize the health of their dogs and cats.

Brief Review: Virtual Reality and Physical Exercise as Countermeasures of Coping the Space Missions

Microgravity is an environment incompatible with human physiology that induces unique physiological changes to the body. Exposure to microgravity environment can cause some possible physiological hazards, such as impairment of immune function, bone mass and skeletal muscle mass, in addition to possible negative psycological alterations (depression, anxiety, apathy, and personality changes). These pysico-physiological changes negatively impact health status and quality of life and result in operational difficulties on a space mission for the astronauts. Countermeasures designed to lessen the effect of microgravity on the human body include daily physical exercise and rehabilitation, psychotherapy, specific diets, pharmaceutical treatments, and the use of technologies. Virtual reality (VR) added to physical exercise programs, in the training and preparation of the astronauts for the space missions, could have more exuberant effects. Therefore, the aim of this perspective article is to present the application of VR and physical exercise as countermeasures for training and preparation before, during and after a space missions.

Willingness to consume insects among students in France and Ireland

Acceptance of insect-containing foods remains low among European consumers. This study aims to explore the factors affecting willingness to consume insects among students in two European countries with different culinary traditions, namely France and Ireland. An online survey was developed and distributed in both countries, with 183 participants (France: n = 103; Ireland: n = 80) included in total. While more participants in France (43.7%) had a positive opinion of entomophagy compared to the ones in Ireland (21.3%), no significant difference was found in their willingness to consume insects for the first time. When given information on the approval of insects as a novel food in Europe, students in France were significantly more willing to consume insects than students in Ireland. For both groups, food neophobia and disgust were impediments to entomophagy. Moreover, males older than 30 yr enrolled in engineering courses, not following a specific diet, more concerned about the environment and health and less about familiarity, culture and religion were the most willing to consume insects. Participants in France and Ireland were more willing to consume insects if they were tasty or disguised (invisible) in another product and not if they were presented in their usual form (‘whole’). This case study shows that entomophagy acceptance is affected by the characteristics of the products, food neophobia, disgust and food choice motives of the consumers, while the impact of information on regulation is country dependent. These findings could be the starting point to guide the development of insect-containing foods acceptable to consumers in Europe.

Self-care Behaviour of Pregnant Women with Gestational Diabetes Mellitus at a Tertiary Care Hospital in Lucknow, India: A Quasi-experimental Study

Introduction: India is now the diabetes capital of the world. The rising burden of Gestational Diabetes Mellitus (GDM) adds to the existing diabetes burden. Euglycemia is achieved once the baby is delivered. The first line of management of GDM is mainly through lifestyle modification with diet and physical activity. There is a dearth of information from Lucknow city about how well pregnant women with GDM adhere to dietary changes and exercise recommendations, or how counselling helps them deal with their GDM. Aim: To assess the self-care behaviour related to diet, physical activity, and Self-Monitoring of Blood Glucose (SMBG) of pregnant women diagnosed with GDM. Materials and Methods: A total of 188 pregnant women diagnosed with GDM were selected for present quasiexperimental study. The study participants were recruited from the antenatal Outpatient Department (OPD) at the Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology of Queen’s Mary Hospital, King George Medical University (KGMU), Lucknow, India. The total study duration was from November 2019 to November 2022. Pregnant women diagnosed with GDM according to Diabetes in Pregnancy Study Group in India (DIPSI) criteria, up to 28 weeks of gestation, who gave their written consent to participate in the study and were living within a 15-kilometer radius of the study Institute, were included in the study. One group of the study participants received one-to-one counselling, an individualised diet plan, along with usual GDM care, and the other group received usual GDM care during their antenatal visits. The summary of diabetes self-care was adapted to assess adherence to the recommended dietary and physical activity modifications, as well as self-monitoring of blood glucose. Data were analysed using R software version 4.1.1 (R Core Team, 2021). All categorical data were presented using frequency and percentages. The comparison of baseline demographic and clinical parameters of pregnant women between the two groups was done using the Chi-square test or Fisher’s-exact test for categorical observations based on the expected frequency. The independent sample t-test or Mann-whitney U test for continuous measurements was used after checking the normality assumption using the Shapiro-wilk test. The change in scores of general diet, specific diet, physical activity, and SMBG throughout all follow-ups was assessed by repeated measures Analysis of Variance (ANOVA). The change from the first follow-up visit to subsequent follow-up visit was compared using a mixed linear model with follow-up visits. The p-value was considered significant at a 5% level of significance for all comparisons. Results: The mean age of the pregnant women with GDM was 27.6±3.7 years in the intervention group and 27.9±3.9 years in the control group (p=0.451). The pregnant women with GDM in the two groups did not show significant differences in terms of socio-demographic variables such as age, religion, education, socio-economic status, occupation, type of family, and family history of diabetes mellitus. A significant difference was observed in the dietary and physical activity scores between the two groups of pregnant women with GDM. However, no difference was observed in the case of self-monitoring of blood glucose scores of the two groups. Conclusion: The study concluded that counseling plays an important role in helping pregnant women with GDM adhere to the recommended dietary modifications and physical activity.

