Terrestrial Orchid Species Research Articles

Field notes: terrestrial orchids in the Lappadata Forest, Bone, South Sulawesi

Plant exploration activities were carried out in the Lappadata Forest Area, Matirro Bulu Village, Libureng District, Bone Regency, South Sulawesi in July 2017. It was succeeded in recording as many as seven species of terrestrial orchids, namely: Eulophia nuda Lindl., Dienia ophrydis (J.Koenig) Seidenf., Crepidium koordersii (J.J.Sm.) Szlach., Nervilia aragoana Comm. ex Gaudich., Nervilia plicata (Andrews) Schltr., Nervilia puntata (Blume) Makino, and Habenaria beccarii Schltr. They grew in shady and damp places on thick or humid soil. This paper will discuss the field notes of those terrestrial orchids found in Lappadata Forest Area.

Isolation and Identification of Endophytic Bacteria from Mycorrhizal Tissues of Terrestrial Orchids from Southern Chile

Endophytic bacteria are relevant symbionts that contribute to plant growth and development. However, the diversity of bacteria associated with the roots of terrestrial orchids colonizing Andean ecosystems is limited. This study identifies and examines the capabilities of endophytic bacteria associated with peloton-containing roots of six terrestrial orchid species from southern Chile. To achieve our goals, we placed superficially disinfected root fragments harboring pelotons on oatmeal agar (OMA) with no antibiotic addition and cultured them until the bacteria appeared. Subsequently, they were purified and identified using molecular tools and examined for plant growth metabolites production and antifungal activity. In total, 168 bacterial strains were isolated and assigned to 8 OTUs. The orders Pseudomonadales, Burkholderiales, and Xanthomonadales of phylum Proteobacteria were the most frequent. The orders Bacillales and Flavobacteriales of the phylla Firmicutes and Bacteroidetes were also obtained. Phosphate solubilization was detected in majority of isolates; however, it was significantly higher in Collimonas pratensis and Chryseobacterium sp. (PSI = 1.505 ± 0.09 and 1.405 ± 0.24, respectively). Siderophore production was recorded only for C. pratensis (0.657 ± 0.14 mm day−1), Dyella marensis (0.131 ± 0.02 mm day−1), and Luteibacter rhizovicinus (0.343 ± 0.12 mm day−1). Indole acetic acid production was highly influenced by the isolate identity; however, the significantly higher activity was recorded for Pseudomonas spp. (ranging from 5.507 ± 1.57 µg mL−1 to 7.437 ± 0.99 µg mL−1). Additionally, six bacterial isolates were able to inhibit the growth of some potential plant pathogenic fungi. Our findings demonstrate the potential for plant growth promoting capabilities and some antifungal activities of endophytic bacteria inhabiting the mycorrhizal tissue of terrestrial orchids, which may contribute especially at early developmental stages of orchid seedlings.

INVENTARISASI JENIS ANGGREK (ORCHIDACEAE) TERESTRIAL DI TAMAN WISATA ALAM BUKIT KELAM KABUPATEN SINTANG

Bukit Kelam Nature Tourism Park in Sintang District is a nature conservation area that has become the habitat for a wide range of endemic flora in West Kalimantan. This study aimed to identify terrrestrial orchids (Orchidaceae) species in Bukit Kelam Nature Tourism Park in Sintang District. This study was conducted from September to November 2017. The inventory of orchids specieswas done by the cruise method. The study obtained 12 terrestrial orchid species i.e Arundina graminifolia, Bromheadia finlaysoniana, Corybas pictus, Coelogyne kelamensis, Dendrobium lobii, Dendrobium olivaceum, Dipodium pictum, Liparis sp., Paphiopedilum bullenianum, Plocoglottis lowii, Spathoglottis kimbaliana,and Thrixspermumamplexicaule.

