Species Of Conidiobolus Research Articles

An old confusion: Entomophthoromycosis versus mucormycosis and their main differences.

Fungal diseases were underestimated for many years. And the global burden of fungal infections is substantial and has increased in recent years. Invasive fungal infections have been linked to several risk factors in humans which basically depend on the individual homeostasis of the patients. However, many fungi can infect even apparently healthy people. Knowledge of these pathogens is critical in reducing or stopping morbidity and/or mortality statistics due to fungal pathogens. Successful therapeutic strategies rely on rapid diagnosis of the causative fungal agent and the underlying disease. However, the terminology of the diseases was updated to existing phylogenetic classifications and led to confusion in the definition of mucormycosis, conidiobolomycosis, and basidiobolomycosis, which were previously grouped under the now-uncommon term zygomycosis. Therefore, the ecological, taxonomic, clinical, and diagnostic differences are addressed to optimize the understanding and definition of these diseases. The term "coenocytic hyphomycosis" is proposed to summarize all fungal infections caused by Mucorales and species of Basidiobolus and Conidiobolus.

Three new species of Conidiobolus sensu stricto from plant debris in eastern China.

The genus Conidiobolus Bref. is widely distributed and the Conidiobolus sensu lato contained three other genera, Capillidium, Microconidiobolus and Neoconidiobolus. A molecular phylogeny based on the nuclear large subunit of rDNA (nucLSU), the mitochondrial small subunit of rDNA (mtSSU) and the translation elongation factor 1-alpha gene (TEF1) revealed three novel species within the clade of Conidiobolus s.s., i.e. C. bifurcatussp. nov., C. taihushanensissp. nov. and C. variabilissp. nov. These three species were isolated from plant debris in eastern China. Morphologically, C. bifurcatussp. nov. is characterised by its secondary conidiophores often branched at the tip to form two short stipes each bearing a secondary conidium. C. taihushanensissp. nov. is different from the others in its straight apical mycelia and the production of 2–5 conidia. C. variabilissp. nov. is distinctive because of its various shapes of primary conidia. All these three new taxa are illustrated herein with an update key to the species of the genus Conidiobolus s.s.

Two new species of Conidiobolus occurring in Anhui, China

Two new species of Conidiobolus were isolated from Anhui Province, China. A polyphasic taxonomic approach comprising morphological characteristics and molecular data (the nuclear large subunit of ribosomal DNA and the translation elongation factor 1 alpha gene sequences) was applied to determine their novel taxonomic status in the genus Conidiobolus. The new species C. mirabilis is a sister group to C. thromoides, but morphologically differs by smaller primary conidia and a unique formation of zygospores among two to four adjacent hyphal segments. The other new species C. pachyzygosporus characterized with thick-walled zygospores is phylogenetically closely related to C. antarcticus, C. couchii, and C. osmodes.

A new species of Conidiobolus with chlamydospores from Dabie Mountains, Eastern China

A new species of Conidiobolus with chlamydospores from Dabie Mountains, Eastern China

Molecular phylogeny of the Entomophthoromycota

The Entomophthoromycota is a ubiquitous group of fungi best known as pathogens of a wide variety of economically important insect pests, and other soil invertebrates. This group of fungi also includes a small number of parasites of reptiles, vertebrates (including humans), macromycetes, fern gametophytes, and desmid algae, as well as some saprobic species. Here we report on recent studies to resolve the phylogenetic relationships within the Entomophthoromycota and to reliably place this group among other basal fungal lineages. Bayesian Interference (BI) and Maximum Likelihood (ML) analyses of three genes (nuclear 18S and 28S rDNA, mitochondrial 16S, and the protein-coding RPB2) as well as non-molecular data consistently and unambiguously identify 31 taxa of Entomophthoromycota as a monophyletic group distinct from other Zygomycota and flagellated fungi. Using the constraints of our multi-gene dataset we constructed the most comprehensive rDNA phylogeny yet available for Entomophthoromycota. The taxa studied here belong to five distinct, well-supported lineages. The Basidiobolus clade is the earliest diverging lineage, comprised of saprobe species of Basidiobolus and the undescribed snake parasite Schizangiella serpentis nom. prov. The Conidiobolus lineage is represented by a paraphyletic grade of trophically diverse species that include saprobes, insect pathogens, and facultative human pathogens. Three well supported and exclusively entomopathogenic lineages in the Entomophthoraceae center around the genera Batkoa, Entomophthora and Zoophthora, although several genera within this crown clade are resolved as non-monophyletic. Ancestral state reconstruction suggests that the ancestor of all Entomophthoromycota was morphologically similar to species of Conidiobolus. Analyses using strict, relaxed, and local molecular clock models documented highly variable DNA substitution rates among lineages of Entomophthoromycota. Despite the complications caused by different rates of molecular evolution among lineages, our dating analysis indicates that the Entomophthoromycota originated 405±90million years ago. We suggest that entomopathogenic lineages in Entomophthoraceae probably evolved from saprobic or facultatively pathogenic ancestors during or shortly after the evolutionary radiation of the arthropods.

