Specific Dialect Research Articles

Automatic detection of cyberbullying and threatening in Saudi tweets using machine learning

Social media has become a major factor in people's lives, which affects their communication and psychological state. The widespread use of social media has formed new types of violence, such as cyberbullying. Manual detection and reporting of violent texts in social media applications are challenging due to the increasing number of social media users and the huge amounts of generated data. Automatic detection of violent texts is language-dependent, and it requires an efficient detection approach, which considers the unique features and structures of a specific language or dialect. Only a few studies have focused on the automatic detection and classification of violent texts in the Arabic Language. This paper aims to build a two-level classifier model for classifying Arabic violent texts. The first level classifies text into violent and non-violent. The second level classifies violent text into either cyberbullying or threatening. The dataset used to build the classifier models is collected from Twitter, using specific keywords and trending hashtags in Saudi Arabia. Supervised machine learning is used to build two classifier models, using two different algorithms, which are Support Vector Machine (SVM), and Naive Bayes (NB). Both models are trained in different experimental settings of varying the feature extraction method and whether stop-word removal is applied or not. The performances of the proposed SVM-based and NB-based models have been compared. The SVM-based model outperforms the NB-based model with F1 scores of 76.06%, and 89.18%, and accuracy scores of 73.35% and 87.79% for the first and second levels of classification, respectively.

Style shift in translation: The case of translating Susan Glaspell’s Trifles into Arabic

This study examines style shifting in an Arabic translation of Susan Glaspell’s play, Trifles by Abbas Brashi. It presents an overview of the play, as well as its importance and relevance to Arab culture. It describes the different varieties of Arabic that exist as well as the one chosen for the translation, namely Modern Standard Arabic. The paper explains that the formal style of the target language text was chosen for the sake of wide readability and comprehensibility, as dialectal varieties of Arabic differ across and within Arab states and there is no standardised script. The other reason for the shift is to adhere to the norms of acceptable Arabic writing. The style shift observed in the translation of Trifles into Arabic is demonstrated in the translation of a number of linguistic phenomena, namely contraction, ‎elision, subject-verb agreement, and figurative multi-word ‎expressions.‎ The paper concludes that the formal Arabic version of Trifles may later be shifted to different informal dialectal varieties of Arabic when it is to be performed on stage. Therefore, the formal Arabic version of the play may be customised or adapted to one or more specific dialects of Arabic according to the time and place of each performance.

A systematic review of quantitative and qualitative literature on health professionals' experiences communicating with Chinese immigrants.

The aim of this study is to determine health professionals' experiences communicating with Chinese immigrants and identify potential education barriers. Health professionals caring for Chinese immigrants often encounter communication barriers, leading to uncertainty of quality of care. This study is a quantitative and qualitative systematic review. MEDLINE, Scopus, CINAHL, PubMed and Google Scholar were searched, limited to 1980 to October 2020. Articles were included if they reported results about health professional communication with Chinese patients. Quality was appraised using Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Research guidelines and thematic synthesis conducted. Of 1363 articles, seven studies were included. These described provider-patient communication in primary care, oncology and palliative settings only. Three core themes were identified: (1) family-centred health communication where family controls provider-patient information exchange; (2) mismatch of provider-patient health beliefs and knowledge on diet, nutrition, traditional medicine, place for death and disease prevention and (3) mismatch of language and resources as skilled providers proficient in specific dialects are limited; communication resources are perceived as infrequently available and content is insufficient. Studies describing health professionals' experiences communicating with Chinese immigrants are limited. Key barriers identified included cultural and language disparities and communication resources are inadequate to support health professionals' needs.

TEXT-CENTRISM AS A METHOD OF FOREIGN STUDENTS TEACHING (Review of the monograph by G. Shvets. Theory and practice of teaching the Ukrainian language to foreign students of humanities. – Kyiv : Phoenix, 2019. – 529 p.)

