Specific Allegations Research Articles

Aspects of the creation and judicial activity of the Specialized Chambers of Kosovo and the Role of the Republic of Albania

Abstract Since the end of the Kosovo conflict in 1999, various international and national courts have investigated serious war crimes and crimes against humanity in the region. In 2015, the Kosovo Specialized Chambers (SCK) and the Specialized Prosecutor’s Office (SPO) were established to investigate specific allegations of war crimes, particularly those linked to members of the Kosovo Liberation Army (KLA) during and after the conflict. Although the Court is legally part of Kosovo’s system, it faces strong opposition within the latter, due to its location outside the country and its exclusion of Kosovo nationals from its staff. The trials of key KLA figures, many of whom have held major political roles in the country, have sparked significant debate both in Kosovo and internationally. This manuscript will examine the legal foundation, structure, and scope of the SCK and SPO, and how they compare to other international courts. It will also review the indictments and ongoing trials of former KLA members. Additionally, the article will explore Albania’s diplomatic efforts, particularly its campaign to challenge allegations of organ trafficking mentioned in a 2011 Council of Europe report, which played a key role in the creation of the Court. By looking at the Court’s activities, the article will offer insights into its impact on Kosovo’s international standing.

Identifying the most common and costly medication errors: Implications for healthcare managers

Medication administration errors, although preventable, continue to have adverse effects on patient outcomes and healthcare facilities’ financial well-being. Researchers have demonstrated that, although process interventions have been implemented, new technology has been deployed, and training and education have increased, the errors persist. Limited research appears to have established the most prevalent, harmful and costly types of medication administration errors. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to assist healthcare managers of inpatient facilities to identify the most common and costly medication administration errors. Donabedian’s model for healthcare quality, derived from the three categories of structure, process and outcomes, was utilised to determine how mistakes persist despite numerous interventions targeted at these factors. A correlational analysis was conducted utilising Pearson’s R and multiple linear regression to define the relationships between the independent variable of ‘specific malpractice allegation’ (ie medication administration error type) and dependent variables of ‘severity of alleged injury’ and ‘total payment’. Results were determined by the correlation coefficient after regression diagnostics. Analysis of the data indicates a greater prevalence of administration errors related to wrong medication and wrong dose; of these, wrong medication errors resulted in greater harm to the patient, although medications administered via the wrong route resulted in the payment of greater amounts. In addition, payment amounts increase with greater severity of harm. Implications for healthcare managers include implementing processes to reduce medication administration errors as well as implementing targeted risk management programmes in inpatient settings.

A REVIEW OF LAWSUITS RELATED TO POINT-OF-CARE EMERGENCY ULTRASOUND APPLICATIONS

BackgroundPrevious investigators have assessed United States Case Law to evaluate the medicolegal risk surrounding point-of-care ultrasound applications. These studies have suggested that nonperformance is the primary source of an allegation of medical malpractice. ObjectivesThe objective of this study is to update the literature regarding medical malpractice cases involving ultrasound applications that could be used at the point of care, and assess the risk conveyed to advanced practice providers and by application of emerging applications of ultrasound. MethodsAuthors reviewed the Westlaw database for medical malpractice cases involving point-of-care ultrasound applications between December 2012 and January 2021. Cases were included if there was an allegation of misconduct by an emergency provider and if an ultrasound included in the American College of Emergency Physicians investigators core, extended, emerging, or adjunct applications was discussed to any degree. Investigators independently reviewed the cases for inclusion. Authors abstracted the case information, type of ultrasound performed, and the specific allegation of misconduct. ResultsNineteen cases met inclusion criteria. Seven cases involved core applications of emergency ultrasound and 13 involved extended, emerging, or adjunct applications. One case was included in both categories as it included elements of both core and extended applications. The most common primary allegation was failure to perform an ultrasound. No cases clearly alleged misinterpretation of a point-of-care ultrasound. ConclusionAs previous studies have suggested, nonperformance of ultrasound seems to convey the greatest medicolegal risk. Extended, emerging, or adjunct applications of ultrasound may convey a slightly higher risk.