A New Thermophilic Species of Conidiobolus from India

A Conidiobolus isolate growing optimally at 40 degrees C was isolated from decomposing leaf litter and has been designated as a new species, Conidiobolus thermophilus. Colony growth, conidial discharge and smooth zygospore formation was rapid at 40 degrees C, while comparative growth at 35 and 45 degrees C was slower. On the basis of its thermophilic character and morphological distinctness from all other species, the isolate is considered as a species new to science. There have been no published reports of any thermophilic or thermotolerant strains of Conidiobolus. The present fungus was isolated as part of an ongoing programme of selective isolation of unusual/rare thermophilic fungi from compost and decomposed terrestrial plant materials.

Pathogenicity of Conidiobolus spp. and Basidiobolus ranarum to arthropods co-occurring in leaf litter

Abstract A novel method is described for the extraction and presentation of mixed arthropods from litter as targets for potentially pathogenic species of Conidiobolus and Basidiobolus (Zygomycetes: Entomophthorales). All arthropods and test fungi (except C. nr. pumilus from broad leaf litter) were from the same larch (Larix) plantation. For 8 fungus species a bioassay (and repeat), were followed by survivorship comparison tests; Breslow, Logrank (Mantel-Heinszel/Peto) and Wilcoxon (Gehan/Lee-Desau). These were applied to test and control data separately for collembola and mites. Kaplan-Meier plots of Hazard Function were made. Of possible pathogenic effects the most marked was the high mortality of collembola and mites when showered with conidia of C. coronatus. Conidiobolus thromboides (collembola and mites) and C. osmodes (mites only) were associated with enhanced death in one of their two bioassays. Of the other 5 test species, C. adiaeretus and C. iuxtagenitus gave no indication of pathogenicity; nor did C. lamprauges, C. heterosporus and C. pumilus. Ecological implications are briefly discussed.

Natural occurrence of and inoculation experiments withConidiobolus coronatus andConidiobolus sp. in glasshouse populations ofBemisia tabaci

Bemisia tabaci (Gennadius), the sweetpotato whitefly, has only one known entomophthoralean pathogen,Erynia radicans (Entomophthoraceae). Two new pathogens have been isolated recently from a glasshouse population of this pest:Conidiobolus coronatus and another, undescribed species ofConidiobolus (Entomophthorales: Ancylistaceae). Artificial inoculation experiments revealed that eggs ofB. tabaci are practically immune to infection by either species. Second-instar larvae are highly resistant, only high doses of conidia causing between <1% and 4.6% mortality. Adults were found to be much more susceptible. Doses of 60 conidia/mm2 ofC. coronatus caused average mortalities ofca 95%. The maximum mortality of adults caused byConidiobolus sp. was much lower,ca 30%, at a dose of 210 conidia/mm2. The incubation period (inoculation to death) for both species, under our experimental conditions, is very short: 18–24 h forC. coronatus and 30 h forConidiobolus sp. Both fungi produced loricoconidia (conidia metamorphosed into resting spores) on cotton leaves and other dry surfaces. This ability allowedConidiobolus sp. to remain viable for 17–21 days on cotton leaves, in glasshouse conditions and in the absence of hosts, whileC. coronatus persisted for 10–14 days.

