Species Of Phaeophyta Research Articles

α-, β-caroteno e α-tocoferol em algas marinhas in natura

The aim of this work was to evaluate the potential of 32 marine macro algae species, members of Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Phaeophyta, as sources of a-carotene, b-carotene and a-tocopherol. Both b-carotene and a-carotene were found in all species of green macroalgae analyzed. The maximum content of a-carotene was detected in algae belonging to Caulerpa genus and the minimum in Codium decorticatum. The amount of b-carotene found was minimum in Caulerpa mexicana and maximum in Ulva fasciata. Among the Rhodophyta species, eleven contain a-carotene, the maximum content was found in Botryocladia occidentalis. b-Carotene was found in all red macroalgae analyzed presenting the lowest and highest values in Gracilaria caudata and Bryothamnion triquetrum, respectively. Species of Phaeophyta contained b-carotene but no a-carotene. The lowest value for b-carotene was found in Dictyopteris delicatula and the highest in Padina gymnospora. In Chlorophyta, the amount of a-tocopherol was maximum in Codium decorticatum and minimum in Caulerpa prolifera. In Rhodophyta, twelve species contained a-tocopherol, the highest value was found in Enantiocladia duperreyi. a-Tocopherol was detected in all Phaeophyta species analyzed. The highest and lowest values were found in Lobophora varigata and Dictyota dichotoma, respectively.

Screening and preliminary characterization of hemagglutinins in Vietnamese marine algae

Extracts from 44 species of Vietnamese marine algae, including 15 Chlorophyta, 18 Rhodophyta and 11 Phaeophyta species, were examined for hemagglutination activity with a variety of different animal and human erythrocytes that were untreated or treated with enzymes. Almost all extracts showed activity toward at least one type of erythrocytes, although those from three Chlorophyta and two Rhodophyta species showed no hemagglutination with any type of erythrocytes examined. Strong activity was detected in extracts from two Chlorophyta (Anadyomene plicata and Avrainvillea erecta) and four Rhodophyta species (Gracilaria eucheumatoides, Gracilaria salicornia, Kappaphycus alvarezii, and Kappaphycus striatum) with enzyme-treated rabbit and sheep erythrocytes. The hemagglutinins of seven Chlorophyta and eight Rhodophyta species were examined for sugar-binding specificity, pH- and temperature-stability, and divalent cation-independency of hemagglutination using ammonium sulfate-precipitates prepared from their extracts. In a hemagglutination-inhibition test with various monosaccharides and glycoproteins, none of the hemagglutinins had affinity for monosaccharides, except the Codium arabicum and Gracilaria euchematoides hemagglutinins, whose activities were inhibited by both N-acetyl-d-galactosamine and N-acetyl-d-glucosamine. On the other hand, all of the hemagglutinins activities were inhibited by some glycoproteins. The inhibition profiles with glycoproteins were different depending on hemagglutinin species, and suggest the presence of lectins specific for high mannose N-glycans, complex N-glycans, or O-glycans. The activities of these algal hemagglutinins were stable over a wide range of pH and temperature, and independent of the presence of divalent cations. These results indicate that Vietnamese marine algae are a good source of novel and useful lectins.

Antileishmanial properties of tropical marine algae extracts

Aqueous and organic extracts of twenty-seven species of marine algae (14 species of Rhodophyta, 5 species of Phaeophyta and 8 species of Chlorophyta) collected from the Gulf of Mexico and Caribbean coast of the Yucatan Peninsula (Mexico) were evaluated for their antileishmanial in vitro activity against Leishmania mexicana promastigote forms. The cytotoxicity of these extracts was also assessed using brine shrimp. Organic extracts from Laurencia microcladia (Rhodophyta), Dictyota caribaea, Turbinaria turbinata and Lobophora variegata (Phaeophyta) possessed promising in vitro activity against L. mexicana promastigotes (LC(50) values ranging from 10.9 to 49.9 microg/ml). No toxicity of algal extracts against Artemia salina was observed with LC50 ranging from 119 to >or=1000 microg/ml. Further studies on bio-guided fractionation, isolation and characterization of pure compounds from these species as well as in vivo experiments are needed and are already in progress.