Disaggregating Repression: Identifying Physical Integrity Rights Allegations in Human Rights Reports

Abstract Most cross-national human rights datasets rely on human coding to produce yearly, country-level indicators of state human rights practices. Hand-coding the documents that contain the information on which these scores are based is tedious and time-consuming, but has been viewed as necessary given the complexity and detail of the information contained in the text. However, advances in automated text analysis have the potential to streamline this process without sacrificing accuracy. In this research note, we take the first step in creating this streamlined process by employing a supervised machine learning automated coding method that extracts specific allegations of physical integrity rights violations from the original text of country reports on human rights. This method produces a dataset including 163,512 unique abuse allegations in 196 countries between 1999 and 2016. This dataset and method will assist researchers of physical integrity rights abuse because it will allow them to produce allegation-level human rights measures that have previously not existed and provide a jumping-off point for future projects aimed at using supervised machine learning to create global human rights metrics.

Abstract TMP31: Genesis Of Malpractice Risk With Mechanical Thrombectomy

Introduction: In 1996 tPA was approved for treatment of acute ischemic stroke (AIS), leading to a higher bar for quality of care but also to many medical-legal claims. Subsequent reviews of legal databases showed most lawsuits were for failure to treat rather than for tPA-associated complications. Acute stroke care has again undergone a paradigm shift with the landmark mechanical thrombectomy (MT) trials, the AHA’s recommendation of MT for AIS, and its adoption as standard of care therapy for acute large vessel occlusions of the brain in select patients. Accordingly, lawsuits have been brought forward alleging malpractice. The aim of our study was to systematically review legal databases to better understand claims pertaining to MT. Methods: Legal databases were searched using key words “stroke” and “thrombectomy”. Cases were included if they were medical malpractice claims for AIS involving endovascular MT. Cases with and without verdicts were included and were systematically categorized based on claims and case details including vascular territory, interventions, and plaintiff/defendant arguments. Results: Search criteria revealed 313 results of which 25 cases met inclusion criteria. Cases were most frequently excluded due to duplicate result (n=126), or not being a malpractice claim for AIS (n=65). Anterior circulation strokes were the cause of complaint in 13 cases, vertebrobasilar and related strokes in 10 cases, and other/unknown in 2 cases. In 16 cases MT was not performed, leading to an alleged failure to timely diagnose and treat AIS. In the remaining 9 cases where MT was performed, 8 cases also alleged failure of timely treatment and 1 claimed complications of MT. Other frequent allegations included failure of timely consultation, performance of vascular imaging, or transfer. Specific allegations related to delay in transfer included choice of road vs. air ambulance travel, and transfer to in-network hospital vs. nearest MT-capable center. One case involved a tele-stroke neurologist. Conclusions: Similar to medical-legal claims for tPA, failure to perform (or failure to timely perform) MT was a common complaint. In addition, delays in obtaining vascular imaging and logistical delays in transfer causing potential delays in MT were commonly noted.

Retracted] Metabolic remodeling precedes mitochondrial outer membrane permeabilization in human glioma xenograft cells

Following the publication of the above paper, we were contacted by the University of Illinois at Chicago, to request the retraction of the above article. Following a formal institutional investigation, the investigation panel concluded that the images in question had falsifying elements. Regarding the above study, the specific allegations that were investigated were that of falsifying elements of Fig. 6A, row 2, columns 2 and 3. Following a review of this paper conducted independently by the Editor of International Journal of Oncology, the Editor concurred with the conclusions of the investigation panel, and therefore the above paper has been retracted from the publication. We also tried to contact the authors, but did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for the inconvenience caused.[the original article was published in International Journal of Oncology 40: 509‑518, 2012; DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.1255].

Retracted] α3β1 integrin promotes radiation-induced migration of meningioma cells.

Following the publication of the above paper, we were contacted by the University of Illinois at Chicago, to request the retraction of the above article. Following a formal institutional investigation, the investigation panel concluded that the images in question had falsifying elements. Regarding the above study, the specific allegations that were investigated were that of falsifying elements of Fig. 2A, right panel, row 3, columns 2, 3 and 4 and Fig. 4D, left panel, row 5, columns 1, 2 and 3; Fig. 4A, row 1, columns 2, 3 and 4, and Fig. 4C, row 1, columns 5, 6 and 7; and Fig. 6C, row 1, column 3, and row 2, column 1. <br />Following a review of this paper conducted independently by the Editor of International Journal of Oncology, the Editor concurred with the conclusions of the investigation panel, and therefore the above paper has been retracted from the publication. We also tried to contact the authors, but did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for the inconvenience caused. [the original article was published in International Journal of Oncology 40: 1615-1624, 2012; DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.987].