The review describes the monograph of “Theory and practice of teaching of the Ukrainian language to foreign students of humanities” by Kyiv researcher Hanna Shvets. Text-centrism is defined as the leading author’s method of foreign students teaching. The subjective and objective factors of efficiency of the student and the teacher cooperation, psychological-pedagogical and linguistic bases of the formation of the secondary language personality and others are analyzed. The basic directions of system of the Ukrainian as a foreign language teaching declared by the monograph are reviewed: 1) Ukrainian as a language of specialty. 2) Ukrainian as a second foreign language within the framework of traditional Slavic studies. 3) Ukrainian language as a component of the system of training specialists in Ukrainian studies. 4) Ukrainian language in the system of training international specialists. 5) Ukrainian as the third foreign language. 6) Ukrainian as a subject of independent choice of the student. The sociology of the speech environment at the capital, the statistics of the growth of the foreign contingent in recent years at the universities have been very accurately and topically revealed, as Ukraine has become attractive at the market of educational services. The ambiguous language situation in Ukraine determines specific accents: 1) conflict of coexistence within a single territorial community of several language personalities; 2) the negative impact of bilingualism; 3) the need to form a nationally conscious linguistic personality. The author of reviewed work outlines the range of methods of effective work with the text, including group work, project technology, game technologies (language and speech), discussions, film classes, excursions (real and virtual), creative writing. It is concluded that the reviewed work is a valuable theoretical and practical material of the methodology of teaching of the Ukrainian as a foreign language. Key words: text-centrism, Ukrainian as a foreign language, bilingual personality, secondary language personality, language politics.

IN ADDITION TO THE QUESTIONNAIRE ON THE DIALECT VOCABULARY CONTAINED IN THE CORPUS OF RUSSIAN DIALECTS OF UDMURTIA

The paper presents the progress and the intermediate results on linguistic-geographical information system “Dialect”. New definitions for the dialect words, showing derivational, semantic, lexical specificity of a dialect speech, are introduced into the system to identify the dialect words and their further presentation in the lexical-geographical and lexicographic modules. The questionnaire of LGIS “Dialect” is based on the Lexical atlas of Russian folk dialects’ program and at the same time complements it. The questionnaire refers to the different topics and parts of speech. The questions are based on authoritative lexicographic sources and examples of words usage in Russian dialects of Udmurtia. The words widely used in the dialect language but not included in Lexical atlas of Russian folk dialects’ program as well as a local vocabulary outside other sources were tagged in LGIS “Dialect”. New data for lexical-geographical and lexicographic description of Russian dialects of Udmurtia were received as the result. The analysis of new tagged words provides a deeper understanding of the lexical vocabulary and the dialect differentiation of Russian dialects of Udmurtia.

The Current Use of Standard Dialects in the United States Theatre Industry

ABSTRACT As a continuation of a research agenda focused on the current use of standard dialects in the United States, this study explores the 2018–19 production seasons of regional and Broadway theatres, and interviews industry professionals to weigh in on the topic of standard dialects in the industry. In this mixed methods study, quantitative and qualitative data were collected through (Phase 1) surveys from regional theatres; (Phase 2) surveys from Broadway coaches; and (Phase 3) expert interviews with industry professionals and speech practitioners. The major findings included: (1) “no standard dialect utilized” yielded the highest number of responses for productions of regional theatres; (2) Broadway coaches utilized General American and Location Specific Accents the most; and (3) industry professionals regarded flexibility and malleability as the most beneficial speech skills. The pedagogical implications of this research suggest that focusing on speech skills rather than acquisition of one standardized dialect as the “industry standard” is one way speech practitioners can better align their curricula with the theatre industry’s expectations and the need for a more inclusive approach to teaching speech.

A lelkiismeret fogalma az ortodox etikában

The idea of conscience is a key concept in both Western and Eastern theologies. Beyond fundamental similarities in content, the specific accents in Eastern Orthodox theology are also worth considering. Here, the phenomenon of conscience is never simply treated as an ethical, philosophical or psychological entity, but the patristic, liturgical and spiritual dimensions are also an essential part of the discussion, which is in this manner always theonomous. Instead of a law-centered approach, Orthodox theology is personalistic and liturgical: conscience is the sanctuary of an encounter with God. It is God’s gift, yet it needs training within an ecclesial setting with the help of prayer, the theology of the fathers, Christian ascetic practices, the affective ethics of the liturgy, the contemplation of icons and the recital of Church hymns.

A Generative Adversarial Network for Data Augmentation: The Case of Arabic Regional Dialects

Text Generation using Generative Adversarial Networks (GANs) has been successful in domains such as sentiment analysis using Sentimental GAN (SentiGAN) model. We adopt a similar model to generate sentences for five regional Arabic dialects (Egypt, Gulf, Maghreb, Levant, and Iraq). The objective is to overcome the scarcity of richly annotated Dialectal Arabic (DA) datasets by automatic generation of such corpora. The DA generation process for a specific dialect, relies on a generator to create new text, and a discriminator to evaluate that text, with a dynamic update that will allow the process to run automatically without supervision. Novelty and diversity are the two metrics used to verify the consistency and quality of the generated DA text before enriching the sought datasets. Experimental results confirm the reliability and value of the generated datasets when tested by different classifiers.

