Species Similarity Index Research Articles

Beneficios de la visualización de gradientes de factores ambientales: un caso de estudio en un área protegida en Rusia central

Introduction: Ecological scales include plant species, which are responsive to changes in habitat conditions. Such plants act as phytoindicators that integrate many environmental factors. Objective: To identify suitable habitats for searched-for plant species based on phytoindication data. Materials and methods: Altogether, 47 square plots (100 m2) were established within a selected forest area of the Mordovia State Nature Reserve. In each plot, species composition was recorded for further analysis, and the mean values of four environmental factors (shading, soil moisture, soil nitrogen, and soil pH) were calculated using the Tsyganov ecological scale. To visualize changes in factor values, contour maps were created for each factor. To reveal differences between species composition in study plots, Jaccard’s similarity index was calculated. Results and discussion: All study plots have been arranged mainly along gradients of three soil parameters, namely pH, nitrogen availability and moisture, while habitat shading has not acted as strongly. Gradient maps obtained of four selected environmental factors demonstrated remarkable similarity. This suggestion is confirmed by the distinguishing of three areas because of overlapping of these maps. Similarity between values of environmental factors and plant distribution was determined. The use of phytoindication methods allows showing changes in the values of environmental factors in a forest area, and being combined with a species similarity index, it is possible to predict habitat suitability for threatened plants. Conclusions: The possibility of indicating and finding an area suitable for inhabitation of plants based on the phytoindication ecological scale approach was determined. As threatened plants have a narrower range of environmental conditions, this method is especially suitable for these investigations.

DIVERSITAS SEMUT (Hymenoptera : Formicidae) PADA LAHAN GAMBUT DI DESA KUALA DUA KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA

Secondary peatlands located in Kuala Dua Village, Kubu Raya Regency have various types of insects, one of which dominates is ants. Ants are members of the Order of Hymenoptera which have high diversity and complexity as social animals. Ants play a role in spreading seeds, other insect predators, spore spreaders, decomposers, ecological controllers. Information about the diversity of ants in Kubu Raya Regency is still very limited, especially those on peat land in Kuala Dua Village, Kubu Raya District, therefore research on ant diversity needs to be done with the aim to record the diversity of ants on these peatlands. Laying down the observation path is done intentionally (Purposive sampling). The method used is hand collecting and leaf litter sifting. The results shows that seven genera and four subfamily were obtained. Subfamily found is Formicinae, Ponerinae, Myrmicinae, and Dolichoderinae. The Subfamily Formicinae consists of the genus Camponotus, Colobobsis, Polyrhachis, Anoplolepis. The Ponerinae subfamily consists of the genus Leptogenys. Subfamily Myrmicinae consists of the genus Pheidole. The Dolichoderinae subfamily consists of the genus Ecphorella. The diversity index value on line 1 (1.30) is classified as medium category, line 2 (0.80) is classified as low category and line 3 (0.34) is classified as low category. The abundance index on line 1 (0.80) is classified as high category, line 2 (0.73) is classified as low category, line 3 (0.50) is classified as low category. The similarity index of ant species on line 1 and line 2 are (25%) which classified as low category. Line 1 and 3 are (57.14%) classified as medium category. The similarity index of ant species on line 2 and 3 (40%) were also classified as medium category.Keywords: ants, diversity, Kubu Raya District, peat land.

KEANEKARAGAMAN DAN KOMPOSISI IKAN PADA KONDISI PASANG DAN SURUT DI MUARA SUNGAI KELAY KABUPATEN BERAU KALIMANTAN TIMUR

Research on diversity and composition of fish at low tide and high tide condition in downstream Kelay River, District Berau, East Kalimantan is not yet know. The purpose of this research was to determine diversity and composition of fish that present at low tide and high tide condition in downstream Kelay River. In research using purposive sampling method and various sizes gill nets used. Results of this research shows that fish were collected at three locations sampling in downstream Kelay River consist of 14 species, 9 families, and 953 individuals. Based on the number of species, diversity Shannon-Wiener index and dominance index has stable of communities, with high value of diversity index (H'=1.975), high evenness index (E=0.749), and low value of dominance index (D= 0.173). The number of fish species found at low tide were 11 species and at high tide were 12 species. The similarity index of fish species at low tide and high tide condition were 64.3%.