SEASONAL DISTRIBUTION AND COMMUNITY STRUCTURE OF MACROALGAE ALONG PORT SAID COAST, MEDITERRANEAN SEA, EGYPT

Seasonal variations in macroalgae community inhabiting Port Said coast were investigated during the period from summer 2004 to spring 2005. Species composition and percent cover of macroalgae were studied in four sites distributed along the coast, representing different habitats. Some hydrographic parameters (temperature, salinity, pH, dissolved oxygen, phosphate, nitrite, nitrate and silicate) were measured to determine the water characteristics influencing the studied sites. The study revealed the presence of 55 species, of them, 17 species have not been recorded previously in this area. The macroalgae comprised 31 species of Rhodophyta, 21 species of Chlorophyta and 3 species of Phaeophyta. Of the recorded species, 16 species occurred as epiphytes; most of them belonging to Rhodophyta. The most abundant species were Cladophpora prolifera, Enteromorpha compressa, E. prolifera, E. flexuosa, E. intestinalis, E. ralfsii, Ulva fasciata and U. rigida from Chlorophyta, and Gelidium crinale and Hypnea cornuta from Rhodophyta. There were relatively seasonal and spatial differences in the distribution patterns of species composition and abundance. Autumn and summer were the most diversified seasons. Site I which was away from any effluent, rich and diversified flora were observed relative to the other sites, with the highest abundance especially in Rhodophyta. The influence of the brackish water of Lake Manzala was obvious on the vegetation at site IV and sometimes at site III.

Nuclear DNA content estimates in multicellular green, red and brown algae: phylogenetic considerations.

Multicellular eukaryotic algae are phylogenetically disparate. Nuclear DNA content estimates have been published for fewer than 1 % of the described species of Chlorophyta, Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta. The present investigation aims to summarize the state of our knowledge and to add substantially to our database of C-values for theses algae. The DNA-localizing fluorochrome DAPI (4', 6-diamidino-2-phenylindole) and RBC (chicken erythrocyte) standard were used to estimate 2C values with static microspectrophotometry. 2C DNA contents for 85 species of Chlorophyta range from 0.2-6.1 pg, excluding the highly polyploidy Charales and Desmidiales with DNA contents of up to 39.2 and 20.7 pg, respectively. 2C DNA contents for 111 species of Rhodophyta range from 0.1-2.8 pg, and for 44 species of Phaeophyta range from 0.2-1.8 pg. New availability of consensus higher-level molecular phylogenies provides a framework for viewing C-value data in a phylogenetic context. Both DNA content ranges and mean values are greater in taxa considered to be basal. It is proposed that the basal, ancestral genome in each algal group was quite small. Both mechanistic and ecological processes are discussed that could have produced the observed C-value ranges.

The betaines from Chinese seaweeds

Cation-exchange chromatography was selected to extract and separate betaines from marine algae. On the basis of the special chemical characteristics of the betaines and their analogues, Dragendorff's reagent (KBiI4) was used to test the existence of betaines and their analogues in marine algae. The total content of betaines from seven species was obtained by using the Reinkeate salt precipitation method. The results showed that the content of betaines in two species of Chlorophyta and two species of Rhodophyta were relatively high, and that the content of betaines inEnteromopha prolifera could even reach to 0.9%. The content in the three species of Phaeophyta was relatively low.

