Species Of Tephritidae Research Articles

Attractiveness of Various Combinations of Colors and Shapes to Females and Males of Bactrocera minax (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a Commercial Mandarin Grove in Bhutan

Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a major pest of citrus fruit in the region from Nepal through to southwestern China. In tests on wild adult populations of B. minax in a mandarin, Citrus reticulata Blanco, orchard in western Bhutan, both males and females were more attracted to 50-mm-diameter spheres than to 50-mm discs of the same color. Furthermore, they were more attracted to spheres colored with orange or green–yellow mixtures than to similar spheres colored red, yellow, green, blue, black, or white. The UV reflectance from the orange (600–650 nm) and yellow–green mixtures (530 nm) was similar to that proposed byProkopy (1977) as eliciting strong attractant responses in other species of Tephritidae.

Attractiveness of Various Combinations of Colors and Shapes to Females and Males of <I>Bactrocera minax</I> (Diptera: Tephritidae) in a Commercial Mandarin Grove in Bhutan

Bactrocera minax (Enderlein) (Diptera: Tephritidae) is a major pest of citrus fruit in the region from Nepal through to southwestern China. In tests on wild adult populations of B. minax in a mandarin, Citrus reticulata Blanco, orchard in western Bhutan, both males and females were more attracted to 50-mm-diameter spheres than to 50-mm discs of the same color. Furthermore, they were more attracted to spheres colored with orange or green-yellow mixtures than to similar spheres colored red, yellow, green, blue, black, or white. The UV reflectance from the orange (600-650 nm) and yellow-green mixtures (530 nm) was similar to that proposed byProkopy (1977) as eliciting strong attractant responses in other species of Tephritidae.

Diversity of flies (Diptera: Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae) in organic citrus orchards in the Vale do Rio Caí, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil

This study was carried out in the Counties of Montenegro and Pareci Novo located in the region of the Vale do Rio Cai, Rio Grande do Sul, Southern Brazil, aiming to determine the fruit fly species of Tephritidae and Lonchaeidae that occur in organic orchards of sweet orange [Citrus sinensis (L.) Osb.] cultivar Céu, and Murcott tangor (Citrus reticulata Blanco x C. sinensis), during the fruit ripening stages in 2003 and 2004. Eight McPhail traps baited with integral grape juice diluted to 25% were installed in four orchards, two in each citrus species. The traps were checked weekly, when the baits were changed, the flies separated and preserved in 70% ethyl alcohol. Fruits were also sampled from the orchards, placed in containers with damp soil and closed with a mesh. The tephritid flies represented 86.2% of all captured flies in the four orchards during both years. Five Tephritidae species were captured from traps: Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Anastrepha grandis (Macquart), Anastrepha pseudoparallela (Loew), Anastrepha dissimilis Stone and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). The captured species of Lonchaeidae were: Neosilba zadolicha McAlpine & Steyskal, Neosilba n.sp.3, Neosilba sp. and Lonchaea sp. Anastrepha fraterculus was found in 99% of the fruit samples, both in 'Céu' orange and 'Murcott' tangor, and Neosilba n.sp.3 were only obtained from 'Murcott' tangor fruits.

Moscas frugívoras (Diptera, Tephritoidea) coletadas em Aquidauana, MS

In Brazil, frugivorous flies represent important pests of fruits and vegetables. Information on populational fluctuation of these species in each biome is an important requirement for the adoption of a strategy of pest control in the agroecosystems. The objective of this paper is to assess the diversity of fruit fly species occurring in wild and cultived fruits in Aquidauana, MS. Twenty-nine fruit species were sampled from February 2003 to January 2004. The Tephritidae species recovered were: Anastrepha striata Schiner, 1868, Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart, 1835) and Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann, 1824). The frugivorous Lonchaeidae and Muscidae recovered were: Neosilba sp. and Atherigona orientalis (Schiner, 1868), respectively. A total of 2.568 flies were obtained, from which 2.394 flies were the Mediterranean fruit fly, C. capitata. The association between frugivorous flies and the fruit species is discussed.

