Species Of Nepenthes Research Articles

Species of Nepenthes (Pitcher Plant) in Selected Areas of San Isidro, Northern Samar

Nepenthes is a genus in the Nepenthaceae family of the order Nepenthales that is also known as a carnivorous plant. Thus, a study was conducted to identify the diversity of Nepenthes species in nine (9) areas of San Isidro, Northern Samar. The descriptive method of research was applied in this study. A total of nine (9) species were identified in the sampling sites. These species mostly grow in forest and woodland areas. In terms of economic importance, residents used Nepenthes species as ornamental plant, for barter with any goods, and an albolaryo used Nepenthes pitchers to treat snake and dog bites, “kulam”, and “usog”. Furthermore, habitat destruction, cultivation, and overexploitation of Nepenthes species were identified as anthropogenic activities. Results implied that the gathered environmental conditions data were normal and optimal for the growth and development of Nepenthes species in the sampling sites. Further study on the plant will be helpful for future conservation, more economic value, and possible pharmaceutical applications. Moreover, DENR may coordinate with LGU and strictly implement ordinances against habitat destruction, cultivation, collection, and trading of Nepenthes species to assist conservation.

Ecology of Nepenthes on Mount Talang, West Sumatra, Indonesia

Gunung (Mount) Talang is an active volcano in West Sumatra that has a number of Nepenthes species, including the endemic N. talangensis, but their ecology has been little been studied. This study found five species of Nepenthes growing in the protected forest area of Gunung Talang, namely N. bongso, N. inermis, N. pectinata, N. spathulata and N. talangensis. The population of N. talangensis is very small (23 individuals) and it grows sympatrically with N. bongso and N. inermis forming natural hybrids. Lithocarpus conocarpus, Camellia lanceolata, Syzygium acuminatissimum, Adinandra dumosa and Dehaasia sp. are the five most dominant tree species found in the Nepenthes habitat, while L. conocarpus and Podocarpus neriifolius had strong positive associations with N. talangensis. Growth rates of the five Nepenthes species were not significantly different, neither were foliar nitrogen (mean = 1.14%) or phosphorus concentrations (mean = 0.11%). We suggest that N. talangensis should be considered as Critically Endangered and outline some possible conservation actions.

Pitcher formation of Nepenthes ampullaria and Nepenthes rafflesiana on modified in vitro media

Nepenthes, known as pitcher plants, is one of the unique ornamental plants that are highly sought after for their unique shape and color of the pitchers, a modification of the leaves. The pitcher was reportedly formed under nutrient-poor conditions at its growth site. This study aims to investigate the effects of modification of the culture media on the formation of in vitro pitchers of Nepenthes ampullaria and N. rafflesiana. The experimental design in this study used a completely randomized design with two factors (the species of Nepenthes and the media). Nepenthes ampullaria and N. rafflesiana plantlets with a stem height of about 1-2 cm were planted in medium containing half strength of Murashige and Skoog (1/2 MS), in medium containing sugar, agar, and distilled water (SAW), in medium containing agar and distilled water (AW) and medium containing sterile distilled water (W). All media were adjusted to a pH of about 5.7. The filter paper was used as a buffer in a liquid medium to support the plantlets. Each treatment was replicate three times, with each replicate containing ten bottles of culture, each containing one plantlet. Research results were observed for 12 weeks after planting and showed that all cultures could grow well in each medium. The highest average number of pitchers was recorded for the N. ampullaria culture planted in AW medium, with 22 pitchers/plant, followed by the culture in W medium, with 20 pitchers/plant. For N. rafflesiana, on the other hand, the highest number of pitchers was found in W medium with 18 pitchers/plant.