Red algal farming in Chile: a review

Production of seaweeds in Chile has fluctuated between 74,000 and 322,000 wet metric tons/year during the last 14 years, involving different species of Phaeophyta and Rhodophyta. Among Rhodophyta, the most important harvested species include the carrageenophytes Sarcothalia crispata, Mazzaella laminarioides, Gigartina skottsbergii, Chondracanthus chamissoi, and the agarophytes Gracilaria chilensis and Gelidium lingulatum. Other less important taxa are Gel. rex, M. membranacea, Ahnfeltia plicata, Ahnfeltiopsis furcellata, Porphyra columbina, Callophyllis variegata, Mastocarpus papillatus and Chondrus canaliculatus. Chilean production comes mainly from wild stocks, as at present, cultivation on a commercial scale is restricted to Gra. chilensis. Total landings of Gracilaria currently stand at 120,000 wet tons. Large-scale cultivated biomass of this species, on the other hand, has been the result of a sharp increase in the number of farms, from less than 10 in 1982 to almost 322 in 1996. A basic understanding of key biological and ecophysiological aspects, as well as the availability of propagation methods, permitted the development of large-scale Gracilaria farming operations. However, during the cultivation process, new problems arose for the farmers, such as abrupt production decline, pests and pathogens. Similar key knowledge is lacking for other Chilean Rhodophyta, which creates a bottleneck that prevents the development of seaweed farming activities other than Gracilaria. This situation prevails in spite of the growing pressure on wild stocks triggered by an increase in the demand for raw material by the industry, with the obvious danger of over-exploitation and the resulting collapse of fisheries. Taking the above into consideration, an effort has been made in recent years to provide the basic knowledge necessary for the management and cultivation of some of the most valuable seaweed resources in Chile. Thus, the main objective of this contribution is to summarize the present situation of red seaweed cultivation in the country. We will address this issue by reviewing the landing statistics of these resources, followed by a summary of recent information that favours cultivation. These include propagation methods, culture conditions and techniques, product quality, pest management, strain selection and the diversification of seaweeds currently exploited in Chile.

Diversity of the seaweed flora of the Philippines and its utilization

Some 820 species of marine macrobenthic algae, including many species of Cyanophyta, are reported from the Philippines. These consist of 472 species of Rhodophyta belonging to 37 families and 11 orders, 134 species of Phaeophyta belonging to 10 families and 7 orders and 214 species of Chlorophyta belonging to 11 families and 7 orders. The Rhodophyta comprise 57.6%, the Phaeophyta 16.3% and the Chlorophyta 26.1% of the flora. Many of these species are of economic importance as food, sources of industrial products such as polysaccharides, bioactive and nutritional natural products, and growth promoting substances. Farming seaweeds is presently one of the most productive and environmentally friendly forms of livelihood for coastal populations. More than 80 000 people have been estimated to culture some 10000 ha of the coastal area. For example, production of farmed Kappaphycus/Eucheuma reached 58 324 dry metric tons in 1995 and was valued at US$44 million dollars. Production areas are concentrated in the southern Philippines. Other species in limited commercial production are Caulerpa lentillifera through farming, Gracilaria species through farming and gathering of local wild stocks and Gelidiella acerosa from harvesting wild stocks. Today, seaweeds and their products are the third most important fishery export.

Quantitative viability of seaweed tissues assessed with 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride

A spectrophotometric quantification method was optimized to evaluate its utility in seaweed tissue viability tests using the enzymatic reduction of colorless 2,3,5-triphenyltetrazolium chloride (TTC) to a colored triphenylformazan (TPF). To allow accurate determination of TPF in the seaweed Porphyra thallus and conchocelis, 0.2 g of tissues are incubated with 4 mL of 0.8% TTC reagent in the dark at 20°C for 1 h under a mineral oil layer. The TPF formed in tissues was extracted for 15 min at 60°C with 2 mL of 0.2 N KOH in 25% ethanol. Then TPF is partitioned away by prompt addition of hexane and vortexing. By this procedure, we have observed nearly complete separation of TPF, and observed good spectrophotometric discrimination between TPF and other hexane-soluble pigments at 545 nm. This procedure has proved applicable to a wide range of seaweed taxa; 1 species of Chlorophyta, 4 species of Phaeophyta and 7 species of Rhodophyta tested.

Fatty acid composition of twelve algae from the coastal zones of Qatar.

Fatty acid compositions of twelve algal species from two different classes were determined. Three Chlorophyta species (Acetabularia calyculus, Cladophora sericoides and Dictyosphaeria cavernosa) and nine Phaeophyta species (Colpomenia sinuosa, Cystoseria trinodis, Dictyota cervicornis, Hormophysa triquetra, Padina gymnospora, Sargassum binderi, S. boveanum, S. denticulatum and S. heteromorpha) were investigated. Thirty-four fatty acids were identified. Myristic, palmitic, oleic, linoleic, eicosodienic and lignoceric acids were predominant in all examined algal species. Branched saturated fatty acids were also found in all investigated species except Cladophora sericoides.

