Ornamental Fish Species Research Articles

Tetra disseminated microsporidiosis: a novel disease in ornamental fish caused by Fusasporis stethaprioni n. gen. n. sp.

A novel microsporidial disease was documented in two ornamental fish species, black tetra Gymnocorymbus ternetzi Boulenger 1895 and cardinal tetra Paracheirodon axelrodi Schultz 1956. The non-xenoma-forming microsporidium occurred diffusely in most internal organs and the gill, thus referring to the condition as tetra disseminated microsporidiosis (TDM). The occurrence of TDM in black tetra was associated with chronic mortality in a domestic farmed population, while the case in cardinal tetra occurred in moribund fish while in quarantine at a public aquarium. Histology showed that coelomic visceral organs were frequently necrotic and severely disrupted by extensive infiltrates of macrophages. Infected macrophages were presumed responsible for the dissemination of spores throughout the body. Ultrastructural characteristics of the parasite developmental cycle included uninucleate meronts directly in the host cell cytoplasm. Sporonts were bi-nucleated as a result of karyokinesis and a parasite-produced sporophorous vesicle (SPV) became apparent at this stage. Cytokinesis resulted in two spores forming within each SPV. Spores were uniform in size, measuring about 3.9 ± 0.33 long by 2.0 ± 0.2μm wide. Ultrastructure demonstrated two spore types, one with 9-12 polar filament coils and a double-layered exospore and a second type with 4-7 polar filament coils and a homogenously electron-dense exospore, with differences perhaps related to parasite transmission mechanisms. The 16S rDNA sequences showed closest identity to the genus Glugea (≈ 92%), though the developmental cycle, specifically being a non-xenoma-forming species and having two spores forming within a SPV, did not fit within the genus. Based on combined phylogenetic and ultrastructural characteristics, a new genus (Fusasporis) is proposed, with F. stethaprioni n. gen. n. sp. as the type species.

The reproduction viability of Indonesian endemic fishOryzias marmoratus(Aurich, 1935) fed bySpirulina

Oryzias marmoratusis one of the ornamental aquarium fish species that live endemic to Towuti Lake, South of Sulawesi, Indonesia. However, the fish has been categorized as near threatened by IUCN. A current report showed the fish could be cultivated. This research aims to improve the reproduction quality in cultivation by using artificial feed containingSpirulina(A=0, B=3, and C=6) % dry weight. The study was conducted with two replications using an aquarium (80 x 40 x 40 cm) for 40 days (October-December 2020) at Research Center for Limnology-LIPI. Each aquarium contains 21 broodstock (female: male = 2:1). Observation parameters are the total number of spawning/ToS (time), ovulated eggs number/OEN, fertilization ability/FA (%), hatching ability/HA (%), number of larvae/NoL, the egg of incubation time/EIT (day), survival of larvae seven days old after hatching/SR7 (%). Based on descriptive analysis, the use of feed C (containing 6%Spirulina) produced the highest values of ToS, OEN, %HA, NoL, and SR7 (%) were ten times; 89 eggs; 89 larvae, 100%; and 98.89±3.51% respectively.Spirulinacould increase the reproduction viability and is presumed to enhance feed efficiency ofOryzias marmoratus, but the optimum levels have not been obtained.

Pair and harem formation, nest-building and courtship behaviour of the marine ornamental fish

The Brazilian basslet (Gramma brasiliensis) is an ornamental fish species of significance to the fish market, and the development of a breeding protocol is of interest to the aquarium trade. There is little information regarding the behaviour of G. brasiliensis in captivity; thus, the aims of this study were to: (1) investigate pair and harem formation in different-sized aquaria (70 and 110 L) and tanks (150 and 310 L); (2) investigate the choice of different macroalgae species and synthetic materials by the fish for nest building in captivity; and (3) describe the courtship behaviour of captive fish and compare it with available literature for G. brasiliensis and Gramma loreto in natural environments. Based on the results, we suggest that G. brasiliensis should be kept in pairs because of their aggressive behaviour. Macroalgae of the genus Chaetomorpha and all synthetic materials were used by the fish to build nests. The courtship behaviour of G. brasiliensis in captivity is described for the first time and is similar to that reported for G. loreto in a natural habitat, namely ‘U-turn with body quivering’.