KEANEKARAGAMAN JENIS GASTROPODA DI HUTAN MANGROVE SUNGAI KAKAP KABUPATEN KUBU RAYA

Gastropod is one of the mollusk phylum that can adapt and decompose in mangrove forests. The mangrove forest in Sungai Kakap is an area that is slowly being opened due to the local community people’s activities. They opened land to build buildings, farms, and villages. This research is aimed at studying the diversity of Gastropod and the influence of the mangrove tree density on the gastropod diversity in the mangrove forest of Sungai Kakap, Sungai Kakap Village of Kubu Raya Regency. The data were taken in May 2018. The analysis was conducted using the observation method by making six observation lines. The lines were differentiated based on the density of the vegetations: dense, medium, and sparse. The number of Gastropods found in the Kakap River mangrove forest is 4 types of gastropods with a total of 252 individuals. Respectively from dense, medium, and sparse vegetation, the gastropod dominance index is 0.68, 0.37, and 0.51; the diversity index is 0.25, 0.49, and 0.33; the species average index is 0.27, 0.97, and 0.4; and the gastropod species richness index is 4.03, 1.18, and 0.7. Lastly, the species similarity index is respectively 86%, 66%, and 86%. Keywords: Gastropod, Mangrove Forests, Vegetation density.

KEANEKARAGAMAN AVIFAUNA DIURNAL PADA KAWASAN MEMPAWAH MANGROVE PARK DAN SEKITARNYA DI DESA PASIR KABUPATEN MEMPAWAH

Avifauna is one of the animals that is easily found in various places, and is one indicator of environmental quality. Avifauna has the ability to spread seeds, help pollinate, natural predators of other animals, and others. This study aims to record the diversity of diurnal avifauna in area Mempawah Mangrove Park and its surroundings in Pasir Village Mempawah Hilir Subdistrict, Mempawah district. The research method used the Point count method, whose observation points are obtained by Purposive sampling, carried out on 9 July-9 August 2018. The results of observations were 35 species of avifauna consisting of 24 families which were divided into three habitats, in the mangrove habitat there were 18 species and 15 families, mixed garden contained 22 species and 18 families, and rice field contained 17 species and 11 families. The dominance index in the mangrove habitat is C = 0.40, mixed garden is C = 0.10 and rice is C = 0.13, indicates that no species dominates the other species, meaning the role of the avifauna species found in all three same habitat. Diversity index shows that mixed garden habitat has a higher species diversity with () = 2.66, mangrove habitat is () = 2.43 and a rice field habitat is () = 2.40, indicates that the three habitats have diversity with moderately criteria. Evenness index in mangrove habitat is (E) = 0.84, in mixed garden habitat is (E) = 0.85 and a rice field habitat is (E) = 0.85, indicates the three habitats the abundance includes evenly distributed or included in a stable community. The highest similarity index of avifauna species is between mangrove habitat and mixed garden with a percentage of 53.58%, rice field habitat with a garden with a percentage of 53.19%, and mangrove habitat with rice fields with a percentage of 38.49%. The highest similarity was between.Keywords: Avifauna, Diversity, Mempawah Mangrove Park

Vegetation analysis of tree communities at some forest patches in North Sulawesi, Indonesia

Abstract. Siregar M, Helmanto H, Rakhmawati SU. 2019. Vegetation analysis of tree communities at some forest patches in North Sulawesi, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 20: 643-655. Deforestation has caused a decline in forest area in Indonesia. Now natural forests is left in the conservation areas while those outside conservation areas are narrow and fragmented. This study aims to analyze forest vegetation and conservation status of the species of trees in some forest patches in North Sulawesi. Diversity, structure and type of tree communities at five forest patches, namely in the villages of Bukaka, Garini and Lambak in East Bolaang Mongondow District, and Soyowan and Basaan villages in Southeast Minahasa District, North Sulawesi Province were studied using a point center quarter method. The total number of tree species (dbh ≥ 10 cm) across five patches is 84 species. The highest number of species is in Garini (37 species), followed by Lambak (25 species), Soyowan (19 species), Bukaka (10 species) and Basaan (7 species). The species diversity index also shows the same pattern with such species richness, but the dominance index demonstrates opposite trend. The highest evenness index (E) is found in Bukaka (E = 0.9524), followed by Soyowan (E = 0.9061), Garini (E = 0.7873), Basaan (E = 0.7809) and Lambak (E = 0.7099). The most important tree species based on the Species Important Value (SIV) in Bukaka is Ficus sp. (SIV = 52.17), in Garini is Octomeles sumatrana (SIV = 25.73), in Lambak is Boehmeria cylindrica (SIV = 65.03), both in Basaan and Soyowan is Dracontomelon dao with SIV of 96.87 and 46.46 respectively. The beta diversity analyzed based on species similarity index of Jaccard and Whittaker 's index shows a relatively large change in species composition from one location to another. The family of Moraceae, Malvaceae, Anacardiaceae, Annonaceae and Lauraceae are listed as the widest family with a relatively high population. The highest tree density is found in Bukaka (721 trees ha-1), followed by Lambak (482 trees ha-1), Basaan (439 trees ha-1), Garini (292 trees ha-1) and Soyowan (164 trees ha-1). The highest basal area is also found in Garini (53.59 m2 ha-1), followed by Basaan (51.62 m2 ha-1), Lambak (30.74 m2 ha-1), Soyowan (25.13 m2 ha-1) and Bukaka (20.98 m2 ha-1). The results of Cluster analysis using data of species abundance indicate that the five research locations tend to form two types of tree communities. The first community consists of Garini, Soyowan, Lambak and Bukaka, while the second community is represented only by Basaan.