Cloning and structural characterization of the 6-phosphogluconate dehydrogenase locus of the medfly Ceratitis capitata and the olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae

The pentose phosphate cycle is considered as a major source of NADPH and pentose needed for nucleic acid biosynthesis. 6-Phosphogluconate dehydrogenase (6PGD), an enzyme participating in this cycle, catalyzes the oxidative decarboxylation of 6PGD to ribulose 5-phosphate with the subsequent release of CO 2 and the reduction of NADP. We have determined the genomic sequences of 6PGD of two species of Tephritidae, the medfly Ceratitis capitata and olive fruit fly Bactrocera oleae, and constructed a three-dimensional model of 6PGD of C. capitata based on the homologous known sheep structure. In a comparative study of 6PGD sequences from seven species, all the conserved and variable sites of the enzyme were analyzed and the regions of functional importance were localized, an attempt promoted also by the direct involvement of the enzyme in various human diseases. The enzymes between the two species of Tephritidae have a very high homology and further examination of the variable positions with respect to the highly conserved binding site residues enabled their grouping in three distinct categories, with possible association to dimer formation, functional specificity, and antigenicity. Moreover, placement of sequence differences on the 3-D model suggests probable sites accommodating variations appearing at the allozymic variants of both species.

Infestação natural de moscas frugívoras (Diptera: Tephritoidea) em café arábica, sob cultivo orgânico arborizado e a pleno sol, em Valença, RJ

As moscas frugívoras vêm assumindo grande importância econômica em cafezais por provocarem queda prematura de frutos e redução significativa da qualidade da bebida. O café é um repositório natural de espécies de Tephritidae que infestam frutas de importância econômica. Este estudo avaliou a influência dos sistemas de café sombreado e a pleno sol, sob manejo orgânico, na infestação natural de frutos de Coffea arabica L. Icatu Amarelo por moscas frugívoras. Um experimento inteiramente casualizado foi instalado em Valença, RJ, com dois tratamentos (café sombreado com Musa sp. e Erithrina verna Vell. e solteiro a pleno sol) e quatro repetições. Uma amostra de 1 kg de frutos maduros por parcela foi colhida em março de 2004 para avaliar a infestação e identificar as espécies infestantes. O índice médio de infestação dos frutos foi significativamente maior no sistema sombreado. Quatro espécies de Tephritidae (Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), Anastrepha fraterculus (Wiedemann), Anastrepha obliqua (Macquart) e Anastrepha sororcula Zucchi) e seis de Lonchaeidae (Neosilba pendula (Bezzi), Neosilba pseudopendula (Korytkowski and Ojeda), Neosilba certa (Walker), Neosilba glaberrima (Wiedemann), Neosilba n.sp.9 e Neosilba n.sp.10) foram obtidas dos frutos de café. Nove espécies de parasitóides foram identificadas, das quais seis pertencem a Braconidae (Asobara anastrephae (Muesebeck), Doryctobracon areolatus (Szépligeti), Doryctobracon brasiliensis (Szépligeti), Utetes anastrephae (Viereck), Opius bellus Gahan e Opius sp.) e três a Figitidae (Aganaspis pelleranoi (Brèthes), Dicerataspis flavipes (Kieffer) e Odontosema anastrephae Borgmeier). A percentagem de parasitismo total foi de 8,8% e 12,4% em café sombreado e a pleno sol, respectivamente.

Fruit flies (Diptera, Tephritidae) from Saudi Arabia, with descriptions of a new genus and six new species

During a survey of the insect fauna of the Abha area (Aseer province, southwestern part of Saudi Arabia) with Malaise traps 51 species of Tephritidae were recorded, 40 of them being new records for this country. Nine species are not named. The first comprehensive checklist for Saudi Arabia is presented, including 62 species of which 10 species are considered to be pests. Arabodesis gen. n., with its type A. reductiseta sp. n., is described from Saudi Arabia and Yemen. Further new species are Neoceratitis flavoscutellata sp. n. (Saudi Arabia), Dicheniotes multipunctatus sp. n. (Kenya, Saudi Arabia, Tanzania, Yemen), Sphenella setosa sp. n. (Saudi Arabia), Tanaica maculata sp. n. (Ethiopia, Kenya, Saudi Arabia), and Tanaica pollinosa sp. n. (Saudi Arabia, South Africa). The status of Tephritomyia despoliata Hering and Trupanea aucta var. repleta Bezzi is discussed. Sphenella marginata austrina Munro is synonymized with S. marginata s. str. (syn. n.). Keys for the genera of the Campiglossa genus group and for the species of Tanaica Munro are provided.

Opiine and Eucoiline (Hymenoptera: Braconidae and Figitidae, respectively) parasitoids ofAnastrepha fraterculus(Diptera: Tephritidae) in citrus orchard areas in Corrientes, northeastern Argentina

Anastrepha fraterculus(Wiedemann), the South American fruit fly, andCeratitis capitata(Wiedemann), the Mediterranean fruit fly, are the only economically important Tephritidae species present in the citrus-growing areas in the province of Corrientes, northeastern Argentina. Both fruit fly species severely limit the export of fruit because of quarantine restrictions in importing countries. In this Argentinean region,C. capitatahas been reported mostly infesting cultivatedCitrusspecies such asC. sinensisL. (Osbeck) (Rutaceae) andC. paradisiMacfadyn (Rutaceae), whereasA. fraterculushas been found almost exclusively in wild guava (Psidium guajavaL. (Myrtaceae)), a wild host plant (Turica and Mallo 1961).