Waterborne chemical compounds in tropical macroalgae: positive and negative cues for larval settlement

Settlement sites of marine invertebrate larvae are frequently influenced by positive or negative cues, many of which are chemical in nature. Following from the observation that many shallow-water, Hawai'ian marine macroalgae are free of fouling by sessile invertebrates, we predicted that the algae are chemically protected and dependent on either surface-bound or continuously released soluble compounds to deter settling invertebrate larvae. To address the importance of waterborne algal compounds, we experimentally determined whether larvae of two of Hawai'i's dominant hard-surface fouling organisms, the polychaete tube worm Hydroides elegans and the bryozoan Bugula neritina, would settle in the presence of waters conditioned by 12 species of common Hawai'ian macroalgae (representing the Phaeophyta, Chlorophyta, Rhodophyta and Cyanophyta). The results included a full spectrum of biological responses by each larval species to waterborne algal compounds. Larval responses to conditioned water were consistent for each algal species, but the outcomes were not predictable based on the taxonomic relationships of the algae. For example, among the species of Phaeophyta examined, different conditioned waters were: (1) toxic, (2) inhibited settlement, (3) simulated settlement, or (4) had no effect, compared to larvae in control dishes containing filtered seawater. Additionally, larval responses to aged (24 h) conditioned waters could not be predicted from the results of assays run with conditioned waters utilized immediately after preparation. Finally, settlement by larvae of one species did not predict outcomes of tests for the other species. Four of 12 shallow-reef Hawai'ian macroalgae tested released compounds into surrounding waters that immediately killed or inhibited settlement by both H. elegans and B. neritina (toxic: Dictyota sandvicensis; inhibitory: Halimeda discoidea, Sphacelaria tribuloides, Ulva reticulata); the remaining 8 algal species prevented settlement by one of these fouling organisms but for the other had no effect or, in some cases, even stimulated settlement

Floristic study of the benthic algae of Bahia Asuncion, Baja California Sur, Mexico

Five samplings of benthic marine algae were carried out at Isla Asunción and Bahía Asunción, B.C.S., during 1988 and 1989. In total, 113 species of benthic marine algae were found. Three species of Cyanophyta, 78 species of Rhodophyta, 19 species of Phaeophyta and 13 species of Chlorophyta were determined. The floristic list includes data on the reproductive stage, tidal level, type of coast, substrate and epiphytism of the species found. Macrocystis pyrifera, Eisenia arborea and Corallina oficinalis var. chilensis are the principal components of the benthic vegetation of Asunción Island. The species composition found in Bahía Asunción is representative of the flora associated with Macrocytis pyrifera beds from the southern area of Baja California. The Rhodophyta are dominant in terms of diversity.

Floristic study on benthic marine algae of Bahia Concepcion, B.C.S., Mexico

Results are presented of a study on the algae from the waters of Bahía Concepción, B.C.S., in the Gulf of California. The floristic list includes data on the species found, the state of reproduction, tidal levels, type of coast, substrate and epiphytism. Sixty-three species of Rhodophyta, 22 species of Phaeophyta and 18 species of Chlorophyta were identified. The presence of various species in relation to light, temperature and substrate is discussed. The Rhodophyta dominated in terms of species diversity. The algal flora of Bahía Concepción is tropical and its greatest species diversity is found in spring.

Discrimination between12C and13C by marine plants.