Ecosystem Services in Coffee (Coffea arabica L.) Production System in The District of West Bandung, West Java: The Community Structure and Diversity of “Direct and Indirect” Pollinator Insects

Many biological production systems depend on regulating services performed by insects for economic benefits, and coffee (Coffea arabica L.) production system is one of them. On the other hand, coffee plantation makes a good habitat for insects communities, especially direct and indirect pollinator insects. A study focused on the community structure and the diversity of “direct and indirect”pollinator insects has been carried out in coffee plantation located in West Bandung Regency, West Java. The main objectives of the study were to elucidate pollinator insect community’s structure, diversity, and relationship between insects distribution along some measured environmental factors. A field survey combining a number of transects and sampling techniques were performed using netting, pan traps, and Malaise traps. Fifty species of 30 families and four ordersofinsects directly and indirectly involved in flower pollinationwere identified. The Diversity and Species Richness Indices indicatedhigh value (H′ = 3,30; R=8,18). Species Evenness Indexshowed an evenly distributed species (E′ = 0,84);Species Similarity Index showed a moderate diversity (Cs=0,58). The ordination analysis suggested that some abiotic parameters such as altitude, wind, air temperature, air humidity, and light intensity were importantenvironmental factors affecting the occurrence of pollinator insects in coffee plantation.

The hydro-environmental conditions and zooplankton of the light house creek, Lagos, Nigeria

The hydro-environmental characteristics and zooplankton diversity at the Light-house creek were investigated for six months. Variations in water quality parameters were linked with tidal sea water incursion and rainfall/floodwater dynamics. Water and air temperatures were high (>25.8⁰C; >28 ⁰C) and Transparency decreased in the wet months. Salinity values were high (>19 ‰) all through, while the water remained alkaline (≥6.68). Biochemical oxygen demand (4.0-18.0 mg/L), chemical oxygen demand (1.0 and 2.0 mg/L) phosphate (0.06 and 8.40 mg/L) and nitrate showed variations (0.80 mg/L). On the other hand, minimum sulphate value was 224.0 mg/L while silicate values ranged from 2.10 to 4.60 mg/L. Zinc (<0.047 mg/L), Iron (<0.28 mg/L) and copper values (<0.014 mg/L) also varied. The zooplankton spectrum comprised 62.36% Arthropoda, 0.78% Chordata, 0.71% Cnidaria, 35.9%, juvenile stages and 0.95% were from other groups. A total of 49 zooplankton taxa from five different phyla and 18 juvenile stages were identified. Zooplankton biomass in terms of individuals per ml was higher in the dry than wet months. The copepod nauplii, bivalve and zoea larvae were the dorminant juvenile forms. Species richness indices (d) and similarity index were higher in the dry months than the wet months. Key Words : Phytoplankton, juvenile stages, Lagos habour, lagoon, water chemistry, mangrove creek

Carabidae of Barnaul city parks: ecological characteristics and species composition