Análise faunística de espécies de moscas-das-frutas (Diptera: Tephritidae) na região Oeste de Santa Catarina

Visando caracterizar os ecossistemas de árvores frutíferas da Região Oeste de Santa Catarina em relação às espécies de Tephritidae, realizou-se uma análise faunística em doze pomares de quatro municípios (Chapecó, Cunha Porã, São Carlos e Xanxerê). O levantamento foi feito entre outubro de 1998 e setembro de 2000, utilizando armadilhas tipo McPhail com glicose invertida a 10%. Para a caracterização dos municípios foram medidos os índices de abundância, constância, dominância e freqüência. Foram coletados 8.393 espécimes de moscas-das-frutas, pertencentes a 20 espécies e sete gêneros. No município de Chapecó foram amostradas 17 espécies de moscas-das-frutas, correspondendo ao índice de diversidade de 2,0, seguido por Cunha Porã, com dez espécies e índice de 1,5. Em Xanxerê o índice foi de 1,1 para oito espécies. O menor índice foi obtido em São Carlos (0,9), para sete espécies. Ceratitis capitata (Wied.) foi acidental na quase totalidade dos pomares onde ocorreu, com exceção apenas de um pomar de laranjeira de São Carlos, onde foi acessória. Anastrepha fraterculus (Wied.) foi a espécie predominante nos quatro municípios.

Biodiversity of frugivorous flies (Diptera: Tephritoidea) captured in citrus groves, Mato Grosso do Sul, Brazil

This paper presents a faunistic analysis of the frugivorous species of Tephritoidea (Diptera) captured in three citrus groves in the municipalities of Anastácio (Chácara Laranjal, 20º 31' 36'' S, 55º 50' 12'' W, 170 m) and Terenos (Chácara Suzuki, 20º 26' 12" S, 55º 04' 54'' W, 308m), MS, Brazil, during a 25 month period. McPhail traps with 5% hydrolyzed corn protein were hung in Citrus sinensis (L.) and C. reticulata (L.) trees, spaced 30 m apart. The Tephritidae species caught were: Anastrepha alveatoides Blanchard, A. bezzii Lima, A. castanea Norrbom, A. daciformis Bezzi, A. dissimilis Stone, A. distincta Greene, A. fraterculus (Wied.), A. grandis (Macquart), A. haywardi Blanchard, A. leptozona Hendel, A. macrura Hendel, A. montei Lima, A. obliqua (Macquart), A. pickeli Lima, A. punctata Hendel, A. rheediae Stone, A. serpentina (Wied.), A. sororcula Zucchi, A. striata Schiner, A. turpiniae Stone, A. undosa Stone, A. zenildae Zucchi, three undescribed species - Anastrepha sp.1, Anastrepha sp.2; Anastrepha sp.3 and Ceratitis capitata (Wied.). The frugivorous Lonchaeidae caught were: Dasiops sp.; D. inedulis Steyskal, Lonchaea sp. and Neosilba spp. The Mediterranean Fruit Fly, C. capitata, was the most abundant and frequent, being the dominant species in the groves of both municipalities. In the Citrus grove in Anastácio the most abundant species were: Anastrepha daciformis, A. obliqua, A. pickeli, A. punctata, A. sororcula and A. fraterculus. In the Citrus groves in Terenos, A. dissimilis, A. punctata, A. sororcula, A. daciformis, A. striata and A. pickeli were the most abundant species.

Parasitoids of medfly, Ceratitis capitata, and related tephritids in Kenyan coffee: a predominantly koinobiont assemblage.

Arabica coffee was sampled from two sites in the central highlands of Kenya (Rurima, Ruiru) and one site on the western side of the Rift Valley (Koru). Three species of ceratitidine Tephritidae, Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann), C. rosa Karsch and Trirhithrum coffeae Bezzi, were reared from sites in the central highlands, and an additional species, C. anonae Graham, was recovered from the western-most site. Ten species of parasitic Hymenoptera were reared from these tephritids. The parasitoid assemblage was dominated by koinobionts. Eight of the species are koinobiont endoparasitoids, but only one idiobiont larval ectoparasitoid was reared, and only one idiobiont pupal endoparasitoid. The effects of sampling bias on determination of parasitoid assemblage size associated with concealed hosts are discussed. The potential for use of these parasitoids in biological control is also discussed. Most of the parasitoid species recovered during this study are capable of developing on C. capitata, while several also attack C. rosa. Both flies are notorious pests of tropical and subtropical fruits.