Certain Issues of the Feasibility of Using Sociolectisms of the Criminal Subculture in the Text of the Criminal Law

The article is devoted to certain issues of law-making in the context of the use of specific words and inverse words in the text of the Criminal Code of Ukraine. The author notes that in today’s context, the norms of criminal subculture are extremely widespread. This process is objective, therefore, despite the negativity of the «pollution» of the business and literary Ukrainian language by the jargon of the criminal subculture, its distribution must be approached in a balanced and versatile manner. In this case, representatives of law enforcement and law enforcement agencies in the implementation of operational-search events and investigative events should understand the significance of jargon statements, which are common among professional criminals, because without this, they will not be able to carry out duties effectively. It is proposed to consider individual jargon statements as «sociolectisms», by which it is suggested to mean manifestations of a specific dialect common in certain social groups. Attention is focused on the fact that individual sociolectisms of the criminal subculture, somehow: «thief in law», «gathering», are not impossible to replace with analogues in the literary or business Ukrainian language, without a significant loss of their content. It is argued that the terms of the criminal subculture quite firmly entered the Russian spoken language, and, through it, into the Ukrainian, what can be judged, in particular, by the use of such terms in literary works that have already become classical, not only in post-Soviet countries, but also in world literature (in particular, O. Solzhenitsyn’s «Gulag Archipelago»). Based on this, it is concluded that it is possible to use individual sociolectisms of the criminal subculture including in the text of the law, subject to a number of requirements: 1) they must not violate generally accepted standards of decency (they cannot contain obscene and offensive vocabulary); 2) there are no analogues of such terms in the literary language, it is not possible to replace these sociolectisms without losing their content; 3) their application should be of social benefit, help accurately define crime, help in general in countering crime and certain types of crime.

남북 강원지역 방언분화의 언어 외적 요인

방언분화란 하나의 언어가 동질적인 상태에서 이질적인 각 방언으로 나누어지는 현상을 말한다. 그리고 방언분화에 대한 연구의 핵심은 분화의 언어적 또는 언어 외적 요인을 찾는 것이다. 이 글에서는 특히 방언분화의 언어 외적 원인에 관심을 두고 지형 조건, 행정체제, 교통로의 역사를 체계적으로 검토하였다. 그 결과 이들 요소에 의한 권역이 남북 강원지역의 방언구획과 대체로 일치함을 확인할 수 있었다. 이처럼 방언분화가 발생하는 언어 외부의 원인은 지형, 행정, 교통 등의 경계와 연결망에서 찾을 수 있다.

Features defining dialects spoken in language of villagers

The article focuses on the suitability of collections of texts for listing dialect characteristics. Attention has also been paid to the occurrence of some dialectal features in Z. Sobierajski’s Teksty z zachodniej Wielkopolski; 210 pages of his book contain 62,711 dialectal word forms. The material from the corpus has been confronted with M. Gruchmanowa’s Gwary zachodniej Wielkopolski (Poznań 1970) and the Atlas języka i kultury ludowej Wielkopolski (Wrocław… – Poznań 1979–2005). The corpus either lacks an entire group of forms regarded typical of the region’s dialects or the occurrences are very rare. Therefore, despite the ample material, in many instances an attempt at linguistic characteristics of specific dialects is futile.

About certain dependence of word formation on the structure of the lexical and semantic field

This article presents the situation caused by the interference of new lexical units foreign to a specific dialect. Words transparent with respect to word formation, like grabisko, siekierzysko, kosisko, stylisko, documenting the idiom of the formant -isko with the noun base (in names of the components of simple tools) change their characteristics under the influence of an increasingly popular form like styl ‘handle’. Consequently, the structure of the type kosisko ‘handle, hilt, grips of a scythe’ (with a noun basis) is being replaced by the type kosisko ‘the metal part of a scythe, the chine’ (with a verb basis). Similar transformations are taking place with grabisko.

Images of Migrants in Alice Munro's Short Stories: Dialogue Between Cultures

This paper focuses on the issues of the mediating role of English language and specific accents in the process of communication between Canadians and migrants from Europe. The author uses methods of close reading to reveal a variety of specific social patterns illustrating different levels of interpersonal attitudes in dialogues with migrants on the material of short stories from the collection Runaway (2004) by Alice Munro. While depicting Aliens, the writer utilises speech characterization as one of the most important artistic tools. Furthermore, in the short stories by Alice Munro, an attitude to people who speak differently becomes a “litmus paper” to portray the decaying intellectual life of the New World.     