DIVERSITY, ECOLOGY AND CONSERVATION STATUS OF NEPENTHES IN WEST SUMATRA PROVINCE, INDONESIA

Nepenthes is the largest carnivorous plant genus present in Indonesia. There are 39 species of Nepenthes pitcher plants recorded in Sumatra from lowland to montane forests, and 34 of them are endemic; this represents the greatest species diversity of Nepenthes after Borneo. Field studies were conducted in 2021 and 2022 to increase our knowledge of the diversity, habitats and distributions of Nepenthes in West Sumatra province. Twenty-three species of Nepenthes were recorded from the province, consisting of 15 highland species, 4 mid-elevation species and 4 lowland species. Ecophysiological studies conducted at Bukit Malalak showed clumped distributions of N. bongso, N. dubia, N. eustachya and N. rhombicaulis. Foliar and pitcher fluid nutrient concentrations were found to be similar to those cited in other recent studies although growth rates were slightly more rapid than at Gunung Talang. Bukit Malalak is a new locality for two threatened species, namely N. dubia (CR) and N. rhombicaulis (VU), enlarging their extents of occurrence. In total, nine species from West Sumatra are threatened and conservation actions are urgently needed for these and other Nepenthes species remaining on the island.

Morphology and pitcher's color Nepenthes in Batu Lubang Sibolga Area, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia

Abstract. Tarigan MRM, Aziz S, Tanjung IF, Pary C, Adlini MN, Jayanti UNAD, Ardianto, Ulfa AY. 2023. Morphology and pitcher's color Nepenthes in Batu Lubang Sibolga Area, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 24: 1953-1962. The study's objective was to identify the size, color, and shape of a pitcher of Nepenthes found in the Batu Lubang Sibolga region. Purposive sampling is used as part of an exploratory approach in this study. Plot-based Nepenthes observation was conducted in the Sitahuis District, Central Tapanuli Regency, North Sumatra Province, Indonesia, to examine pitcher morphology and color. The results showed two species of Nepenthes, namely N. gracilis Korth and N. eustachya Miq, with two types of pitchers each, namely the lower and upper pitcher. The morphology of the Nepenthes pitchers has an almost similar shape but differs in the size of the pitcher circumference, where the lower pitcher is smaller than the upper pitcher. The bottom pitcher of N. gracilis has redwood (45%), and the upper pitcher is light green (55%), according to the proportion of observations of the color of the lower and upper pitchers of these two species. While the upper pitcher of N. eustachya is green with red dots (70%), the lower pitcher is light reddish green (30%). According to the study's findings, Nepenthes in the Batu Lubang Sibolga area required conservation intervention to preserve this species.

DIVERSITY OF NEPENTHES SPECIES IN NORTH SUMATRA PROVINCE

Sumatra is the second island after Borneo, which has the highest diversity of Nepenthes species, spread from the lowlands to mountain forests. There are 38 species of Nepenthes recorded on Sumatra Island, and 33 of them are endemic. The study was conducted in 2019 and 2022 to know the diversity of Nepenthes in North Sumatra Province. The results showed that 22 species of Nepenthes were recorded in North Sumatra Province, consisting of 12 highland species, 3 midland species and 7 lowland species. N. tobaica is a highland species with a very wide distribution, spread over eight regencies in North Sumatra with a very abundant population, while N. sumatrana, N. rigidifolia, N. jamban, N. lingulata, and N. naga have limited distribution with a very small population and are potentially extinct.

Synopsis of Sumatran Nepenthes (Indonesia)

Abstract. Hernawati, Zuhud EA, Prasetyo LB, Soekmadi R. 2022. Synopsis of Sumatran Nepenthes (Indonesia). Biodiversitas 23: 4243-4255. Taxonomic status is a fundamental component in determining the conservation status of a species. Inappropriate taxonomic entities can mislead efforts to protect species, especially endangered ones. Determining the taxonomic status of Sumatran Nepenthes is an essential step in conserving these unique species. This study aims to assess the taxonomic status and update the compilation of scientific names and taxon positions related to the Sumatran Nepenthes. The morphological characters were collected through observation of herbarium specimens and field research in several locations in Sumatra. The grouping of species is built based on the similarity of morphological characters for each selected species and follows a taxonomic revision process. The results showed that Sumatra had 39 species of Nepenthes, which were previously known to occur in only 29 species. The increase in the number of Sumatran Nepenthes came from (i) The publication of 9 new Nepenthes species from Sumatra. (ii) Restores N. pectinata and N. xiphiodes as independent species from their original position as synonyms for N. gymnamphora. (iii) Positioning N. gymnamphora as one of the Nepenthes species on the island of Java. (iv) Positioning N. angasanensis, N. longifolia, N. talangensis, and N. tenuis as independent species and not synonyms of N. mikei, N. beccariana, N. bongso, and N. dubia