&lt;p&gt;Anthropogenic impact on the population of ground beetles leads to a change in their numbers, structure of dominance, density, species composition, spectrum of life forms. This makes the beetles Carabidae a convenient and informative bioindicator of the ecological state of biocenoses. The material for this work was the Carabidae collections conducted in June-August 2016-2017 in the park zone of different regions of Barnaul, differing in location, area, hydrological regime, vegetation cover, purpose and anthropogenic load. When processing the material, the quantitative, species and generic composition of the carabidae was determined, calculations were made for such indicators as the Berger-Parker dominance index, the Shannon species diversity index (Hs), and the Jacquard species similarity index. The fauna (Coleoptera, Carabidae) of the park zone of Barnaul is represented by 55 species belonging to 20 genera. The dominant group is represented by species belonging to steppe, forest and polyzonal groups. Forest-steppe species of ground beetles as dominants have not been identified in any of the investigated territories. The greatest variety of ecological groups was noted on the territory of the Yubileyny рark, which is explained by the presence of zones with various microclimatic conditions, the presence of a birch grove that flows through the park with the Pivovarka River, and a wide log in the park. Registered species belong to eight groups of life forms belonging to two classes - zoophagous and myxophytophagous. On the numerical and species abundance, zoophages predominate. The spectrum of life forms corresponds to the zonal spectrum characteristic of the forest-steppe zone.&lt;/p&gt;&lt;p&gt; &lt;/p&gt;

Зоопланктон прибрежий малых озер и рек Байкало-Ленского бассейна

Zooplankton in the coastal zone of 11 small lakes and two small rivers has been investigated. The water bodies relate to the Lake Baikal basin and locate within the boundaries of the specially protected nature territory – Ivanovo-Arakhley nature landscape reserve (Chita Rayon, Zabaikal Kray). The material was collected and processed according to the standard hydro/biological methods. Qualitative composition of hydrocoles included 92 taxones of the rank lower than genus from 8 orders, 27 families, and 53 genera. As for diversity, Rotifera dominated (54 %), the second in rating was Cladocera (30 %), and the share of Copepoda was 16 %. In the species composition in terms of ecological/geographical characteristics cosmopolites (46 %), eurybiontes (41 %) and species with combined type of movement (46 %) dominated, while in terms of the feeding mode vertikators and filtrators (61 %) dominated. Zooplankton of small lakes and rivers possesses high species-specificity. The Chekanovsky-Serensen species similarity index varied from 0 to 0.57. Total values of the invertebrates abundance and biomass in the lakes varied from 36.71 thousand pcs/m3 and 0.11 g/m3 (Lake Karas) to 43814.4 thousand pcs/m3 and 41.88 g/m3 (Lake Bolshoye Guzhirnoye). Rotifera and Copepoda prevailed in plankton. In the Shirokaya and Osinovka rivers quantitative indices corresponded to 6.36–6.42 thousand pcs/m3 and 0.03-0.06 g/m3, respectively. River communities were comprised mostly Crustacea. Qualitative heterogeneity and considerable variation of the zooplankton quantitative characteristics in the considered water bodies were caused by a set of natural/geographic conditions and the anthropogenic factors’ impact.

KEKAYAAN JENIS BURUNG DI PULAU SERANGAN, BALI

This study aims to determine the species richness of bird species on the island of Serangan, Bali in February and March 2016. Observations were made of 20 time, which is held in the morning (06.00-09.00 am) and afternoon (15.00-18.00 pm). Observations were made on five types of habitat that are beaches, mangroves, lagoons, forest plantations and settlements. The study was conducted by recording ten species methods. Identification of species of birds refers to the morphological characters of the and also by voice. The resultsshowed 55 species of birds are found in five types of habitat which is included in 30 families, 25 types of which are species of shore birds and 30 species are terrestrial birds. In the lagoon habitat found 46 species, on mangrove found 28 species, forest plants are found 22 species, Beach habitat are found 20 species and settlements are found 14 species of birds. Similarity index of bird species in each habitat were: the beachmangrove 63%, beach-lagoon 61%, coast-forest plants 48%, beach-residential 47%, mangrove-lagoon 68%, mangrove-forest plants 52%, mangrove-residential 48%, the lagoon-forest plants 47%, the lagoon-residential 40%, plantations-residential 56%. Of the 55 species of birds were found, 15 species are protected birds and 12 species are migratory birds.