Identity of the Etiological Agent of the First Deep Entomophthoraceous Infection of Man in the United States

A deep phycomycotic infection caused by Entomophthora Fres. was reported for the first time in the United States by Gilbert et al. (1970) and was further confirmed by culture and histologic examination of biopsy material by Eckert et al. (1972). The culture was isolated in this case from a hard mass invading the pericardium and the roots of both lungs in a 15-monthold boy and was deposited in the American Type Culture Collection as Entomophthora sp. ATCC 24293. In addition to species of Entomophthora, several species of Conidiobolus Bref. have been isolated from insects and mites (King, 1974). However, the only species of the Entomophthoraceae heretofore reported to be a mammalian pathogen is Conidiobolus coronatus (Cost.) Batko (Bridges et al., 1962; Clark, 1968; Martinson, 1971; Roy and Cameron, 1972). Recently King (1974; 1976) developed methods for the identification of and a key to species of the genus Conidiobolus. Following these procedures, ATCC 24293 was grown on ATCC medium 336 potato dextrose agar (see ATCC Catalogue of Strains, 1974, for formula) in Petri dishes for morphological observations. Cultures were directly examined microscopically and water mounts from cultures were prepared at intervals up to 14 da. Measurements of zygospores and width of older hyphal segments were made from water mounts. In addition, young cultures were inverted over microscope slides to collect primary conidia for measurements in water mounts. Cultures were also inverted over 2% water agar in Petri dishes to allow deposition of conidia for observation of production of types of conidia other than the primary and globose replicative conidia common to all species, and measurement of those conidia. 181

Studies on species of Conidiobolus from India-V

Morphological and cultural studies on two new species ofConidiobolus isolated from plant detritus in India are described.C. terrestris is characterized by mycelium differentiating into chains of hyphal bodies, which in older cultures become thick-walled. The morphological similarity of the fungus to the causal organism of Jorge Lobo's disease in Surinam incited byLoboa loboi and the possibility of that being a species ofConidiobolus are discussed.C. lichenicola isolated from decaying lichens is characterized by a vegetative thallus composed of sinuous, lobate and compacted coralloid mycelial mass. The conidial germination is characteristic and organises the coralloid thallus from the very initial stages.

Evaluation of Taxonomic Characters in the Genus Conidiobolus, with Key to Known Species

SUMMARYAn account of the important taxonomic characters used in the determination of Conidiobolus species is given, and their relative importance discussed. Of the 39 species of Conidiobolus so far described, 31 are recognized as valid species. Three new species, C. macrosporus, C. bangalorensis and C. nodosus are added in the present study.

Studies on Species of Conidiobolus from India: III

SUMMARYThe morphological and cultural characters of three species of Conidiobolus are described. A species forming numerous intercalary chlamydospores is referred to C. globuliferus Drechsl. A second species showing the formation of elongate-ellipsoid secondary conidia is identical with C. heterosporus Drechsl. C. khandalensis is presented as a new species, characterised by thick-walled smooth zygospores and mycelium which is separated into swollen globose hyphal segments.

Studies on Species of Conidiobolus from India—III

Studies on Species of Conidiobolus from India—III

Two Species of Conidiobolus Often Forming Zygospores Adjacent to Antheridium-Like Distentions

Two Species of Conidiobolus Often Forming Zygospores Adjacent to Antheridium-Like Distentions

Two Species of Conidiobolus Often Forming Zygospores Adjacent to Antheridium-like Distentions

Two Species of Conidiobolus Often Forming Zygospores Adjacent to Antheridium-like Distentions

Two New Species of Conidiobolus Found in Plant Detritus

Drechsler, Charles. (Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md.) Two new species of Conidiobolus found in plant detritus. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5) : 368—377. Illus. 1960.–By canopying Petri plates of maize-meal agar with small quantities of friable or mealy plant detritus 2 new species of Conidiobolus, both of moderate dimensions, were isolated. They are described as C. incongruus and C. multivagus. The former, obtained from leaf mold collected in Colorado, produces zygospores which with respect to their internal organization differ markedly from those of congeneric species but resemble rather closely the globuliferous zygospores of Basidiobolus haptosporus and B. meristosporus. Conidiobolus multivagus, obtained from decayed twigs of Casuarina equisetifolia gathered in western Florida, forms a mycelium that soon becomes conspicuously disconnected. The disconnected condition here results partly from the production of many detached slender filaments, which, by constantly withdrawing protoplasmic materials from the posterior end while elongating at the tip, migrate through the slated substratum apparently without any intake of nutrients. The detached conidia of C. incongruus are provided with a more prominent basal papilla than those of C. multivagus, though both species show equally sharp demarcation between the globose main contour of the conidium and the dome-shaped contour of the papillia.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF CONIDIOBOLUS FOUND IN PLANT DETRITUS