Comparative karyotype study of three Cyprinids (Cyprinidae, Cyprininae) in Thailand by classical cytogenetic and FISH techniques.

Three species of ornamental fishes in the subfamily Cyprininae (family Cyprinidae) namely, Epalzeorhynchos frenatum (Fowler, 1934), Puntigrus partipentazona (Fowler, 1934), Scaphognathops bandanensis Boonyaratpalin et Srirungroj, 1971 were studied by classical cytogenetic and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) techniques. Chromosomes were directly prepared from kidney tissues and stained by using conventional and Ag-NOR banding techniques. Microsatellite d(CA)15 and d(CGG)10 probes were hybridized to the chromosomes of three cyprinids. The results show that the three cyprinid species share the same diploid number as 2n=50 but there are differences in the fundamental number (NF) and karyotypes i.e. E. frenatum: NF = 78, 18m+10sm+10st+12a; P. partipentazona: NF = 80, 6m+24sm+14st+6a; S. bandanensis: NF = 66, 4m+12sm+34a. NOR positive masks were observed at the regions adjacent to the telomere of the short arm of the chromosome pairs 10 (submetacentric) and 1 (metacentric) in E. frenatum and P. partipentazona, respectively whereas those were revealed at telomeric regions of the long arm of the chromosome pair 9 (acrocentric) in S. bandanensis. The mapping of d(CA)15 and d(CGG)10 microsatellites shown that hybridization signals are abundantly distributed in telomeric regions of several pairs except d(CA)15 repeats in S. bandanensis, which are distributed throughout all chromosomes and d(CGG)10 repeats in P. partipentazona display the high accumulation only in the first chromosome pair.

Captive breeding of threatened ornamental fish species of Manipur, India

Captive breeding of threatened ornamental fish species of Manipur, India

Status of Ornamental Fish Diversity of Urpod Beel of Goalpa-ra District, Assam

The North Eastern Sates including Assam are very rich in aquatic bio-resources and dominated by several endemic fish resources. The study was conducted from June 2018- July 2019 in two different fish assembling villages viz. Chamaguri (W) and Garokuta (North) of Urpad Beel and fish species were recorded along with their IUCN Conservation status. Alto-gether, 31 ornamental fish species belonging to 16 Genera, 15 Families, and 6 Orders be-longing to orders like Beloniformes, Cypriniformes, Osteoglossiformes, Siluriformes, Sym-branchiformes, Perciformes, Tetradontiformes were recorded. Out of the recorded fish spe-cies, Lepidocephalichthys guntea (Hamilton-Buchanan,1822), Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822) and Chanda nama (Hamilton, 1822) were assessed as NE, Botia rostrata (Gun-ther,1868) and Channa gachua (Hamilton, 1822), Mystus vittatus ( Bloch, 1794) as VU, Ctenops nobilis (Mc Clelland, 1845) as NT as per IUCN Status 2013. The ornamental fishes are found in the weed assemblage of the Beel including Eichhornia crassipes, Hydrilla verticillate and Ceratophyllum demersum .

Detection and Phylogenetic Analysis of Fish Viruses Inhabiting Freshwater Ornamental and Food Fish Species in India: A Survey-Based Study

Molecular screening of viruses through PCR is a fast detection method and several variants of it have been developed to meet the shortcomings of conventional method. Extensive surveillance is an essential tool to have an estimate of circulating potential viruses in Indian aquatic systems. The present study focuses on standardization of semi-quantitative PCR-based diagnostics for eight freshwater fish viral pathogens and documents number of positive incidences after screening 437 numbers of samples during 2017-2020 for suspected fifteen freshwater finfish viral pathogens. Positive samples of Cyprinid herpes virus-2, carp edema virus and viral nervous necrosis virus from different regions of eastern Indian states viz., Odisha, West Bengal and Assam have given a scope of comparative phylogenetic analysis of strain variability in detail. Nevertheless, the study highlights the importance of rendering protection to native cultured fish by preventing their introduction and further spread on a local or national scale to either known or unknown susceptible fish species available in the region, and emphasize upon strengthening surveillance system.