Nepenthes candalaga (Nepenthaceae), a new species from eastern Mindanao, Philippines

A new endemic species, Nepenthes candalaga (Nepenthes sect. Alata) from Mt. Candalaga (eastern Mindanao, Philippines) is here described and illustrated. This new taxon resembles N. justinae but can be easily distinguished in having the lamina with 2‒3 longitudinal nerves, orbicular lid, non-bifid lid spur tip, triangular lid appendage, short banner-shaped trap wings, and absent upper pitcher rim. The species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CE) according to the IUCN criteria. This novelty is the 38th species of Nepenthes in Mindanao making the island with the highest concentration of Nepenthes species in the Philippines. This discovery increases the number of Nepenthes species in the Philippines to 61. The new taxon described faces threats of deforestation and habitat loss without legislative protection.

NEPENTHES HARAUENSIS, A NEW SPECIES OF NEPENTHACEAE FROM WEST SUMATRA

HERNAWATI, SATRIA, R. & LEE, C. C. 2022. Nepenthes harauensis, a new species of Nepenthaceae from West Sumatra. Reinwardtia 21(1): 19‒23. — A new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from the Harau region of West Sumatra is described as Nepenthes harauensis Hernawati, R.Satria & Chi.C.Lee. This species shares specific characteristics with both N. bongso and N. singalana but is unique in its thickly coriaceous and petiolate leaves, which are elliptic-oblong and have a distinctly peltate tendril insertion.

Descriptions of two new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Thailand and their phylogenetic analysis based on AFLP technique species confirmation

Descriptions of two new species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) from Thailand and their phylogenetic analysis based on AFLP technique species confirmation

Studi Morfometri dan Meristik Kantong Semar (Nepenthes spp.) yang Terpapar atau Tidak Terpapar Air Laut

Nepenthes or pitcher plant is one of the most exotic plants in the world. There are 82 species of Nepenthes in the world, and very few studies concerning salinity stress have been carried out. We have found one species of pitcher plant that was exposed to seawater, namely Nepenthes gracilis Korth. Sixty-eight individuals were exposed to seawater and the rest were not. Observing and measuring morphological characters and anatomical characters have been done to these two sample groups in order to reveal the adaptation expression to the salinity stress. Statistical analysis has also been carried out between both groups. Two samples showed that they have significant differences in the size of pitcher and leaf. The ones which were exposed to seawater had smaller pitchers and leaves than others. The exposed seawater pitcher plant also has thicker leaves and palisade than others. Additionally, salinity exposure tended to decrease the stomatal density. The possible reason for this pattern was discussed in this study.

Ecology of Nepenthes clipeata on Gunung Kelam, Indonesian Borneo

ABSTRACT Background Nepenthes clipeata is a Critically Endangered plant species with the population at its only location in the wild, Gunung (Mount) Kelam in Kalimantan, Indonesia, under threat – its nutrient relationships have not been studied. Aims To improve understanding of the autecology of N. clipeata by assessing the current population and providing information on its mineral nutrient relationships. Methods A survey was undertaken in 2019 when population numbers and habitat preferences of N. clipeata were recorded. Nutrient concentrations in soil, leaves and pitcher fluid were analysed and compared with those in other Nepenthes species. Results Eighteen individuals of N. clipeata were found on Gunung Kelam (only one of which was female). Seven other Nepenthes species were found and hybrids with two of these and N. clipeata were observed. Although the foliar nutrient concentrations (‘ionome’) of N. clipeata appeared distinct from that of other Nepenthes species, with N. clipeata having greater nutrient concentrations, particularly nitrogen, potassium and calcium, nitrogen limitation was still prevalent. Conclusions N. clipeata still persists in the wild but with very low numbers, indicating that conservation actions are required. Along with other species of Nepenthes, it is limited by soil nitrogen concentrations although it has a distinct ionome derived from high foliar nutrient concentrations.