Weed composition study on wheat and boro rice in research and farmers’ fields

A weed survey was conducted in Agronomy Field Laboratory, BAUFarm and farmers’ fields of Sutiakhali Natunchar village in Mymensingh district during the period from December 2015 to March 2016 to study the weed vegetation in wheat and boro rice. Ten fields were selected for each crop from each location. A quadrat of 0.25 m2 was placed randomly at four places in each plot and the weeds within the quadrat were identified and counted species-wise. The results revealed that the composition of weed species in two different crops was different and the composition of weed flora in each crop under different locations was also different. In wheat, a total number of 29 weed species belonging to 16 families were found from all three locations. The infesting weed species were 18 in Agronomy Field Laboratory, 16 species in BAU Farm and 19 species in farmers’ fields. From the five most dominant species, Polygonum hydropiper had the highest relative abundance value in both Agronomy Field Laboratory and BAU Farm and on the other hand, in farmers’ field, a new weed species, Eleusine indica was in the top most of the dominant list. The other weed species which were present in the dominant list of three locations were Cynodon dactylon, Cyperus rotundus, Paspalum distichum, Chenopodium album, Marsilea quadrifolia and Leucas aspera. In boro rice fields, among the three locations, 25 weed species were observed in total belonging to 13 families. Of which, 20 weed species were found in both Agronomy Field Laboratory and BAU Farm whereas in farmers’ fields, 21 weed species were identified. In both Agronomy Field Laboratory and BAU Farm, Eleocharis atropurpurea had the highest abundance value but in farmers’ field, Cyperus difformis occupied the highest value. The other dominant weed species were Leersia hexandra, Monochoria vaginalis, Echinochloa crusgalli, Paspalum distichum and Alternanthera philoxeroides found in three locations. Many common weeds were present in three locations in a crop but their frequency, uniformity, density and relative abundance value were different. The similarity index of weed species between wheat and boro rice indicated that the infesting weed species between the two crops was less associated. Thus the weed divergence in boro rice with wheat was high. From this study it was clear that the weed infestation was changed by crop and locations. In this study a little bit divergence and ranking of five most abundant weed species and low similarity index value of weed species in different crops under a specific area or among the area indicated that weed control measure should be adopted on crop basis in a specific area considering the dominant weed species.J. Bangladesh Agril. Univ. 15(2): 148-157, December 2017

Keanekaragaman Jenis Kupu-kupu di Taman Nasional Karimunjawa Jawa Tengah

Karimunjawa National Park has several types of ecosystems that hold high biodiversity potential and have not been fully recorded. Karimunjawa National Park is the habitat of flora and fauna including butterflies there. The objective of the research was the diversity of butterfly species in Karimunjawa Island. The study was conducted on August-September 2017. The method of the research using Point Count method. Data analysis using diversity index, evenness index, dominance index, and similarity index. The results showed that the index of diversity (H') of butterfly community on Karimunjawa Island has value (2.95), it indicates that the condition of the butterfly community is stable. The result of the Eveness Index obtained a high yield E = 0.76, it shows that the individual distribution of each type of butterfly on Karimunjawa Island is evenly distributed. The result of the dominant Index shows a low value (0.10), thus no dominance is concentrated on a particular type of butterfly. Analysis of similarity index of species in all habitats observed obtained results IS= 53-73%, this shows that in the three habitats observed can be inhabited by almost all butterfly species and Has an equally important role as a community of butterflies in Karimunjawa Island.&#x0D; Keywords: biodiversity, butterfly, Karimunjawa Island

STRUKTUR KOMUNITAS BURUNG DI TAMAN SITULEMBANG, TAMAN SUROPATI , DAN TAMAN MENTENG, JAKARTA PUSAT

Birds are one of the animals that can be encountered utilizing City Park as a habitat. The existence of birds in a habitat influenced by factors such as life support shelter and feed availability. Situlembang Park, Suropati Park, and Menteng Park has a different characteristic. The purpose of this research was to observe differences in the structure of bird communities in the three parks. This study was conducted in January-March 2015 using descriptive method with point count technique. Results of the research the highest abundance of species in the Situlembang park is Pycnonoctus aurigaster, while bird species in Menteng Park and Suropati Park is Passer mountanus. The highest levels of bird diversity found in Situlembang park is 2,37 then Suropati Park (2.18), and Lowest Menteng Park (2.17). Bird species evenness index in the three parks is high (0.80 to 0.81) and and the dominance index is low (0.13 to 0.15) .The level in similarity index of bird species in the three parks is high (0,80- 0.88).