Precision nutrition-based strategy for management of human diseases and healthy aging: current progress and challenges forward.

Currently, the treatment of various human ailments is based on different therapeutic approaches including traditional and modern medicine systems. Precision nutrition has come into existence as an emerging approach considering the diverse aspects such as age, sex, genetic and epigenetic makeup, apart from the pathophysiological conditions. The continuously and gradually evolving disciplines of genomics about nutrition have elucidated the importance of genetic variations, epigenetic information, and expression of myriads of genes in disease progression apart from the involvement in modulating therapeutic responses. Further, the investigations have presented the considerable role of gut microbiota comprising of commensal and symbionts performing innumerable activities such as release of bioactive molecules, defense against pathogenic microbes, and regulation of immunity. Noteworthy, the characteristics of the microbiome change depending on host attributes, environmental factors, and habitat, in addition to diet, and therefore can be employed as a biomarker to unravel the response to given food. The specific diet and the components thereof can be suggested for supporting the enrichment of the desired microbial community to some extent as an important part of precision nutrition to achieve not only the goal of human health but also of healthy aging.

Morphological description of the digestive tract of the Amazonian Diving Lizard Uranoscodon superciliosus (Linnaeus, 1758) and its associations to the diet and foraging mode.

The study aimed to characterize the digestive tract of Uranoscodon superciliosus and its associations to the diet and foraging behavior already described for the species. Five lizards were captured in forest areas near the city of Manaus, Amazonas, Brazil. Tongue, oesophagus, stomach, small and large intestines fragments were collected, fixed, and processed for light microscopy. Hyaline cartilage was present in the center of the tongue, and the papillae from the apex and glands from the radix showed positive reaction to Alcian blue. The oesophagus presented a folded mucosa, covered by an epithelium with mucous and goblet cells positive to PAS and Alcian blue. There was presence of gastric glands in the cardic and fundic stomach regions, plus all the regions reacted positively to PAS. Fold and villi variations in both small and large intestine were noted, as well as the number and arrangement of goblet cells. Mucous and goblet cells from the small intestine were positively stained in PAS, while only the goblet cells were Alcian blue positive. These findings indicate that the Amazonian Diving Lizard's digestive tract organs, mainly the tongue and stomach, present morphologies associated to ambush-type foraging and a specific diet largely based on small invertebrates.

Microbiota characterization throughout the digestive tract of horses fed a high-fiber vs. a high-starch diet.