Effect 17<i>α-Metiltestosterone</i> Hormone with Different Dosage to Percentage Male Sex, Absolute Weigh Growth, and Survival to Congo Tetra Fish (<i>Micraleptus interruptus</i>)

Congo Tetra fish is one of the freshwater ornamental fish species which is in great demand because of its high economic value. Male congo tetra fish have a higher selling value than female fish, because the morphology of their bodies looks more attractive, especially their brighter colors and long fins. Sex reversal technology is one technique that can be used to obtain male monosexual offspring.The hormone 17α-methyltestosterone in male fish can increase spermatogenesis and determine secondary sex markers in male fish through the formation of sexual characteristics in fish morphology and body color. The administration of the hormone 17α-methyltestosterone with the right dose can increase the percentage of male sex of Congo Tetra fish. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the hormone 17α-methyltestosterone with different doses on the percentage of male sex, absolute weight growth, and survival of congo tetra fish, to determine which 17α-methyltestosterone hormone dose had the best effect on the percentage of male sex, growth in absolute weight, and survival in congo tetra fish. This research was conducted at the Regional Technical Service Unit of the Fish Seed Center for Ternate City. The time for conducting the research starts from March to May, 2020. In this study, 4 treatment doses of hormones were used, each treatment was repeated 3 times. The treatments tried were as follows: Treatment A: Dose 2 mg/l, Treatment B: Dose 3 mg/l, Treatment C: Dose 4 mg/l, Treatment D: Dose 0 mg/l (control).The results showed that the hormone 17α-methyl testosterone with different doses had a very significant effect on the male sex percentage of congo tetra fish, but it was not significantly different on the growth in absolute weight and survival of congo tetra fish. The highest average percentage of male sex in congo tetra fish was found in treatment C (dose 4 mg/l) which was 86.6%, the highest average value of growth in absolute weight was found in treatment A (hormone dose 2 mg/l) of 1.083 g, and the highest survival was found in treatment D (control) of 90.473%.

A Systematic Review of the Ornamental Fish Trade with Emphasis on Coral Reef Fishes-An Impossible Task.

Simple SummaryThe trade in marine ornamental fishes appears to have commenced around the 1930s, and the number and diversity of species traded remain unclear. Figures currently available are based on estimates or are inferred using limited information from various formal and trade organisations. Almost all marine ornamental fishes are wild-caught from coral reefs, and mortality rates throughout the supply chain can be high. The consequences of removing these fishes from their ecosystems are poorly understood. This article collates and examines available information including scientific studies and publications from the United Nations’ Food and Agriculture Organisation, as well as from other formal and trade organisations, in order to create a more accurate picture of the extent of commercial activities. We demonstrate that it is an almost impossible task to analyse the trade in marine ornamental fishes due to a lack of data on commerce, as well as the fact that available data for marine species is frequently combined with that for freshwater species. This review highlights the urgent need for a global monitoring system to gather accurate and timely information on the number and species of ornamental fishes in commerce, where specimens originated, and whether they were wild-caught or captive-bred.The multi-billion dollar trade in ornamental fishes has rarely been reliably monitored. Almost all coral reef fishes are wild-caught, and few scientific analyses have attempted to elicit exact quantities and identify species involved. The consequences of the removal of millions of these fishes are poorly understood. This article collates and examines available information, including scientific studies and formal publications, in order to create a more accurate picture of this commerce. We demonstrate that it is almost impossible to analyse the trade in marine ornamental fishes due to a lack of data, and that available data for marine species is frequently combined with that for freshwater species. Figures range from 15 to 30 million coral reef fishes being traded annually, but could be as high as 150 million specimens. The global value of this trade was only estimated for 1976 and 1999 between USD 28–40 million. This review highlights the urgent need to introduce a specific harmonised system tariff code and for a global monitoring system, such as the Trade Control and Expert System already in use in Europe, in order to gather accurate and timely information on the number and species of marine ornamental fishes in commerce, where specimens originated, and whether they were wild-caught or captive-bred.