Genetic relationship of orchids in the Calanthe group based on sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers and development of sequence-characterized amplified regions markers for some genus/species identification

The Calanthe comprises a group of terrestrial orchid species known for their attractive flowers consisting of three genera (Calanthe, Phaius and Cephalantheropsis) which share many similar characteristics causing difficulty in identification. Here, the genetic relationship of the Calanthe group was studied using sequence-related amplified polymorphism (SRAP) markers. Using 18 primer pairs, 565 fragments were generated in which 562 were polymorphic (99.45%) indicatinga high level of polymorphism in the Calanthe. A dendrogram was constructed using the unweighted pair group method with arithmetic mean method. Calanthe orchids were separated into five clades consisting of three groups of the genus Calanthe, one Phaius group and one consisting of Calanthe and Cephalantheropsis species. Overall clusters were in agreement with their morphologies and other reports using DNA sequences of the chloroplast genome, indicating the effectiveness ofthe SRAP markers; however, C. rubens var. alba was not closely related to C. rubens, suggesting a possible identification error. Sequence characterized amplified regions (SCAR) primers for P. flavus and C. herbacea species identification were also developed. The results showed that PFLF/PFLR primers could be used to amplify the specific fragment of 240 bp only in P. flavus. CHEF/CHER primers were used to amplify the fragment of 430 bp in three species (C. masuca, C. triplicata and C. herbacea) which were in the same clade. SCAR markers were successfully developed for P. flavus identification and detection of the C. masuca-C. triplicata-C. herbacea clade.online

Habenaria agasthyamalaiana (Orchidaceae), a new terrestrial orchid from the Southern Western Ghats, India

Habenaria agasthyamalaiana, a new species of terrestrial orchid is described from Shendurney Wildlife Sanctuary of Agasthyamalai biosphere reserve, a part of the South-western Ghats. This species is morphologically similar to Habenaria crinifera Lindl. Detailed description and photographs are provided for identification of this new taxon.
 Key words: Agasthyamalai, Kerala, Kollam, New species, Shendurney wildlife sanctuary, Western Ghats

<i>Zeuxine parvifolia</i> (Orchidaceae) - a new addition to the Orchid flora of India

Zeuxine parvifolia (Ridl.) K. Schum. & Fedde, a rare species of terrestrial orchid belonging to the subtribe Goodyerinae is reported here for the first time from India with detailed description.

Mycorrhizal fungal community composition in seven orchid species inhabiting Song Mountain, Beijing, China.

Mycorrhizal fungi play an important role in the germination and growth of orchids essentially influencing their survival, abundance, and spatial distribution. In this study, we investigated the composition of the mycorrhizal fungal community in seven terrestrial orchid species inhabiting Song Mountain, Beijing, China, using Illumina MiSeq high-throughput sequencing. The mycorrhizal communities in the seven orchids were mainly composed of members of the Ceratobasidiaceae, Sebacinales, and Tulasnellaceae, while a number of ectomycorrhizal fungi belonging to the Russulaceae, Tricholomataceae, Thelephoraceae, and Cortinariaceae were occasionally observed. However, the dominant fungal associates and mycorrhizal community differed significantly among the orchid species as well as subhabitats. These findings confirm the previous observation that sympatric orchid species show different preferences for mycorrhizal fungi, which may drive niche partitioning and contribute to their cooccurrence.

Morphological and Molecular Characterization of Orchid Fruit Development.