Diet is one of the main factors influencing the intestinal microbiota in horses, yet a systematic characterization of the microbiota along the length of the digestive tract in clinically healthy horses, homogenous for age and breed and receiving a specific diet is lacking. The study used 16S rRNA amplicon sequencing to characterize the microbiota of the intestinal tracts of 19 healthy Bardigiano horses of 14.3 ± 0.7 months of age fed one of two diets. Nine horses received a high-starch diet (HS), and ten horses received a high-fiber diet (HF). After 129 days, the horses were slaughtered, and samples were collected from the different intestinal tract compartments. The microbiota alpha diversity indices were lower in the caecum, pelvic flexure and right dorsal colon of the horses fed the HS diet (False Discovery Rate, FDR < 0.05). The values of beta diversity indicated significant compositional differences between the studied intestinal tract compartments according to the diet received (FDR < 0.05). At the lower taxonomic level (genus or family), the HS diet was associated with a higher relative frequency of Enterobacteriaceae within the small intestine (jejunum and duodenum) (FDR < 0.05). Within the hindgut (caecum and sternal flexure), the HS diet was associated with lower relative frequencies (i.e., a smaller core community) of bacteria belonging to Fibrobacteraceae and Prevotellaceae (FDR < 0.05). Moreover, horses fed the HS diet displayed a higher relative abundance of Streptococcus in the caecum (FDR < 0.05) and Fusobacterium in the sternal flexure (FDR < 0.05), both of which are pathogenic bacteria responsible for inflammation diseases. Samples collected from the pelvic flexure and rectum of horses fed the HS diet showed significantly higher relative frequencies of Succinivibrionaceae (FDR < 0.05) - amylolytic bacteria associated with acidosis. The relative frequencies of the Lachnospiraceae and Ruminococcaceae were lower in the feces collected from the rectum of horses receiving the HS diet vs. HF diet, indicating smaller core communities of these bacteria (FDR < 0.05). Fibrous diets should be promoted to prevent dysbiosis of the microbiota associated with high-starch diet.

Obesity treatment applying effective fuzzy soft multiset-based decision-making process

&lt;p&gt;Nowadays, obesity is recognized as a worldwide epidemic that has become a major cause of death and comorbidities. Recommending appropriate treatment is critical in the global health environment. For obesity treatment to be effective, the person must be able to follow a specific diet that meets his needs so that he can follow it for a long time or forever to maintain fitness. This research aims to determine the best diet among the trusted diets for every person based on his needs and circumstances. This occurs when applying a decision-making technique based on the effective fuzzy soft multiset concept. For this purpose, the definition of the effective fuzzy soft multiset as well as its types, operations, and properties are introduced. Furthermore, a decision-making method is proposed based on the effective fuzzy soft multiset environment. Using matrices operations, one can easily apply the decision-making process based on this new extension of sets to choose the optimal diet for everyone. Finally, an extensive comparative analysis of the previous methods is undertaken and also summarized in a chart to attract focus on the benefits of the suggested algorithm and to demonstrate how they differ from the current one.&lt;/p&gt;

Review on Formulation and Evaluation of Polyherbal Nutraceutical Powder

Nutraceuticals are essential food constituents that have nutritional value with additional health benefits. Nutraceutical is a term derived from nutrition andpharmaceutics. These are the products that areisolated from herbal products, dietary supplements (nutrients), specific diets, and processed foods such as cereals, soups, and beverages which are also useful in thetreatment and prevention of many diseases . Nutraceuticals may be used to improve health, delay the aging process, prevent chronic diseases, increase life expectancy, and regulate the functions of the human body . Nutraceutical powder are the preparation that come as powdered herbal materials meant for direct use or by incorporation into foods, beverages for drinking, insufflations and wounds . They may be finely sifted herbal materials from various parts of plants meant for a particular therapeutic effect

Nutritional Intervention of the Different Stages in Type 2 Diabetes

Diabetes especially T2D is one of the most popular chronic diseases all over the world. And the amount of T2D patients is increasing day by day for the gradual changes in diets of people. Unlike T1D, the onset of T2D is not sudden, and because it has relatively few genetic factors, it is easier to prevent or inhibit the onset and complications. Nutritional intervention is not Pharmaceutical but blending and combining the common nutrients to achieve the efficacy, including controlling blood sugar and blood lipids, reduce obesity, etc. And the tangible means are taking specific diet especially Mediterranean diet, adjusting the total energy intake, supplementing specific deficiency nutrients including protein, vitamins, dietary fiber, etc., and quitting harmful eating habits such as drinking high-sugar or alcoholic beverages. The review focused on the several methods of nutritional intervention for diabetes, especially T2D, in different stages, including the prevention and the treatment of both T2D and the complications.