Retracted] Oncogenic role of p53 is suppressed by si‑RNA bicistronic construct of uPA, uPAR and cathepsin‑B in meningiomas both invitro and invivo.

Following the publication of the above paper, we were contacted by the University of Illinois at Chicago, to request the retraction of the above article. Following a formal institutional investigation, the investigation panel concluded that the images in question had falsifying elements. Regarding the above study, the specific allegations that were investigated were that of falsifying elements of Fig. 1B, bottom panel, columns 2 and 3; Fig. 4A, top panel, columns 4, 5 and 6, and middle panel, columns 1, 2 and 3; and Fig. 7D, row 1, column1 and row 2, column 1.<br />Following a review of this paper conducted independently by the Editor of <em>International Journal of Oncology</em>, the Editor concurred with the conclusions of the investigation panel, and therefore the above paper has been retracted from the publication. We also tried to contact the authors, but did not receive a reply. The Editor apologizes to the readership for the inconvenience caused. [the original article was published in International Journal of Oncology 38: 973‑983, 2011; DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2011.934]<br /><br />.

Measuring Audit Quality

In this paper, we document 45 specific allegations related to audit deficiencies based on GAAS, as detailed in 141 AAERs and 153 securities class action lawsuits over the violation years 1978–2016. Next, we use these allegations to validate existing popular proxies of audit quality. Of all the audit quality proxies, we find that restatements consistently predict all of the top six most cited audit deficiencies. The ratio of audit fees to total fees and the presence of a city specialist auditor predict five of the most cited deficiencies. Overall, our results suggest that the predictive power of audit quality proxies depends on (i) the settings that researchers are interested in; and (ii) the specific audit deficiencies hypothesized to matter in the investigated setting. For instance, future studies related to auditor independence might consider using restatements and the ratio of audit fees to total fees as proxies of audit quality.

Judicial Impact and Factual Allegations: How the Supreme Court Changed Civil Procedure through the Plausibility Standard

AbstractResearchers often study the impact of legal change by investigating judges’ decisions and ignoring litigants. Many scholars believe the Supreme Court’s decisions in Twombly and Iqbal increased how specific factual allegations must be to avoid dismissal, but studies generally fail to find an effect. Using text analysis, I find evidence that litigants and their lawyers changed the information they provided after the decisions in certain types of cases. These results call into question prior studies and illustrate the need to consider the behavior of litigants. They also help shed light on issues of access to courts and separation of powers.

Did court find Title IX proceeding flawed?

Jacob Doe and Jenna Roe were Virginia Tech students. After a verbal altercation between the two, Roe accused Doe of assault and battery and trespassing. The university informed him in March 2018 he faced seven different charges stemming from Roe, including three “relating to sexual assault.” However, the notice contained no information about the specific incidents or allegations being investigated. Doe claimed the investigator interviewed multiple witnesses for Roe but neglected to interview witnesses identified by Doe.

Medical Malpractice in Interventional Cardiology: Identifying Patterns and Areas for Improvement