충남 광역생태네트워크 자연녹지의 훼손지 식생구조 변화

This study was carried out to analyze vegetation structure and change of the disturbed area in forest ecosystem(FE), riparian ecosystem(RE) and coastal ecosystem(CE) related to Regional Ecological Network at Chungnam province through constancy and dominance analysis, species diversity index, similarity index and canonical correlation analysis. Data were collected from April to October in 2015. As a result of constancy and dominance analysis of forest disturbed area, non-effective species(NES) was 30 species(17.0%), exported species(ES) was 98 species(55.7%) and imported species(IS) was 48 species(27.3%) among the total 176 species, respectively. In riparian disturbed area with total 139 species, there were 16 NES(11.5%), 98 ES(70.5%) and 25 IS(18.0%) respectively. In coastal disturbed area with 140 species, there were 20 NES(14.3%), 88 ES(62.9%) and 32 IS(22.9%) respectively. In all types of disturbed areas, the ratio of ES was higher than IS. As a result of species diversity, species richness and shannon's diversity index of disturbed area decreased in all kinds of crown strata such as tree, subtree, shrub and herb layer compared to the control area. As a result of similarity index, that of each type between control site and disturbed site was 0.374 in FE, 0.329 in CE and 0.259 in RE in the order. As a result of the CCA analysis, the number of present species, vine plants ratio and exported species ratio in disturbed area of FE and RE were decreased, and the naturalized plant ratio, imported species ratio and herb ratio were increased. But environmental factors of CE were not shown any clear tendency. In conclusion, many species occupied in control site disappeared into the disturbed area, and the naturalized plants and herb species were abundantly imported in the area. Therefore, it was considered that this study could be applied to the development of long-term and short-term ecological restoration techniques in view of vegetation changes.

Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia

Abstract. Jasmi. 2017. Diversity and blooming season of food sources plant of Apis cerana (Hymenoptera: Apidae) in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 18: 34-40. The existence of honeybees in a habitat was highly affected by the presence of food source plant. Therefore, the research was conducted to examine the diversity and the blooming season of food source plant of Apis cerana Fabr. in polyculture plantation in West Sumatra from March 2011 to March 2012. Samples were collected with a plot method of 100 m x 100 m on altitudes of &lt;100 m and &gt;1.000 m asl. The results showed that 94 species (34 families) of food source plants for A. cerana were found. The most found species were Asteraceae (12 species) and Leguminoceae family (10 species). On the plateau, food source plants were 21 species, while on lowland there were 18 species and on both altitudes, there were 55 species (similarity index 75.34%). The number of cultivated plants was 46 species and the number of wild plants was 48 species. The cultivated plants in lowland were 34 species and 33 species in the plateau (similarity index 59.70%). Plants that bloom all year round were 59 species, plants that bloom depending on growing season were 15 species and annual plants that bloom annually were 20 species. The largest number of flowering plants was found in August with 88 species out of 94 species found.Keywords: Apis cerana, blooming season, diversity, food source plant, polyculture plantation

Biodiversity of Plants and Birds in Reclamation Area of PT Bukit Asam, Muara Enim, South Sumatera

Mining activities will reduce species diversity, whereas forest reclamation would restore the species diversity, which was previously a forested area. This research was conducted in PT Bukit Asam area, in 6 locations, and in natural forest, as a comparison. The objective of this research was identifying biodiversity of plants and birds in a reclamation area which had different planting years through an approach of diversity indices of vegetation and birds (H'), index of species similarity of plants and birds, and leaf area index (LAI). Research results showed that secondary succession occurred in the reclamation area. The value of plant diversity index in reclamation area of 1995 planting year exhibited diversity values which approached that of natural forest, except for undergrowth vegetation. Index of plant species similarity between reclamation area and natural forest did not show any presence of similar communities, but the reclamation area of 1995 planting year exhibited values of plant species similarity indices at all strata, ranging from undergrowth vegetation, seedlings, saplings, poles, and trees. Index of bird diversity in reclamation area of planting the year 1998 possessed the highest value and approached that of natural forest, namely 2.43. Reclamation area of 1998 planting year possessed the highest similarity index of bird species, namely 50%. Reclamation area of the planting year 1995 possessed LAI which approached natural forest, namely 1.89. The older the planting year, the larger was the value of LAI, except for the disturbed reclamation area, namely reclamation area of 1996 planting year and reclamation area of 2001 planting year.