Species composition and invasion risks of alien ornamental freshwater fishes from pet stores in Klang Valley, Malaysia

The ornamental fish trade has been considered as one of the most important routes of invasive alien fish introduction into native freshwater ecosystems. Therefore, the species composition and invasion risks of fish species from 60 freshwater fish pet stores in Klang Valley, Malaysia were studied. A checklist of taxa belonging to 18 orders, 53 families, and 251 species of alien fishes was documented. Fish Invasiveness Screening Test (FIST) showed that seven (30.43%), eight (34.78%) and eight (34.78%) species were considered to be high, medium and low invasion risks, respectively. After the calibration of the Fish Invasiveness Screening Kit (FISK) v2 using the Receiver Operating Characteristics, a threshold value of 17 for distinguishing between invasive and non-invasive fishes was identified. As a result, nine species (39.13%) were of high invasion risk. In this study, we found that non-native fishes dominated (85.66%) the freshwater ornamental trade in Klang Valley, while FISK is a more robust tool in assessing the risk of invasion, and for the most part, its outcome was commensurate with FIST. This study, for the first time, revealed the number of high-risk ornamental fish species that give an awareness of possible future invasion if unmonitored in Klang Valley, Malaysia.

First report of the infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV) infection in ornamental fishes in India.

Infectious spleen and kidney necrosis virus (ISKNV), a member of family iridoviridae, reported for the first time in a wide range of ornamental fish species in India. Significant mortalities during the year 2018-19 were reported from a number of retailers in the region with various clinical signs. The samples of moribund, dead and apparently healthy ornamental fishes were collected from retailers, located in three districts of Karnataka, India. Out of 140 fish samples, 16 samples (11.42%) representing 10 different fish species were found positive to ISKNV by OIE listed primers and same samples were reported to amplify the major capsid protein (MCP) gene of ISKNV. Further, sequence analysis of MCP gene showed that all strains detected in this study were closely related to other documented isolates from different countries with an identity ranging from 98.76% to 100%. Further, they clustered in the clade of ISKNV, during the phylogenetic analysis. The sequence similarity was high (99.94%) to ISKNV strains from Japan, Australia and Malaysia. This is the first report of an ISKNV infection in India. Moreover, out of 10 ISKNV-positive fish species, three species were reported positive to ISKNV for the first time in the world. Further, the in vitro experiment showed the growth of virus in Asian sea bass cell line, which is a natural host of ISKNV. Therefore, considering the lethal nature of megalocytiviruses to infect a vast range of species, proper biosecurity measures need to be taken to control these emerging pathogens.

Effects of different feeding frequency on Siamese fighting fish (Betta splenden) and Guppy (Poecilia reticulata) Juveniles: Data on growth performance and survival rate.

Optimal feeding frequency in aquaculture is vital for the sustainable and economical production of healthy, high-quality fish. This article described the growth performance and survival rate data in the juvenile phase of two commercially important ornamental fish species; Betta splendens (Siamese fighting fish) and Poecilia reticulata (Guppy) reared at different feeding frequency. Thirty days old juveniles of both species were randomly distributed into 12 3 L rectangular plastic tank (n = 10 fish/tank; three replicates per feeding frequency) where they were subjected to four different feeding frequency treatments (1 meal/day (T1), 2 meal/day (Control), 3 meal/day (T2) and four meal/day (T3)) using commercial ornamental fish micropellets for 60 days. The juvenile's weight and length were measured once a week while the number of live fish were recorded daily. The amount of feed intake was also recorded by weighing in the weight of micropellet left after feeding. At the end of the experimental period, the specific growth rate (SGR), food conversion ratio (FCR) and condition factor (K) were calculated for growth performance using the weight, length and feed intake data while the survival rate was calculated using the number of live fish data. Normality test, One-way ANOVA analysis followed by Tukey pos-hoc test were then performed on the data obtained from the calculation of SGR, FCR, K an survival rate. The data presented in this article will aid the rearing process of both species’ juveniles for commercial, experimental and personal usage purpose.