Introduction: The feared possibility of involvement in a medical malpractice lawsuit ultimately becomes reality for many physicians in high-risk specialties including cardiology. In a survey of cardiologists and fellows, 15.9% of those from the United States and 13.5% from China stated they were influenced by the fear of malpractice litigation in at least half of all cases they managed daily. A study of 40,916 physicians covered by a large nationwide professional liability insurer from 1991 to 2005 found that the percentage of cardiologists facing a malpractice claim each year is between 7.5%-10%, above the average across all physicians. This study analyzes interventional cardiology malpractice claims by specific procedure and allegation types. Methods: Seventy-nine cardiology malpractice claims involving procedures were identified in a major nationwide legal database (over 200,000 cases) called VerdictSearch. An exemption was obtained from the Yale University Institutional Review Board. Baseline patient characteristics, reasons for lawsuit, and case outcomes were recorded. Statistical analysis included percentage distributions and Fisher’s exact test. Results: A defendant verdict was reached in 64.6% of cases; plaintiƒ verdict, 21.5% (with average payout $5,212,719.79); and settlement, 13.9%. Death was the injury in 48.1% of cases and did not influence the likelihood of a plaintiƒ verdict. Of the 53.2% of cases involving cardiac catheterization, angioplasty, or stenting, periprocedural injury was alleged in 83.3%, lack of informed consent in 7.1%, failure to perform the correct procedure in a timely manner or at all in 14.3%, and performance of an unnecessary procedure in 7.1% (Figure 1). The most common injury type was arterial (non-coronary), including injury to the catheterization site, followed by coronary artery dissection or tamponade (Figure 2). Electrophysiology procedures were the next most common category, and receiving a defendant verdict was significantly less likely for these cases than any other type. A cardiothoracic or vascular surgeon was named as a co-defendant in 25.3% of cases. In 12.6% of cases, cardiologist failure to obtain timely surgical consultation or ensure backup surgeon availability during procedure performance was alleged. Discussion: Comprehensively reviewing interventional cardiology malpractice claims can elucidate common contributory factors to adverse outcomes and practice improvement opportunities. This study ’ s results suggest, for instance, that securing appropriate cardiothoracic surgical backup prior to a catheterization, angioplasty, or stent procedure would significantly decrease the number of lawsuits. Diligence in the informed consent process should also be prioritized, as this area generated allegations in 7.1% of cases. Though VerdictSearch is a large, nationwide legal database, its content is limited to those attorneys, courts, and states who choose to report cases. However, any selection biases may be bidirectional and ultimately cancel each other out, since the attorney on the prevailing side of every case theoretically has equal incentive to report it to a public database so the verdict can be used as a marketing tool for that attorney. By uniquely stratifying cardiology malpractice claims within a large nationwide database by specific procedure types and allegations, this study points to factors that commonly contribute to adverse patient outcomes and enables cardiologists to reflect upon opportunities for clinical practice improvement.

Colorectal Cancer Litigation: 1988-2018.

The purpose of this study was to examine colorectal cancer (CRC) malpractice suits over the past 20 years in the United States and evaluate the most common allegations, lawsuit outcomes, indemnity payment amounts, patient outcomes, and physician characteristics. The malpractice section of VerdictSearch, a legal database, was queried for cases in which CRC was a principle component of the lawsuit. Legal notes were used to characterize plaintiff allegations, verdict, financial compensation, and case year. Clinical history for each case were analyzed for patient demographics, medical outcomes, and physician characteristics. A total of 240 CRC-related malpractice cases (1988-2018) were collected, resulting in defense (n = 101, 42.1%), plaintiff (n = 37, 15.4%), or settlement (n = 96, 40%) verdict. The primary defendants were often primary care physicians (n = 61, 25.4%) and gastroenterologists (n = 55, 22.9%). Most common plaintiff allegations are failure to perform diagnostic colonoscopy for patients with symptoms (n = 67, 27.9%), failure to perform screening colonoscopy according to screening guidelines (n = 46, 19.2%), or failure to detect CRC with colonoscopy (n = 45, 18.7%). A common alleged error in diagnosis before the median year of 2005 was failure to detect CRC by the noncolonoscopic methods (<2005: n = 22, 24.2%; >2005: n = 3, 3.09%). Plaintiff-alleged errors in diagnosis are consistently the most common reason for CRC malpractice litigation in the past 20 years, whereas specific diagnostic allegations (i.e., failure to screen vs failure to detect) and methods used for surveillance may vary over time. It is important to identify such pitfalls in CRC screening and explore areas for improvement to maximize patient care and satisfaction and reduce physician malpractice litigations.

Re-evaluating international observation of Kenya’s 2017 elections

ABSTRACTFollowing the Supreme Court’s decision to annul the August 2017 Kenyan elections, many commentators – including journalists, academics, politicians and non-elite Kenyan voters – criticised international election observation missions on the grounds that they had declared the election ‘free and fair’. This article argues that specific allegations of incompetence and bias fail to acknowledge how international observers’ preliminary statements restrained from offering final verdicts or commenting upon the tallying process in which the problems emerged. Rather, due to a combination of the media environment and popular expectations about observers’ work, the complexity of their statements was lost as their findings were disseminated. This suggests that a fairer critique of international observers would focus on how they communicate, including when they decide to make their statements. It also shows that both the circulation of information relating to observers and popular perceptions of observation missions are important issues, despite being relatively overlooked by scholars working on election observation.