Sexual dimorphism inAnastrepha suspensa (Loew) and other tephritid fruit flies (Diptera: Tephritidae): Possible roles of developmental rate, fecundity, and dispersal

Larger male Caribbean fruit flies are more likely to be chosen as mates and defeat rivals in territorial contests. Yet males are smaller than females. Adaptive explanations for relatively small male size include (1) acceleration of male development to maximize female encounter rates, (2) selection for greater female size to increase fecundity, and (3) selection for body sizes most suitable for sexually dimorphic degrees of mobility, speed, and distance flight. None of these unambiguously accounts for the degree of sexual dimorphism. Male development is not accelerated relative to that of females. On average, males remain inside fruit longer than females and those males with extended development periods are smaller than more rapidly developing individuals. There is no evidence that female enlargement alone, presumably for greater fecundity, has generated the degree of dimorphism in the Caribbean fruit fly or other fruit flies. The relationship between dimorphism and mean female body size in 27 species of Tephritidae is the opposite of what would be predicted if differences in dimorphism were due to differences in unilateral female enlargement. Larger size in a species or in one sex of a species may be an adaptation for extensive flight. In general, among 32 species of fruit flies, as body size increases, wing shape becomes progressively more suited for distance flight. However, there are important exceptions to this correlation. Both sexual selection and nonadaptive allometries may contribute to the range of dimorphisms within the family.

Oviposition behaviour of two tephritid fruit flies, Dacus tryoni and Dacus jarvisi, as influenced by the presence of larvae in the host fruit.

When offered a choice, females of the fruit flies Dacus tryoni (Frogg.) and D. jarvisi (Tryon) strongly preferred to lay in fruits without larvae rather than fruits which already contained larvae. Fruits which contained even low densities of larvae, including newly hatched ones, received many fewer eggs than control fruits. This preference was not influenced by the species of larvae present in the fruits nor by the distance to uninfested fruits. Discrimination occurred when fruits with and without larvae were close together (10 cm apart) and also when they were separated by distances of about one metre. Laboratory assays suggested that the flies detect chemical changes in the fruit associated with the decomposition which accompanies larval feeding, but they do not seem to detect the larvae Perse. This behaviour may be significant when these two species utilise the same host since the species which is able to infest fruits first will reduce the availability of hosts for the other species. In contrast to many other Tephritids (e.g. Rhagoletis, Anastrepha and Ceratitis) female Dacus don't discriminate against fruits which contain eggs nor do they deposit a pheromone to deter oviposition by females that subsequently visit the fruit. An hypothesis is proposed to explain the absence of oviposition-deterring pheromones in Dacus, and their presence in many other species of Tephritidae, on the basis of differences in life history and population structure.

Resistance of Pineapple Variety 59-443 to Field Populations of Oriental Fruit Flies and Melon Flies1

The variety 59-443 of pineapple, Ananas comosus (L.) Merr., cannot be shipped to the mainland of the United States as fresh fruit without fumigation with ethylene dibromide to prevent the introduction of the 3 species of Hawaiian Tephritidae (Anonymous 1968). The parentage of variety 59-443 includes ‘Smooth Cayenne,’ ‘Pernambuco,’ ‘Smooth Guatemala,’ and ‘Ruby’ in the ratio of 9:3:2:2, respectively, and except for porosity, brix of 16.0, acidity of 0.70, and translucence of 3.5 are similar to ‘Smooth Cayenne’ (J. B. Smith, Dole Company, 650 Iwilei Road, Honolulu, Hawaii 96817, personal communication, 1972). The fruit is less porous than Smooth Cayenne as indicated by the values of porosity of 3.5 and 2.7, respectively (1.0 maximum and 4.0 least). Fruit for this study were grown on the Island of Lanai, which has a land area of only 141 mile and contains many hosts of these species: Cucurbitacea; papaya, Carica papaya L.; mango, Mangifera indica L.; avocado, Persea americana Mill.; plus various Citrus in backyards in Lanai City; guava, Psidium guajava L., on many parts of the island; and the weedy form of balsam pear, Momordica charantia L. (Neal 1965), in and about the pineapple fields.

Female Heterogamety in the Family Tephritidae (Acalyptratae, Diptera)

Female heterogamety has been found in eight Australian species of Tephritidae belonging to Chrysotrypanea, Tephritis, and three new genera. Evidence suggests that female heterogamety evolved in response to selection through small potency changes in species of the Y/X or Y/XA types which lacked elaborate mechanisms for dosage compensation.