The Verticality of White Space: Depths of Ticketing Exposure and Concealment in Chicago’s 42nd Ward

The peaks and valleys written into Chicago’s 42nd Ward outline themselves against what space is legible to ticketers in the city’s hungriest vehicle ticketing district. It is a space that defies the racial geography of ticketing in Chicago, where predatory practices prey on communities of color as though they are the city’s slush fund. In the 42nd Ward, ticketing is like a language that is spoken in a specific geometric dialect. Those who issue them speak with a street-level fluency that omits a vocabulary of verticality, where space is readable only through narrow focus that sees what is at ground-level but not below or above it. In a district that features high volumes of automobility but little street parking, the ward’s ticketing hotspots are territorial soft targets that stand out like italicized font to flag the ticketer’s attention. Camouflaged in the unarticulated White space that separates one word from another are vertical sanctuaries from surveillance and sanction. The district is a White space in both a figurative and literal sense, given the racial position of who wrote these words, which vested interests they advance, and to what ends.

“Hola, my name is Carmen, who is this?”- Language ideologies and dialect stylization in prank calls

ABSTRACT This study discusses the dialect stylization and language ideologies involved in a nationally broadcasted radio prank show, Carmen Calls. This national prank show permits a discussion on the language practices and hegemonic ideologies involved in the media representation of the show’s Latina protagonist; Carmen Santiago De la Hoya Ruiz Rivera Perez Tú Sabes. This exaggerated radio persona utilizes various linguistic and ideological mechanisms such as mock Spanish, code-switching, and other specific dialect features to create stylistic performances of Latinx stereotypes to harass unsuspecting victims. This study considers how the framing of the radio show draws upon the current socio-historical context of the U.S. in an era of escalading anti-immigrant and, therefore, anti-bilingual sentiment to create both the persona and the prank calls themselves. The analysis shows how the pranks draw from preexisting socio-cultural profiles and repertoires to reinforce monolingualism, nationalist ideologies, and dominant discourses regarding Latinx people. By bringing into the fold dominant semiotic and values associated with Latinxs, the show is able to employ them to project the vulgar, inappropriate, and hypothetical Carmen persona that upholds mainstream discourses through the same discriminatory practices that are part of U.S. Spanish-speakers’ lived experiences as minority language users.

Возрождение культурных традиций кацкого стана на страницах краеведческого издания «Кацкая летопись»

It is outlined that in the era of globalization, one of the key features of which is unification, there is a real danger of the disappearance of cultures of small ethnic groups. As a result, it becomes important to preserve and restore knowledge about their culture, customs and traditions. One of the bright projects dedicated to this topic is the “Katsky project”, the main translator of ideas of which is the area publication “Katsky chronicle”. The purpose of the research is to study the culture of the Katsky stan and ways of its revival. Hypothesis. In the course of the research, it was suggested that the journal “Katsky chronicle” is a way to revive and preserve the culture of the Katsky people. Methods of research. The research was carried out with the help of theoretic and empiric methods, the main method is the study of the historiographic database, which was compiled by the issues of the journal “Katsky chronicle” for the period from 1992 to 2017. The study of the journal's issues was conducted by analyzing the structure, content, sections, and language specifics of the journal (from the standpoint of semantics, phonetics, word formation, etc.). Results of research. The results confirmed the reflection of Katsky culture on the pages of the journal “Katsky chronicle”: the authors of the articles used specific dialect katsky language which is a fundamental component of ethno-cultural identity of the Katsky people. Along with the language, the journal demonstrates folklore, publishes historical information about the Katsky stan and its inhabitants, symbols, specifics of the way of life and housekeeping, customs and traditions. The results also confirmed that in the era of globalization, in an atmosphere of universal similarity and uniformity, there are examples of preserving the uniqueness and ethno-cultural identity of communities of people in their places of local residence.

The Carnival of the Dead: Translating Máirtín Ó Cadhain's Cré na Cille into Czech

ABSTRACTMáirtín Ó Cadhain's Cré na Cille (1949), generally praised as the best Irish-language novel of all time, has recently attracted considerable attention thanks to the publication of its two English translations in 2015 and 2016. In the course of the following year, German, Dutch and Czech versions of the novel appeared. This article briefly discusses the question of why this momentous novel waited so long to be translated and sets the context for the recent outburst of translation activity. Then it analyses some of the choices that lay before its Czech translator. With reference to both literary theory and literary history, this article describes the reasons for rendering the earthy talk of most of the graveyard's inhabitants in Common Czech, as opposed to Standard Czech or a more specific dialect. In addition, it comments on some of the more particular decisions made, often in comparison with the other available translations.