The natural abundance13C/12C ratios (as δ13C) of organic matter of marine macroalgae from Fife and Angus (East Scotland) were measured for comparison with the species' ability to use CO2 and HCO 3- for photosynthesis, as deduced from previously published pH-drift measurements. There was a clear difference in δ13C values for species able or unable to use HCO 3- . Six species of Chlorophyta, 12 species of Phaeophyta and 8 species of Rhodophyta that the pH-drift data suggested could use HCO 3- had δ13C values in the range -8.81‰ to -22.55‰. A further 6 species of Rhodophyta which the pH-drift data suggested could only use CO2 had δ13C values in the range -29.90‰ to-34.51‰. One of these six species (Lomentaria articulata) is intertidal; the other five are subtidal and so have no access to atmospheric CO2 to complicate the analysis. For these species, calculations based on the measured δ13C of the algae, the δ13C of CO2 in seawater, and the known13C/12C discrimination of CO2 diffusion and RUBISCO carboxylation suggest that only 15-21% of the limitation to photosynthesisin situ results from CO2 diffusion from the bulk medium to the plastids; the remaining 79-85% is associated with carboxylation reactions (and, via feedback effects, down-stream processes). This analysis has been extended for one of these five species,Delesseria sanguinea, by incorporating data onin situ specific growth rates, respiratory rates measured in the laboratory, and applying Fick's law of diffusion to calculate a boundary layer thickness of 17-24 μm. This value is reasonable for aDelesseria sanguinea frondin situ. For HCO 3- -using marine macroalgae the range of δ13C values measured can be accommodated by a CO2 efflux from algal cells which range from 0.306 of the gross HCO 3- influx forEnteromorpha intestinalis (δ13C=-8.81‰) in a rockpool to 0.787 forChondrus crispus (δ13C=-22.55‰). The relatively high computed CO2 efflux for those HCO 3- -users with the more negative δ13C values implies a relatively high photon cost of C assimilation; the observed photon costs can be accommodated by assuming coupled, energy-independent inorganic carbon influx and efflux. The observed δ13C values are also interpreted in terms of water movement regimes and obtaining CO2 from the atmosphere. Published δ13C values for freshwater macrophytes were compared with the ability of the species to use CO2 and HCO 3- and again there was an apparent separation in δ13C values for these two groups. δ13C values obtained for marine macroalgae for which no pH-drift data are available permit predictions, as yet untested, as to whether they use predominantly CO2 or HCO 3.

BIOGEOGRAPHY OF STREAM MACROALGAE IN NORTH AMERICA1

ABSTRACTIn a survey of 1000 20‐m long stream segments in North America from 73°N to 10° N, 259 infrageneric taxa were identified, composed of 35% Chlorophyta, 24% Cyanophyta, 21% Chrysophyta, 20% Rhodophyta, and one species of Phaeophyta. The most common morphological forms were mats (42%), gelatinous colonies (23%), and gelatinous filaments (13%); the majority of taxa were vegetative (78%). The frequency of reproductive states varied among the biomes examined, with the highest values observed as follows: vegetative (85%) in the tundra, sexual (35%) in the deciduous forest, and asexual (21%) in the tropical rainforest. In terms of total species, the tundra had the lowest number (54), the boreal forest had the greatest number (100), and other well‐sampled biomes had 84 to 87. The Chlorophyta had the greatest species numbers in all biomes, and the relative contribution of this division did not vary significantly throughout the continent. With regard to similarity of species composition, the two closest associations were the boreal forest with the western coniferous forest and the eastern hemlock–hardwood forest with the deciduous forest. Species numbers per stream segment ranged from 0 to 11 (X̄= 3.1), cover ranged from 0 to 100% (X̄= 15%), and there was no significant difference in these values among the biomes. The cyanophyte Phormidium retzii (C. Ag.) Gom. was the most widespread species (in 172 segments and all biomes). The majority of species were found in moderate current velocities (X̄= 40 cm X̄ s−1), neutral to slightly alkaline pH (X̄= 7.5), and moderately low ion waters (X̄= 261 μS · cm−1). On both tropical and Arctic islands, there was no significant increase in total species or species numbers per stream segment with increasing surface area.

Carotenoid content in some species of the brown and red algae from the coastal area of New Zealand

By means of column and thin-layer chromatography, the following carotenoids were found to be present in nine species of Phaeophyta and five species of Rhodophyta: α-carotene, β-carotene, γ-carotene, ϵ-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, zeaxanthin, lutein epoxide, fucoxanthol,fucoxanthin, diatoxanthin, antheraxanthin, neoxanthin, violaxanthin and auroxanthin.

Unusual 5-olefinic acids in the lipids of algae from Japanese waters.