Pterygoplichthys pardalis (Castelnau, 1855), an introduced species in the Cauca River Basin, Colombia.

We report Pterygoplichthys pardalis introduction - a freshwater fish species from the Amazon river basin - in the Cauca river basin and in Salvajina and Calima dams, Colombia. Scope: We registered and taxonomically evaluated P. pardalis to verify its identification, seeking to avoid the elimination of native morphologically similar species. Methodology: Material deposited in some ichthyology collections was examined, evaluating 35 morphometric characters for identification following Armbruster’s keys. These results were compared with the available literature for Pterygoplichthys genus. Conclusions: This article reports some identification errors, mainly regarding Pterygoplichthys undecimalis, which actually correspond to P. pardalis. We also suggest two possible mechanisms that explain P. pardalis introduction into national basins: i) oversights during ornamental fish species trade and by their buyers, and ii) aquaculture projects that, seeking to “improve” regional economy, not take into consideration characteristics and suitability of the species they seek to promote. Finally, this article alerts about P. pardalis introduction in national basins and their possible effects on native species and ecosystems.

Isolation and molecular identification of Aeromonas species from the tank water of ornamental fishes.

Aeromonads are recognised as important pathogens of fishes. In this study, ten water samples were randomly collected from pet shops' fish tanks and home aquaria inhabited by several fish species (silver arowana, koi, goldfish, catfish, pictus fish, silver shark and silver dollar fish). Altogether 298 colonies were isolated using Aeromonas selective agar. A total of 154 isolates were then confirmed as belonging to the genus Aeromonas using the GCAT gene. Using ERIC-PCR, a total of 40 duplicate isolates were excluded from the study and 114 isolates were subjected to PCR-RFLP targeting the RNA polymerase sigma factor (rpoD) gene using lab-on-chip. A total of 13 different Aeromonas species were identified. The most prevalent species were A. veronii (27%, 31/114), followed by A. dhakensis (17%, 19/114), A. finlandiensis (9%, 10/114), A. caviae (8%, 9/114), A. hydrophila (4%, 4/114), A. jandaei (4%, 4/114), A. rivuli (3%, 3/114), A. enteropelogens (2%, 2/114), A. tecta (2%, 2/114), A. allosaccharophila (1%, 1/114), A. eucrenophila (1%, 1/114), A. media (1%, 1/114) and A. diversa (1%, 1/114). Twenty-six isolates (23%) were unidentifiable at species level. The present study demonstrates that Aeromonas species are highly diverse in freshwater fish tanks, and suggests the potential risks posed by the isolated bacteria to the health of ornamental fish species.

Kelangsungan Hidup dan Pertumbuhan Ikan Pala Pinang (<em>Desmopuntius pentazona</em>) dalam Wadah Pemeliharaan dengan Warna Berbeda