Efficient seed dispersal in flowering plants is enabled by the development of fruits, which can be either dehiscent or indehiscent. Dehiscent fruits open at maturity to shatter the seeds, while indehiscent fruits do not open and the seeds are dispersed in various ways. The diversity in fruit morphology and seed shattering mechanisms is enormous within the flowering plants. How these different fruit types develop and which molecular networks are driving fruit diversification is still largely unknown, despite progress in eudicot model species. The orchid family, known for its astonishing floral diversity, displays a huge variation in fruit dehiscence types, which have been poorly investigated. We undertook a combined approach to understand fruit morphology and dehiscence in different orchid species to get more insight into the molecular network that underlies orchid fruit development. We describe fruit development in detail for the epiphytic orchid species Erycina pusilla and compare it to two terrestrial orchid species: Cynorkis fastigiata and Epipactis helleborine. Our anatomical analysis provides further evidence for the split carpel model, which explains the presence of three fertile and three sterile valves in most orchid species. Interesting differences were observed in the lignification patterns of the dehiscence zones. While C. fastigiata and E. helleborine develop a lignified layer at the valve boundaries, E. pusilla fruits did not lignify at these boundaries, but formed a cuticle-like layer instead. We characterized orthologs of fruit-associated MADS-domain transcription factors and of the Arabidopsis dehiscence-related genes INDEHISCENT (IND)/HECATE 3 (HEC3), REPLUMLESS (RPL) and SPATULA (SPT)/ALCATRAZ (ALC) in E. pusilla, and found that the key players of the eudicot fruit regulatory network appear well-conserved in monocots. Protein-protein interaction studies revealed that MADS-domain complexes comprised of FRUITFULL (FUL), SEPALLATA (SEP) and AGAMOUS (AG) /SHATTERPROOF (SHP) orthologs can also be formed in E. pusilla, and that the expression of HEC3, RPL, and SPT can be associated with dehiscence zone development similar to Arabidopsis. Our expression analysis also indicates differences, however, which may underlie fruit divergence.

Cryopreservation of Habenaria radiata and Habenaria rhodocheila seeds using the aluminum cryo-plate vitrification method

The genus Habenaria consists of 600 species of terrestrial orchids distributed in Asia, America and Africa. Habenaria rhodocheila Hance is found in Thailand, Myanmar, Cambodia and Laos. Habenaria radiata (Thunb.) K. Spreng is native to Japan. The number of both species has decreased in their habitats because of overcollecting and environmental changes in the habitats. Conservation of the surviving plants is an urgent issue to maintain the genetic diversity of the species. Seeds of H. radiata and H. rhodocheila were surface sterilized, desiccated in a laminar air-flow cabinet, and then subjected to the cryo-plate vitrification method. Viability of the seeds with or without immersion in liquid nitrogen (LN) was estimated by seed germination. The seeds of H. radiata showed high viability after immersion in LN without PVS2 treatment, and the viability decreased when exposure to PVS2 exceeded 40 min. On the other hand, viability of the H. rhodocheila seeds after immersion in LN increased with PVS2 treatment for 10 to 30 min, stayed at high levels with 40 to 60 min of PVS2 treatment, and then decreased with more than 90 min of PVS2 treatment.

Inventory and characteristics habitats of wild orchids in West Bali forest

Abstract. Dodo, Hartini S. 2019. Inventory and characteristics habitats of wild orchids in West Bali forest. Pros Sem Nas Masy Biodiv Indon 5: 1-6. Wild orchids or species orchids become endangered along with the deforestation of the current forest ecosystem. Dewasana Forest is one of the secondary forests in Jembrana which is under the management of the Tegal Cangkring Forest Management Resort, West Bali Protection Forest Management Unit. Inventory of species and their habitats of orchids is conducted to determine the diversity of species orchids and their habitats as a basis for ex-situ conservation in botanic gardens. The exploration method was used to find orchids and samples were selected by purposive sampling at seven locations in the Dewasana forest area. The results of the study recorded approximately 19 species of orchids, consisting of eight species of epiphyte orchids and eleven species of terrestrial orchids. Epiphyte orchids consist of seven genera, i.e., Acriopsis, Bulbophyllum, Cymbidium, Dendrobium, Flickingeria, Liparis, and Taeniophyllum. Terrestrial orchids consist of eight genera, i.e., Calanthe, Corymborkis, Eulophia, Nervilia, Phaius, Spathoglottis, Tropidia, and Vanilla. Most of the orchids were found on slopes 24.29+12.72° (rather steep to very steep), direction of slopes 173+91.36° (facing East, South, West), altitude of 352+107.33 m asl, with temperature air 29.29+0.76°C, air humidity 76.71+3.09%, pH 6.39+0.15, soil moisture 85.71+6.07%, and canopy cover 50.48+14.83% (medium-tightly). The level of diversity of orchids in Dewasana forest is relatively low because the number of species and individuals per species is relatively small. The correlation between the presence of orchids with environmental variables is generally positive except for moisture and pH which shows a negative correlation.