Drechsler, Charles. (Plant Industry Sta., Beltsville, Md.) Two new species of Conidiobolus found in plant detritus. Amer. Jour. Bot. 47(5) : 368—377. Illus. 1960.–By canopying Petri plates of maize‐meal agar with small quantities of friable or mealy plant detritus 2 new species of Conidiobolus, both of moderate dimensions, were isolated. They are described as C. incongruus and C. multivagus. The former, obtained from leaf mold collected in Colorado, produces zygospores which with respect to their internal organization differ markedly from those of congeneric species but resemble rather closely the globuliferous zygospores of Basidiobolus haptosporus and B. meristosporus. Conidiobolus multivagus, obtained from decayed twigs of Casuarina equisetifolia gathered in western Florida, forms a mycelium that soon becomes conspicuously disconnected. The disconnected condition here results partly from the production of many detached slender filaments, which, by constantly withdrawing protoplasmic materials from the posterior end while elongating at the tip, migrate through the slated substratum apparently without any intake of nutrients. The detached conidia of C. incongruus are provided with a more prominent basal papilla than those of C. multivagus, though both species show equally sharp demarcation between the globose main contour of the conidium and the dome‐shaped contour of the papillia.

TWO NEW SPECIES OF CONIDIOBOLUS THAT PRODUCE MICROCONIDIA

THE TWO readily culturable fungi herein described as new species of Conidiobolus include in their asexual reproduction the simultaneous development of several-usually 5-15-microconidia on short sterigmata borne radially on of the large globose type familiar in many insectivorous members of the Entomophthoraceae. Such multiplicative development was first made known by Costantin (1897) in the original account of his readily culturable Boudierella coronata, being there presented as a very distinctive feature requiring the erection of a new genus. When Saccardo and Sydow (1899) took occasion to replace the preempted name Boudierella with a new generic term, Delacroixia, they referred to the microconidia as merely conidia secundaria. Gallaud (1905) regarded the microconidia (or en couronne) as borne on protuberances of the same category as tht hair-like outgrowths present on the villous resting spores (or echinulees) he found to originate in D. coronata through conversion of smooth conidia. Kevorkian (1937) apparently shared this view, and held further that the microconidia of D. curonata were equivalent to the secondary produced in the several insectivorous species which Thaxter (1888) assigned to the subgenus Triplospoirium. In describing another readily culturable entomophthoraceous fungus, which, though given to forming microconidia, produced smooth zygospores instead of villous resting spores, Couch (1939) placed primary emphasis on resemblance in sexual reproduction by bringing it into the genus Conidiobolus under the binomial C. brefeldianus. He recognized the production of villous resting spores rather than the formation of microconidia as the chief distinguishing character of Del,acroixia. Thus the mode of sporulation observed by Costantin has lost esteem as a diagnostic feature. The formation of microconidia now appears of moment less as a developmental oddity than as a multiplicative phase of asexual reproduction homologous with the development of zoospores in the Oomycetes and of sporangiospores in the Mucorales (Drechsler, 1946, 1953b). The homology is sustained by observations on asexual reproduction in the two new species, for here no less than in Delacroixia coronata the microconidia develop simultaneously and tend strongly toward uniformity in size irrespective of variations in the dimensions of the parent conidia. Abundant production of

Three New Species of Conidiobolus Isolated from Decaying Plant Detritus

American Journal of BotanyVolume 42, Issue 5 p. 437-443 Article THREE NEW SPECIES OF CONIDIOBOLUS ISOLATED FROM DECAYING PLANT DETRITUS Charles Drechsler, Charles Drechsler Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, MarylandSenior Mycologist, Horticultural Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.Search for more papers by this author Charles Drechsler, Charles Drechsler Plant Industry Station, Beltsville, MarylandSenior Mycologist, Horticultural Crops Research Branch, Agricultural Research Service, United States Department of Agriculture.Search for more papers by this author First published: 01 May 1955 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1955.tb11144.xCitations: 10 AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume42, Issue5May 1955Pages 437-443 RelatedInformation

A NEW CONIDIOBOLUS WITH SEXUAL REPRODUCTION

American Journal of BotanyVolume 26, Issue 3 p. 119-130 Article A NEW CONIDIOBOLUS WITH SEXUAL REPRODUCTION John N. Couch, John N. Couch Department of Botany, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this author John N. Couch, John N. Couch Department of Botany, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North CarolinaSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 March 1939 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1939.tb12878.xCitations: 28AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume26, Issue3March 1939Pages 119-130 RelatedInformation