Fiveband Barb ( Desmopuntius pentazona ) is a freshwater ornamental fish species of Bangka Island. Domestication of the fish is important because tin mining activites threaten the fish. One of influencing factors of its survival and growth rate is tank color. Light intensity is one of the environmental factors which significantly affect on survival rate and growth of aquatic organisms. Tank colors may affect light wavelength, while light intensity affects the fish feeding. The purpose of the study was to determine the best tank color for survival rate and growth performance of Fiveband Barb. Tank colors used in this study consisted of transparent, brown, red, and blue. Fiveband Barb with 29.72 ± 0.24 mm length and 0.33 ± 0.02 g weight were reared in the tanks of 40 A— 30 A— 30 cm 3 filled with 15 L of water and were fed with bloodworm larvae ad libitum . The results showed that tank color gives significant effect (P < 0.05) on the survival rate of the fish where in transparent, brown, red, and blue tanks they were 100 ± 0; 83 ± 7; 100 ± 0; dan 60 ± 22%, respectively. Spesific growth rate in transparent, brown, red, and blue tanks were 0.011; 0.008; 0.010; and 0,009%/day, respectively. Absolute weight growth rate in transparent, brown, red, and blue tanks were 0,43; 0,31; 0,39; dan 0,37 g, respectively, while absolute length growth rate in transparent, brown, red, and blue tanks were 1,40; 0,73; 1,22; dan 0,52 mm, respectively. Therefore, the transparent and red tanks were the best tank colors for Fiveband Barb culture. This is presumably because the light intensity entering the transparent and red tanks was higher than the other two colors so as to maximize feed consumption in supporting the survival and growth of the fish.

Genetics of colour variation in wild versus cultured queen loach, Botia dario (Hamilton, 1822)

The Queen loach (Botia dario), an ornamental fish species having export potential, belongs to family Cobitidae of order Cypriniformes. The dull colouration in captive condition as compared to nature is a drawback in ornamental fisheries. We report the first comparative transcriptomic analysis of Cultured (CBD) and Natural (NBD) B. dario using bioinformatics tools. Total 26 and 7 key genes for melanin and carotenoid colouration were found, respectively. KEGG pathway annotations of the genes were carried out, to annotate and describe their relevance for pigmentation. The qPCR validation of genes confirmed their expression pattern in the skin and muscle. Differential expression of, slc7a11, asip1, mc1r, dct, tyrp1a, tyr, bcdo2, csf1r, plin2, gsta2, star3 and stard5 in the skin and muscle tissues revealed the reasons for wild versus cultured colour variation. The molecular data was further supported by low yellowness and redness values of CBD skin and muscle in a colorimeter.

Environmental enrichment increases the number of telencephalic but not tectal cells of angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare): an exploratory investigation using optical fractionator

Based on previous evidence that environmental enrichment is associated with telencephalic cellular proliferation and that stable visuotopic tectal circuits are essential for discrimination of placement and identity of stationary or moving objects in the visual field, differential plasticity is expected in these areas. Here we tested this hypothesis in the Angelfish (Pterophyllum scalare), a species of ornamental fish with great value in the aquarist trade. We hypothesized that total telencephalic cell number would increase under the influence of an enriched environment whereas the tectal cell number would not change. To test this hypothesis, 12 aquaria of 80 l each were used, with six fish in each. The aquaria had either an enriched environment (EE) including stones, plants, sand and the presence of another fish from the Loricariidae family for interspecific social interaction, or an impoverished environment (IE), in which stimuli were limited to intraspecific interactions in a barren aquarium. After 62 days, six fish from each treatment were euthanized, and their brains were fixed and sectioned for Nissl staining. Then, stereological estimates of the total number of cells were performed. The fish showed no differences in weight gain, feed conversion ratio, condition factor, specific growth rate or survival. Animals kept in the enriched environment had a higher number of total telencephalic cells than animals kept in the impoverished environment (1,038,555 ± 65,357 vs. 758,331 ± 51,587, bilateral t-test, p = 0.008), but a similar number of tectal optical cells (EE 424,097 ± 29,914 vs. IE 471,409 ± 50,850, bilateral t-test, p = 0.445752). We concluded that cell proliferation in response to stimulation by the enriched environment is differentially expressed in the telencephalon and tectal areas of Pterophyllum scalare.