전라남도 방언구획을 위한 방언분화 연구(1)-음운론적 측면을 중심으로-

전라남도 방언구획을 위한 방언분화 연구(1)-음운론적 측면을 중심으로-

Lost in Machine Translation: Contextual Linguistic Uncertainty

The article considers the issues related to the semantic, grammatical, stylistic and technical difficulties currently present in machine translation and compares its four main approaches: Rule-based (RBMT), Corpora-based (CBMT), Neural (NMT), and Hybrid (HMT). It also examines some "open systems", which allow the correction or augmentation of content by the users themselves ("crowdsourced translation"). The authors of the article, native speakers presenting different countries (Russia, Greece, Malaysia, Japan and Serbia), tested the translation quality of the most representative phrases from the English, Russian, Greek, Malay and Japanese languages by using different machine translation systems: PROMT (RBMT), Yandex. Translate (HMT) and Google Translate (NMT). The test results presented by the authors show low "comprehension level" of semantic, linguistic and pragmatic contexts of translated texts, mistranslations of rare and culture-specific words,unnecessary translation of proper names, as well as a low rate of idiomatic phrase and metaphor recognition. It is argued that the development of machine translation requires incorporation of literal, conceptual, and content-and-contextual forms of meaning processing into text translation expansion of metaphor corpora and contextological dictionaries, and implementation of different types and styles of translation, which take into account gender peculiarities, specific dialects and idiolects of users. The problem of untranslatability ('linguistic relativity') of the concepts, unique to a particular culture, has been reviewed from the perspective of machine translation. It has also been shown, that the translation of booming Internet slang, where national languages merge with English, is almost impossible without human correction.

THE HISTORICAL TRACES OF ANCIENT SUMERIAN LANGUAGE IN DIALECT LEXIS OF AZERBAIJAN AND TURKISH LANGUAGE


 
 
 
 National affiliation of ancient Sumerian language is one of problematic problems create serious conflict in the world linguistics. These are the serious fact putan end to conflicts modern Turkic languages ancient Sumerian and dialect of the comparative investigation. The historical dialectological facts is shows being specific place all-Turkish languages and dialects between the dialects of Nakhchivan and Eastern Anatoly. The efficient situation in the dialects modern Nakhchivan and Eastren Anatolyan dialects is one of defining basic factors of the ancient Sumerian language Orhon inscriptions, eposes of the "Kitabi Dede Korkut", in the İbn Muhenna dictionary, in the "Oğuzname", in the work "Divany lugat-it Türk", of the Turkish folk-lore, the century XIX of the literary works and modern Turk dialects classic until words developed is one of defining basic factors position the between all-Turkish dialect and dialects of the Nakhchivan and Eastren Anadolyan dialects. The comparison Sumerian language of the Nakhchivan and Eastern Anatolyan dialects is being affirms of the dictionaries prepared on the basis of the ancient Turkish language.The phonetic, lexical facts be reflected of the ancient Sumerian language in the works Sturtevantin "A Hittite Glossory ve Suppelment to a Hittite Glossary" and the work “The historical connection of the Sumer and Turkic languages by about age of the Turkish” Osman Nedim Tunaʼs, “The Sumerian language is decisively the Turkish” and the work A.Caliloğluʼs to work according to with elucidating passed up to this day and the comparison Nakhcivan and Anatolyan dialects affirms being the most ancient language of the Turkish. Many words in the ancient Sumerian language involves for the attention by the same phonetic composition and semantic meaning adjoining by dialects of Nakhchivan and Anatoly dialects by words in the language of the other ancient Turk monuments: yağı, yu, kul, yığın, yig, çağa, çak, köğüs, gid, fani, yogun, qalın, tügün, bağlam, çin, doğru, eke, üz, kəsmək, süz, tuş, öl, teηri, taη, neη, isig, azuk, sürüg, asgu, kapkacak, kaç, kuru, neme, korı, toku, togıra, dengüş, zevzek, dingilde, cengel, qaqa//qağa, gim, kalıη, ku, öbür and other. The interesting side like is involves for the attention in Sumerian language for instance, kıdık//kidik qidiyh koduk, kuzu, köşək, küçük of the animal names develop in the Nakhchivan and Anatoly dialects.