Fungal Biodiversity in Cardamom Protected Forests and Seima Biodiversity Conservation Area of Cambodia

Mushroom surveys and collections were conducted in the western and eastern forest areas in Cambodia, and then fungal biodiversity was analyzed by identifying mushrooms. One thousand and three hundreds eighty three specimens were identified by morphological and genetical characteristics, and were classified into 238 species, 160 genera, 52 families, 15 orders, and 3 phylums. The collected mushrooms were immersed in 70% ethyl alcohol for DNA extraction, and the rest of them were dried in the portable mushroom dryer for 12 hrs. Among these mushrooms, the genera Mycena (8.7%), Ganoderma (5.6%), Microporus (5.3%), Marasmius (4.2%), Marasmiellus (3.0%), Phellinus (2.5%), Trametes (2.5%), Hygrocybe (1.9%) and Pycnoporus (1.5%) were dominant. In the western Cambodia, 1,061 specimens were collected from Koh Kong forests, while 263 specimens were collected from the eastern Cambodia, Seima and Mondulkiri forests. Elevations of surveyed sites were ranged from 0 to 750 m above sea level. The number of species observed in the elevation of 251-500 m was the highest as compared to the other ranges of elevation. Daldinia concentrica, Microporus vernicipes, Microporus xanthopus, Pycnoporus coccineus, Stereum hirsutum, and Stereum ostrea were commonly distributed in all ranges of elevation, while the distribution of Ceratomyxa fruticulosa, Panus fulvus, Schizophyllum, Trametes versicolor, and Tyromyces chioneus were limited under 500 m. One hundred and forty one species including Amauroderma sp., Bjerkandera adusta, Trichaptum abietinum, and Tyromyces chioneus were collected only in Cardamom, while 20 species including Auricularia auricula-judae, Coriolopsis sanguinaria, Rigidoporus microporus, and Xylaria polymorpha were collected only in Seima. Ganoderma sp., Mycena sp., Marasmius sp., Microporus xanthopus, Phellinus sp., and Russula sp. were dominant species in both the western and eastern Cambodia. Species diversity indices in the eastern and western survey sites were 1.83 and 1.77, respectively, while evenness indices were 0.92 and 0.90. The species similarity index between two survey sites was 0.42.

Post-Breeding and Early Migrant Bird Use and Characteristics of Diked and Undiked Coastal Wetlands in Michigan, USA

Abstract. Bird use of diked and undiked Michigan coastal wetlands (n = 17) was studied on Lake St. Clair and Lake Huron during late July to mid-October, 2005–2007. Relative abundance and diversity were compared via aerial (n = 9) and ground (n= 155) surveys and wetland characteristics were measured. Species richness and similarity indices suggested analogous bird use, but multivariate analyses indicated significant separation in diked and undiked bird assemblages. Wood Duck (Aix sponsa), Great Blue Heron (Ardea herodias), and Wilson's Snipe (Gallinago delicata) were more abundant on diked sites, whereas dabbling ducks combined, Mallard (Anas platyrhynchos), American Black Duck (A. rubripes), gulls (Laridae), Forster's Tern (Sterna forsteri), and Greater Yellowlegs (Tringa melanoleuca) were more abundant on undiked wetlands. Wetland characteristics also differed. Diked sites were primarily cattail (Typha spp.) marshes interspersed with small open-water areas containing aquatic plants. Undiked sites had lar...

Do Tillage Methods Affect Germination and Species Similarity of Soil Weed Seeds Bank?

Abstract Cultural practices such as tillage used for crop production influence the composition of the weed seed bank in the soil. In order to investigate the effects of different tillage methods on seed bank properties, species diversity and similarity, two laboratory and greenhouse experiments were carried out as randomized complete block design with four replications in 2011. Treatments included: once tillage per year (T1), twice tillage per year (T2), more than twice tillage (T3) and no tillage (T4). Laboratory results showed that the T3 and T4 treatments had the highest and the lowest observed seeds numbers, respectively. Between the laboratory observed weed seeds, the maximum weed seed numbers were Echinochloa crus-galli and Amaranthus retroflexus in the T3 treatment, while Chenopodium album, Polygonum aviculare and Cuscuta campestris had the highest seed numbers in the T2 treatment. At the greenhouse study, Chenopodium album, Amaranthus retroflexus and Hordeum morinum in the T2 treatment were dominant species. The highest diversity was observed in the T2 treatment, and Chenopodium album and Echinochloa crus-galli were dominant species in the T2 and T3 treatments. Maximum species similarity index was achieved from the T1 and T3 treatments. Thereby this study concluded that increasing of tillage number could affect the similarity index of weed seeds and subsequently alters the weed community composition.