Addition different algae (Spirulina) flour to artificial feed on color quality and growth of Koi fish (Cyprinus carpio-Koi)

AbstrakOrnamental fish is one of the fisheries commodities that can be used as a source of foreign exchange income, and has its own beauty to attract the interest of ornamental fish lovers. One of the things that determines beauty in many species of ornamental fish is color. Color is a parameter to determine the value of ornamental fish, which is a brighter color, the higher the value of fish. Spirulina sp. Flour has a high carotenoid and protein content, each of which plays a role in increasing color intensity and growth. The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of concentration Spirulina flour to the color quality and growth of koi fish (Cyprinus carpio). The method used was experimental with Completely Randomized Design (CRD) using 4 treatments 5 replications. The dose of feed used is (Control), (dose 1%), (dose 3%) and (dose 5%), Color quality measurement using Adobe Photoshop CS8 software. The frequency of twice-daily feeding for each treatment resulted in color quality with the best value (3.0200%), absolute length growth (0.9780 cm) and absolute weight growth (3.7240 grams).

Evaluation of conservation and trade status of marine ornamental fish harvested from Pangandaran Coastal Waters, West Java, Indonesia

Abstract. Nuryanto A, Bhagawati D, Kusbiyanto. 2020. Evaluation of conservation and trade status of marine ornamental fish harvested from Pangandaran Coastal Waters, West Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 21: 512-520. Pangandaran coastal waters are among the main supply areas of marine ornamental fish in Indonesia. However, no scientific data are available on the conservation and trade status of marine ornamental fish harvested in this region. This study aimed to evaluate the diversity, conservation, and trade status of marine ornamental fish species harvested from Pangandaran coastal waters. Fish were collected during surveys conducted in March, April, July, and September 2019. Species were identified by referring to the available guidance books. The conservation status was analyzed according to the IUCN database, whereas the trade status was evaluated based on the CITES database. A total of 107 marine ornamental fish species from 32 families and eight orders was obtained. The two out of these 107 species had an unresolved conservation status, whereas 24 species were listed as Not Evaluated, 80 species were listed as Least Concern, and one species was listed as Vulnerable by IUCN. Two species had an unknown trade status, whereas 104 species were listed as Not Evaluated and one species was listed in Appendix II of CITES. Our data prove that Pangandaran coastal waters have a high potential for supplying marine ornamental fish, with most of the species listed as having a Not Evaluated or Least Concern status. Most of the species identified were also categorized as having a Not Evaluated trade status.

СРАВНИТЕЛЬНАЯ ФИЗИОЛОГО-ИММУНОЛОГИЧЕСКАЯ ХАРАКТЕРИСТИКА РЫБ СЕМЕЙСТВА ЦИХЛОВЫЕ И КАРПОВЫЕ

Modern aquaculture is rapidly developing. It includes food fish farming and decorative fish breeding. Like in any fast-growing livestock industry, there may be problems related to the health of fish. Carp is the main object in Russian fish farming, representing the basic type of unpretentious, omnivorous and fast-growing pond polyculture. Tilapia is one of the most preferred species of global aquaculture, due to its hardiness, rapid weight gain and ability to tolerate high planting density. Discus is the most popular of the ornamental fish species; it features a large number of color variations, interesting behavior and is cost-effective in breeding. The authors carried out comparative physiological assessment of bony fish of the cyprinid and cichlid families. Hematological parameters were determined – erythrocyte and leukocyte formulas (by means of differential analysis techniques); biochemical parameters of blood serum (with the analyzer), the average cytochemical coefficient of lysosomal cationic protein content in fish blood neutrophils. The research results showed specific features in the intensity of erythro- and leukopoiesis, the proportion 32 of granular cells of the myeloid series. It was revealed that the peculiarity of discus is the presence of blast forms of white blood cells in the blood: myeloblasts, promyelocytes, and myelocytes. In the blood of tilapia, in contrast to discus and carp, there is a high content of granulocytes: neutrophils, eosinophils and basophils of monocytes and lymphocytes in the leukogram. Differences between species were noted based on the results of the lysosomal cation test. The difference in a number of biochemical parameters can also be seen: in tilapia as compared with other species – in the content of albumins, alkaline phosphatase and ALT, in discus – in the activity of lactate and KK enzymes.