A Century of Striving for Social Justice

This year the International Labour Organisation celebrated its centenary at the annual conference in June, drawing around 7500 delegates, advisers and visitors, with Theresa May amongst the heads of state and government who attended. During the year there have been events around the world as member States have applauded the ILO’s work and its centenary project on The Future of Work. But here at home the centenary has been little noticed, even by the trade union movement. The ILO is not high on our domestic agenda and perhaps been seen primarily as a route of solidarity activity. Given the importance of the ILO as the UN specialised agency for work and labour matters, this is somewhat surprising. The ILO represents the international dimension of union and worker rights and employment policy. I have been extremely fortunate to be a regular visitor to the ILO in Geneva, first representing the TUC in the Committee on the Application of Standards for some years, and now a member of the Governing Body and the Committee on Freedom of Association. The centenary seems to be a good time to look at whether the ILO offers us some avenues and opportunities that we could utilise further. It seems to have been different 100 years ago, as it has been said that the structure of the ILO was a British construction. Many of the founding ideas and principles emerged from British and Irish trade unions. Perhaps the most fundamental of these, that labour should not be regarded merely as a commodity or article of commerce, was first advanced by Irish economist John Kells Ingham at the British Trades Union Congress of 1880 held in Dublin. This guiding principle of respect for the human dignity of the labour force informed the other eight founding principles: freedom of association, decent wages and equitable conditions of employment, weekly working limits, abolition of child labour, equal pay for work of equal value, and a labour inspection system which included women’s voices. The principles were aimed even in 1919 at achieving social justice for universal peace, recognising that ‘conditions of labour exist involving such injustice, hardship and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperilled’. That mission of social justice has not changed and has been reaffirmed in this year’s centenary declaration just as it was in the Constitution and the Declarations since that time. Most importantly, the mission is one to which the three constituents, the Government group, the Employers’ Group and the Workers’ Group, have all signed up, throughout the life of the ILO, although of course there will be differences about what this means in reality. Nevertheless the ILO’s work: the body of standards, the technical assistance provided to States, the policy development and research work, is all directed towards promoting social justice through human and labour rights, and sets an international framework for our domestic provisions. ILOStandardsandtheSupervisorySystem The ILO is probably best known in the UK for its body of international labour standards. The decisions of the Committee on Freedom of Association have refined and clarified the meaning of the principles, so we know for example that the blanket ban on solidarity action and the overly complex regulation of industrial action are all aspects of our law which are challengeable. However it is rare for a complaint to made by Uk trade unions through the ILO’s ‘supervisory system’ that monitors and regulates State compliance. The supervisory system can seem somewhat opaque and difficult to navigate, although in practice it is not complex to use. There are essentially two routes for allegations that member States are not meeting their international obligations: the ‘regular’ supervisory process or use of one of the ‘special’ procedures. The former is a process of public discussion of whether the State has met its obligations, which takes place in the annual conference Committee on the Application of Standards (CAS). It is an opportunity for us to air concerns and call the government to account in front of its peers. The ‘special’ procedures allow individual unions as well as confederations to press specific allegations about violations...