The fatty acid details of 2 species of Chlorophyta and Rhodophyta, and 5 species of Phaeophyta were elucidated by open-tubular gas-liquid chromatography. These algae contained a small amount of the unusual 5-olefinic acids such as 5-20:1, 5, 11-20:2, 5, 13-20:2, 5, 11, 14-20:3, and 5, 11, 14, 17-20:4 ( ?? 0.3%). The main 5-olefinic acids in sea urchin lipids such as 5-20:1, 5, 11-20:2 and 5, 13-20:2 were hardly seen in algal lipids. Therefore, it is assumed that these 5-olefinic acids in sea urchin lipids are not incorporated from algae as foods of sea urchin, but synthesized in sea urchins. The unusual 7-olefinic acids (7, 13-22:2 and 7, 15-22:2) formed by C2 elongation of 5, 11-20:2 and 5, 13-20:2 were also found in some algae slightly ( ?? 0.1%). Chlorophyta contained high levels of C16 (15.9-30.4%) and C18 (38.0-52.5%) polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) and 22:5 (n-3) (2.0-6.0%). The major fatty acid components of Phaeophyta were C18 (15.4-44.0%) and C20 (11.5-33.5%) PUFA. Rhodophyta contained high levels of 20:4 (n-6) and 20:5 (n-3). The sums of these fatty acids in this class were more than 50%.

The production of antimicrobial compounds by British marine algae. IV. Variation of antimicrobial activity with algal generation

Using Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli as test organisms, various life-cycle phases of 22 species of British marine algae were screened for antimicrobial activity. The species examined were members of the three major seaweed groups: Rhodophyta, Phaeophyta and Chlorophyta. The growth forms of the two species of Chlorophyta investigated exhibited no variation in activity and of the 10 species of Phaeophyta examined, only the growth forms of Alaria esculenta showed a significant variation in the levels of antimicrobial activity—the sterile parts of the thallus being active whilst the reproductive sporophylls were inactive. the different growth phases of seven of the 10 species of Rhodophyta screened showed no significant differences in their antibiotic content. However, Plocamium cartilagineum and Gracilaria verrucosa produced cystocarpic plants with enhanced antibacterial properties, whilst the tetrasporic phase of Bonnemaisonia hamifera possessed considerably more activity than the gametophytic g...

海そう中のジメチルサルファイドおよびジメチル‐β‐プロピオテチンについて

Dimethyl sulfide (DMS) and dimethyl-β-propiothetin (DMPT) contents in 20 species of phaeophyta 24 samples, 6 species of rhodophyta and 4 species of chlorophyta were determined by gas-liquid chromatography.The result, DMS and DMPT were detected in all samples examined; and many kinds of chlorophyta generally contained larger amount of DMS and DMPT than the samples of phaeophyta and rhodophyta.DMS content in extracts of sea algae increased by incubation at 25°C for 2h. But as this phenomenon was not observed in heated samples, it seemed the formation of DMS was concerned with enzymatic action. The partial purification of this enzyme, extracted from Botan-aosa Ulva conglobata was done by using Sephadex G-200 gelfiltration and DEAE-Sephadex•A 25 column chromatography. The highest activity of the partially purified enzyme thus obtained was observed at 40°C and pH 7.0-7.5.S-methyl-methionin sulfonium salt as another precursor of DMS was identified in Botan-aosa, but the amount was very little.

Observations on the effects of germanium dioxide on the growth of macro-algae and diatoms

Growth of various species of macro-algae and diatoms was measured in culture in a range of concentrations of germanium dioxide. Growth of Laminaria saccharina was inhibited measurably at concentrations above 0.22 mg GeO2 l−1 and very markedly inhibited above 1.1 mg GeO2 l−1. Fucus spiralis was measurably inhibited at concentrations above 0.22 mg GeO2 l−1, as was Ulva lactuca at concentrations above 2.2 mg GeO2 l−1. The Rhodophyta tested (Polysiphonia urceolata, Porphyra umbilicalis, Chondrus crispus) showed no inhibition by GeO2. Most diatoms tested were strongly inhibited by concentrations of 0.134 mg GeO2 l−1. It is suggested that the majority of diatoms can be controlled without inhibiting the growth of most cultures of species of Phaeophyta or Chlorophyta by short-term application of GeO2 in concentrations of 0.045–0.179 mg GeO2 l−1 (0.01–0.04 ml sat. GeO2 soln. l−1) instead of the much higher concentrations previously suggested.