Protease activity from bacterial isolates of Nepenthes maxima reinw. ex nees

Protease is an enzyme that applied in many industrial sectors. Protease can be produced by proteolytic bacteria. Many of these bacteria were isolated from Nepenthes that lives in nutrient-poor areas. The life of Nepenthes is depend on the insects that trapped and degradated by proteolytic bacteria inside the pocket of Nepenthes. Sulawesi has a high diversity of Nepenthes, there are many species of Nepenthes that endemic to Sulawesi. However, there is no report for isolation and characterization of proteolytic bacteria from Nepenthes, especially in Nepenthes maxima Reinw. Ex Nees. This study was aimed to characterize the protease from bacterial isolate of N. maxima Reinw. Ex Nees. The methods that used in this study were screening of samples from Nepenthes and protease activity assay at temperature 37°C with pH 7. The result showed that proteolytic index of BN1 was 0,64 mm, higher than other isolates. While the proteolytic index of BN2, BN3, BN4 and BN5 were 0.51 mm, 0.24 mm, 0.13 mm; and 0.54 mm, respectively. Isolate of BN2 were able to produce the highest protease activity (0,067 U/ml) and the lowest protease activity was produced by isolate of BN3 (0,008 U/ml). Protease activity of BN1, BN4 and BN5 were 0.015 U/ml, 0.023 U/ml and 0.055 U/ml, respectively. The result indicates that proteolytic baceria from N. maxima Reinw. Ex Nees has the potential to produce protease that can be used in large-scale industrial sectors.

<p><strong><em>Nepenthes putaiguneung</em></strong><strong> (Nepenthaceae), a new species from highland of Sumatra, Indonesia</strong></p>

A new species of Nepenthes—Nepenthes putaiguneung—from the highlands of Sumatra (Indonesia) is described and illustrated. This new species is morphologically similar with N. Singalana from which differs in having narrowly spathulate leaves, more gracile upper pitchers with a finely ribbed peristome, lacking teeth on its inner edge, lid with a basal crest and a short tooth-like triangular appendage near the apex on the underside (not lacking such appendages), the lid glands of lower pitcher confined to the midline (not scattered evenly over the whole surface), and pedicel of lower male flowers usually with minutely short bracteole. N. putaiguneung is also similar to N. mikei but differs in having narrowly spathulate leaves with obtuse apex, lower pitcher with slender infundibulate shape below and cylindrical above, peristome of lower pitcher with short and denser distinct ribs, lid of lower and upper pitcher with a prominent glandular crest at the base of midrib, several distinct glands on the lid of lower pitcher that clustered along the midrib; and pedicel of lower male flowers that usually with minutely short bracteole.

Nepenthes latiffiana and N. domei (Nepenthaceae), two new species of pitcher plants from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia

Two new species of Nepenthes from Terengganu, Peninsular Malaysia, N. latiffiana M. N. Faizal, A. Amin & N. Dome and N. domei M. N. Faizal, A. Amin & A. Latiff, are described and illustrated.

Tropical pitcher plants (Nepenthes) act as ecological filters by altering properties of their fluid microenvironments

Characteristics of host species can alter how other, interacting species assemble into communities by acting as ecological filters. Pitchers of tropical pitcher plants (Nepenthes) host diverse communities of aquatic arthropods and microbes in nature. This plant genus exhibits considerable interspecific diversity in morphology and physiology; for example, different species can actively control the pH of their pitcher fluids and some species produce viscoelastic fluids. Our study investigated the extent to which Nepenthes species differentially regulate pitcher fluid traits under common garden conditions, and the effects that these trait differences had on their associated communities. Sixteen species of Nepenthes were reared together in the controlled environment of a glasshouse using commonly-sourced pH 6.5 water. We analyzed their bacterial and eukaryotic communities using metabarcoding techniques, and found that different plant species differentially altered fluid pH, viscosity, and color, and these had strong effects on the community structure of their microbiota. Nepenthes species can therefore act as ecological filters, cultivating distinctive microbial communities despite similar external conditions, and blurring the conceptual line between biotic and abiotic filters.