A Century of Striving for Social Justice

This year the International Labour Organisation celebrated its centenary at the annual conference in June, drawing around 7500 delegates, advisers and visitors, with Theresa May amongst the heads of state and government who attended. During the year there have been events around the world as member States have applauded the ILO’s work and its centenary project on The Future of Work. But here at home the centenary has been little noticed, even by the trade union movement. The ILO is not high on our domestic agenda and perhaps been seen primarily as a route of solidarity activity. Given the importance of the ILO as the UN specialised agency for work and labour matters, this is somewhat surprising. The ILO represents the international dimension of union and worker rights and employment policy. I have been extremely fortunate to be a regular visitor to the ILO in Geneva, first representing the TUC in the Committee on the Application of Standards for some years, and now a member of the Governing Body and the Committee on Freedom of Association. The centenary seems to be a good time to look at whether the ILO offers us some avenues and opportunities that we could utilise further. It seems to have been different 100 years ago, as it has been said that the structure of the ILO was a British construction. Many of the founding ideas and principles emerged from British and Irish trade unions. Perhaps the most fundamental of these, that labour should not be regarded merely as a commodity or article of commerce, was first advanced by Irish economist John Kells Ingham at the British Trades Union Congress of 1880 held in Dublin. This guiding principle of respect for the human dignity of the labour force informed the other eight founding principles: freedom of association, decent wages and equitable conditions of employment, weekly working limits, abolition of child labour, equal pay for work of equal value, and a labour inspection system which included women’s voices. The principles were aimed even in 1919 at achieving social justice for universal peace, recognising that ‘conditions of labour exist involving such injustice, hardship and privation to large numbers of people as to produce unrest so great that the peace and harmony of the world are imperilled’. That mission of social justice has not changed and has been reaffirmed in this year’s centenary declaration just as it was in the Constitution and the Declarations since that time. Most importantly, the mission is one to which the three constituents, the Government group, the Employers’ Group and the Workers’ Group, have all signed up, throughout the life of the ILO, although of course there will be differences about what this means in reality. Nevertheless the ILO’s work: the body of standards, the technical assistance provided to States, the policy development and research work, is all directed towards promoting social justice through human and labour rights, and sets an international framework for our domestic provisions. ILOStandardsandtheSupervisorySystem The ILO is probably best known in the UK for its body of international labour standards. The decisions of the Committee on Freedom of Association have refined and clarified the meaning of the principles, so we know for example that the blanket ban on solidarity action and the overly complex regulation of industrial action are all aspects of our law which are challengeable. However it is rare for a complaint to made by Uk trade unions through the ILO’s ‘supervisory system’ that monitors and regulates State compliance. The supervisory system can seem somewhat opaque and difficult to navigate, although in practice it is not complex to use. There are essentially two routes for allegations that member States are not meeting their international obligations: the ‘regular’ supervisory process or use of one of the ‘special’ procedures. The former is a process of public discussion of whether the State has met its obligations, which takes place in the annual conference Committee on the Application of Standards (CAS). It is an opportunity for us to air concerns and call the government to account in front of its peers. The ‘special’ procedures allow individual unions as well as confederations to press specific allegations about violations...

Public Short Selling by Activist Hedge Funds

We examine the role of strategic communication in public short selling campaigns by hedge funds. Such campaigns are associated with abnormal returns for targets of approximately -7% as well as changes in the behavior of stakeholders (e.g., other short sellers). The effects are driven by campaigns that feature specific allegations rather than general claims of overvaluation. Campaigns are primarily undertaken by activist hedge funds, particularly those that have more experience or employ hostile tactics. Overall, our findings are consistent with models of strategic communication in which investor reputation and the credibility of allegations facilitates the flow of negative information into prices.

Infection Following Total Joint Arthroplasty Is the Main Cause of Litigation: Data From One Metropolitan Area

BackgroundA prior survey of members of the American Association of Hip and Knee Surgeons revealed that 78% of responding surgeons were named as a defendant in at least 1 lawsuit, and 69% of these lawsuits were dismissed or settled out of court. The most common sources of litigation were nerve injury, limb-length discrepancy, and infection. This study examined common reasons for lawsuits after total joint arthroplasty (TJA) in a single metropolitan area. MethodsA retrospective review of lawsuits filed between 2009 and 2015 in a 5-county metropolitan area was performed, including 30 hospitals and 113 TJA surgeons. Complaints underwent a manual review to determine the number of lawsuits and the specific allegations filed against each surgeon. ResultsThirty-one (27.4%) surgeons were named as a defendant in at least 1 lawsuit. Eighty-three total lawsuits were filed during the period, 50 of which were dismissed or settled outside of court. Top reasons for lawsuits were, in descending order, infection, nerve injury, chronic pain, vascular injury, periprosthetic fracture, retention of foreign body, dislocation, limb-length discrepancy, venous thromboembolism, loosening, compartment syndrome, and other medical complaints. ConclusionInfection appears to be the basis of most lawsuits after TJA. Surgeons should be aware of the potential for a lawsuit for complications and should strive to better communicate with patients regarding preoperative informed consent and disclosure after adverse events. Surgeons should minimize performing surgery in patients at high risk of complications, such as patients with a higher likelihood of developing postoperative infection or patients on chronic pain medications.

Lack of specific fraud allegations lets some NFL teams off the hook

Case name: Evans, et al. v. Arizona Cardinals Football Club LLC, et al., No. C 16‐01030 (N.D. Cal. 02/03/17).

Lack of specific allegations ends expelled student's lawsuit

Case name: Sahm v. Miami University, No. 1:14‐cv‐698 (S.D. Ohio 05/20/15).