Genetic diversity of endangered terrestrial orchids Spathoglottis plicata in Peninsular Malaysia based on AFLP markers

Spathoglottis plicata is an endangered terrestrial orchid species that have experienced severe threats to its habitat as wild forest sites come under pressure from industrialisation and natural disasters. This orchid species chosen to evaluate their levels of genetic diversity and population genetic structure, which 25-30 accession collected in the different location with different geographical, altitude and habitat. Genomic DNA was extracted from six natural populations (n=172) in Peninsular Malaysia using eleven AFLP markers of EcoRI+3 bases/MseI+3 base primer combinations. Based on 279 polymorphic bands, a significant degree of genetic population differentiation was found, with a 78.5% variation within populations as measured by AMOVA, indicating a potential restricted gene flow. Two distinct clades generated from a UPGMA dendrogram were further investigated through a Bayesian analysis using STRUCTURE software, producing an estimated population structure at optimal value K=4. These results point to the presence of four genetic structures in the Spathoglottis plicata population. The Pahang and Terengganu population revealed a higher than average genetic variation (60.25%), indicating that there may be a robust structural division between the population samples and a possible hybridisation between the Northern (Kedah), Southern (Negeri Sembilan and Johor) and Central (Selangor) region populations. In sum, these results suggest that geographical distance is the primary factor contributing to differences among populations and the need for conservation measures to protect the Spathoglottis plicata species.

Keragaman Jenis Anggrek di Kawasan Hutan Distrik Oksibil, Pegunungan Bintang, Papua*

Pegunungan Bintang is one of new regencies in Papua Province which was used to be part of Jayawijaya regency. In connection with the development of a new region there are many forest areas had been converted to infrastructure development. Those conversion has adverse impact on the presence of flora and fauna including orchids in the areas. Therefore this study was done to obtain the information about the diversity of orchids species at forest area of Oksibil District, Pegunungan Bintang, Papua. The study was conducted in seven of ten villages including Oksibil as the capital city of Pegunungan Bintang. The result showed that there are 9 genera consist of 23 species of both epiphytic and terrestrial orchids. Dendrobium and Agrostophyllum are more frequently found than others. Among them only  few species  has been collected by the local people without proper propagation. Key words: Orchids, diversity, Oksibil, Pegunungan Bintang. Â

Caracterización morfométrica de semillas de cuatro especies de orquídeas terrestres nativas de Argentina

Las semillas de orquídeas aunque producidas en abundancia son muy pequeñas y extremadamente livianas. El objetivo del presente trabajo fue caracterizar morfométricamente las semillas de cuatro especies de orquídeas terrestres, Cyclopogon elatus (Sw.) Schltr; Bipinnula pennicillata (Rchb. f.) Sisternas & Salazar; Chloraea membranacea Lindl. y Chloraea philippii Rchb. f.. Las mediciones de la semilla y el embrión se realizaron sobre las microfotografías digitales. Para el cálculo del volumen de las semillas y del embrión se utilizaron fórmulas geométricas. Las semillas presentaron, en general, forma ahusada a levemente ahusada, tanto alargadas como truncadas, con colores del pardo oscuro a amarillo y sus volúmenes variaron entre 0,01 mm3 (C. philippii) y 0,001 mm3 (C. elatus). La estructura de la testa es reticulada para todas las especies, excepto para C. elatus siendo ésta estriada. C. philippii es la que presentó el mayor porcentaje de aire (85,72%), mientras que C. membranacea el menor (42,61%).