THE SYSTEMATIC SIGNIFICANCE OF LEAF EPIDERMAL MICROMORPHOLOGY OF TEN NEPENTHES SPECIES (NEPENTHACEAE) FROM PENINSULAR MALAYSIA

GHAZALLI, M. N., TAMIZI, A. A., ESA, M. I. M., BESI, E. E., NIKONG, D., NORDIN, A. R. M. & ZAINI, A. Z. 2019. The systematic significance of leaf epidermal micromorphology of ten Nepenthes species (Nepenthaceae) from Peninsular Malaysia. Reinwardtia 18(2): 81−96. — The pitcher plants of Malaysia belong to the genus Nepenthes and can be found thriving in swampy areas, along the roadside, on hillslopes and in mountainous terrains depending on species and their ecological preferences. In this study, cuticle micromorphology of ten species of Nepenthes (Nepenthaceae) collected from Peninsular Malaysia was intensively studied through scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to characterise and investigate diagnostic characters of cuticle micromorphology that can be useful in Nepenthes classification. A total of eleven characters from the inner and outer cuticles were enumerated in details and these characters have a value either for infrageneric classification or for diagnostic identification of the species. Characters observed and analysed were related to the epidermal cells, subsidiary cells, stomatal complex i.e type of waxes on both epidermal surfaces, abaxial and adaxial cuticular ornamentation, stomata characteristics, stomata formation, stomata frequency, cuticular ornamentation on stomata, shape of the stomata, stomata size, trichome existence and type of trichomes. Nepenthes ampullaria is clearly distinguished from the other species by markedly different types of tufted and multicellular trichomes of the epidermal cells on both leaf epidermal surfaces. For N. alba, its cuticular feature showed groovy cuticular pattern on the abaxial and adaxial surface, hence, can serve as a diagnostic cuticular pattern for this species. From these findings, the species delimitation based on cuticular features show a clear resolution, however some species might be individually distinct based on the combination of characters examined.

<p><strong><em>Nepenthes erucoides </em></strong><strong>(Nepenthaceae), an ultramaficolous micro-endemic from Dinagat Islands Province, northern Mindanao, Philippines</strong></p>

A new species of Nepenthes—N. erucoides—is described and illustrated from a single ultramafic peak in the Dinagat Islands Province of northeastern Mindanao. It is a distinctive component of a relatively low-elevation, highly biodiverse montane elfin forest that has evolved in association with a particularly thin and extremely hostile substrate. Plant habit, and leaf, inflorescence, indumentum and peristome-column morphology appear superficially similar to those of the ultramaficolous montane species of Palawan, implicating an environmental basis for a syndrome of shared characteristics.

Introduction to Documentation of Nepenthes Species in Bako National Park, Sarawak

In order to accomplish the learning objectives of ecology, biodiversity and environment course, in situ activities remain the finest key to complement by conducting real fieldwork experiments. The specific objectives of the fieldwork are to ensure sustainable learning, adopting best practice in scientific documentation, and implementing holistic and integrated learning approach in the course. Therefore, related field topic was given to the students and resulted with the following attributes. Four different species of pitcher plants were identified and classified throughout the study. The recent biology educational trip to Bako National Park had documented various well-known species of Nepenthes. Information on Nepenthes species present in the parks is useful for educational and research purposes, developing a conservation plan and management and also helps in promoting ecotourism. The trip was conducted to introduce a comprehensive learning experience to the students in biodiversity-related discipline.

Identifikasi Morfologi Tumbuhan Kantong Semar (Nepenthes Sp.) Sebagai Bahan Ajar Tumbuhan Tingkat Tinggi Di Kawasan Wisata Gunung Galunggung Kabupaten Tasikmalaya

<p><em>Mount Galunggung is one of the </em><em>tourism icons</em><em> in Tasikmalaya</em><em> Regency </em><em>which has highly potential of biodiversity, </em><em>especially in various of plants. In addition to showing the natural tourism, Mount Galunggung is also a media for learning high-level plants for developing science in the university. One of the potential diversity of plants in Mount Galunggung is kantong semar, which is known with botanical name as Nepenthes sp. Nepenthes are known as tropical plants that can live and survive in extreme conditions with low nutrients. These plants are classified into carnivorous plants. This research was aimed to identify various species of Nepenthes in Tasikmalaya Regency based on morphological characters. This research was conducted in February until July 2018, located in Mount Galunggung Tasikmalaya Regency using descriptive and exploratory methods. Data collected were morphological identification of Nepenthes and environment conditions. Morphological identification was carried out by visual observation of organs in Nepenthes such as root, stem, leaf, pitcher, flower, fruit and seed that are expected to give preliminary data that can provide information to determine the classification. The result of this research concluded that only one species of Nepenthes was found in Mount Galunggung and that was included to Nepenthes gymnamphora.</em></p>