Role of way of life, latitude, elevation and climate on the richness and distribution of orchid species

We are experiencing climate warming that is likely to affect all regions worldwide, although in a different manner, when its consequences (e.g. increase of temperature, lower seasonality, lower environmental stochasticity) are considered. Thus, our prediction of how global change will affect distribution and survival of species can be estimated by using our knowledge, how species richness and distribution is related with latitude and elevation. We used 193 terrestrial orchid species and subspecies as an example and we classified them according to their root system. This trait represents the evolution of strategies for underground storage of resources and resource acquisition as well as a characteristics that can be described as a life history trait. Classification of orchid life history traits that focus on belowground strategies has never been examined in a macroecological study. We then explored the associations between species richness, mean niche breadth and mean distribution on one hand and selected predictors on the other hand, using regression techniques for all orchids, and then for their subsets with different root systems. The predictive power, as well as the significance of the predictors, was also tested using polynomial second order generalized linear models. Species richness for the three belowground strategies was significantly affected by the predictors, whereas their mean niche breadth and mean distribution were largely dependent on their evolutionary history. The correlations of mean niche breadth and mean distribution with maximum elevation, latitude and longitude were significant for all orchid taxa and their subsets. All the variables together accounted for almost 50% or more of the variance in each of the subsets. The maximum elevation was the most significant factor for rhizomatous and intermediate orchids, whereas minimum temperature in the coldest month was highly significant for the tuberous orchids. Spatial distribution of Greek orchids is associated with a combination of elevation, latitude and climate. The distributions of rhizomatous and intermediate orchids are mainly associated with the orographic configuration of Greece, whereas the tuberous orchids are widely distributed in the southern, central and north-western areas of Greece, where most of them are limited by the harsh winter climate.

Phenotypic variation and genetic alteration of Spathoglottis plicata resulted from in vitro cultured seed irradiated with X-Ray

Aloysius S, Purwantoro A, Dewi K, Semiarti E.. 2018. Phenotypic variation and genetic alteration of Spathoglottis plicata resulted from in vitro cultured seed irradiated with X-Ray. Biodiversitas 19: 1642-1648. A terrestrial orchid species among genus Spathoglottis as widely cultivated is S. plicata. Variability development of the species through mutation induction has been carried out, but its morphological variations and genetic changes have not been investigated. The purpose of this study is to identify the phenotypic variation and genetic alteration of S. plicata resulted from in vitro cultured seed irradiated with X-ray. Radiation was given at the doses of 0; 6; 12; 18 and 24 rad. The samples were surviving plants resulted from irradiated seeds. Phenotypic variations observed were the number, length and width of the leaf, number of tiller, and flower characteristics. Genetic alteration was detected from DNA homologous POH1, a key gene determining of shoot morphogenesis. Results show that there are variations of leaf color, length and width of the leaf, and the number of the tiller. Plants start to flower at the age of 30 months. The plants flowering reach 64.7% (WT), 50.0% (6 rad), 33.3% (12 rad), 33.3% (18 rad), and 40% (24 rad). Flower color is ranged from white, white slightly purple, purplish white, light purple, reddish purple and purple, found both in mutants and wild-type groups. The alignment result of POH1 homologous DNA obtained from PCR cDNA shows the nucleotide differences at some points between mutants and wild-type that indicate the occurrence of DNA alteration. X-ray induces the changes of POH1 homologous DNA, but it has no obvious relationship to the flower variation.

Diversity and Abundance of Orchids at Gebugan Nature Reserve in Semarang, Indonesia

Orchid is a plant with a high aesthetic value.The existence of orchids directly by the community from their natural habitat, causing the existence of orchid in nature was threatened. The potential of orchid diversity in the Gebugan Nature Reserve area needs exploration to maintain its sustainability. This research would explore the diversity and abundance of orchid species and determined the environmental conditionof Gebugan Nature Reserve. The study was done on 2 stations with altitude difference are 900 m asl and 1045 m asl. Five plots of 10 m x 10 m were systematically constructed at each station with a distance of plots 50 meters. Species of orchids found in the Gebugan Nature Reserve were 12 species, including 11 species of epiphytic orchids and 1 species of terrestrial orchids. The abundance of individual orchid species was relatively higher in places with higher altitudes. Micropera sp was the most abundant orchid species and Corymborkis veratrifolia was the species of orchid with the lowest abundance. It is found that the environmental conditions of Gebugan Nature Reserve are suitable for orchid. The novelty of the research is providing a new data base of orchid in the Gebugan Nature Reserve. The result of the study would be beneficial for developing strategy of genetic conservation of orchird germplasm.

Goodyera fusca (Lindl.) Hook. f. (Orchidaceae): a new record for Kashmir Himalaya, India

Goodyera fusca (Lindl.) Hook. f., a rare orchid species is reported for the first time from the Kashmir Himalaya, India. A brief description and photographs of diagnostic features are provided. Comparative characters are also provided to distinguish G. fusca from Goodyera repens (L.) R. Br. already reported from Kashmir Himalaya. This newly reported terrestrial orchid species occurs in alpine habitats of this Himalayan region.

Genetic and phenotypic variation among Turkish terrestrial orchid species as revealed by RAPD and morphological characteristics

Terrestrial orchid species are natural sources of salep and a closely related group of plant species widely distributed throughout Turkey. The phylogenetic relationship among fourteen different tuber-producing orchid species was investigated after analyzing phenotypic and genetic variation within and among the natural population through fifteen morphometric traits and ten random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) primer combinations. Statistical analyses (principal component analysis (PCA), principal coordinate analysis (PCoA), and cluster analysis) using the generated data identified taxonomic and genetic distance within the studied plant samples. The results of PCA from morphological traits show that there are no major groupings within and among different species instead somehow overlapping with few distinctly characterized species. In addition, the UPGMA-based phenogram with Euclidean distance (0-1) produces five major clusters among the studied orchid species according to their taxonomic status with few exceptions. On the other hand, PCoA and the phylogenetic dendrogram with the coefficient (0.56-0.79) from RAPD band profiles determine the true genetic diversity of those species. Although both combinations of genetic and phenotypic characteristics reveal the phylogenetic relationship of some those studied species very effectively, they are not clear for others. These results suggest that in the natural population of terrestrial orchid species significant amounts of gene flow are ongoing at intra/interspecies level. Therefore, it is recommended that conservation studies of these groups of orchid species should be done as a geographical unit rather than according to taxonomic status.

Orchid exploration in Mount Bintan Besar Protected Forest, Bintan Island, Riau Islands Province, Sumatra, Indonesia

Puspitaningtyas DM. 2018. Orchid exploration in Mount Bintan Besar Protected Forest, Bintan Island, Riau Islands Province, Sumatra, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 1081-1088. Sumatra is one of the main islands in Indonesia. The biodiversity is higher than Java, but still below compare to Borneo and New Guinea. About 1,118 species of orchids are found growing in Sumatra, which 41% of these are endemic to Sumatra. The exploration activities were conducted at Gunung Bintan Besar Protected Forest, Bintan island-Sumatra. Orchid exploration was conducted in this area to collect living plants for ex situ conservation purpose. Orchid inventory to record orchid diversity in this area, based on plant collection by purposive random sampling. The results of the study recorded approximately 23 orchid collection numbers found in that area. These were representative of 15 genera and consist of 14 species of epiphyte orchids and 9 species of terrestrial orchids. Most orchids found in this area are lowland orchid which are very common in Sumatra. Dendrobium metachilinum Rchb.f., Dendrobium leonis (Lindl.) Rchb.f. and Plocoglottis lowii Rchb.f. are unique orchids species found on this island.

DIVERSITY, DISTRIBUTION, AND UTILIZATION OF ORCHIDS SPECIES (Orchidaceae) IN BODOGOL FOREST, GEDE PANGRANGO NATIONAL PARK, WEST JAVA

To investigate the diversity, distribution, and utilization of orchid, a study was conducted in Bodogol forest of Gede Pangrango National Park (TNGP). Around 82 species of 41 genera of orchids were identified in this area which consisted of 58 species of epiphytes orchids and 24 species of terrestrial orchids. The genera of Agrostophyllum , Dendrobium , and Eria were the most commonly found orchid in this area. Distribution of orchid species varied from India to Pacific islands, including Japan. Among recognized six endemic orchid species of Java island, two new records of orchids at GPNP were determined, i.e. Neuwiedia veratifolia and N. zollinger i var. javanica . In general, the orchids in Bodogol forest have not been economic commodities priority yet, but several species were potential to be developed for utilization.