Species Of Leguminosae Research Articles

Comparative Morphology of the Primary Vascular Systems in Some Species of Rosaceae and Leguminosae

The structural patterns of the primary vascular systems in some species of Leguminosae and Rosaceae have been determined by tracing the longitudinal course of the vascular bundles in terminal stem segments. These systems are interpreted as consisting of sympodia. Each sympodium is composed of an axial bundle which is continuous through the length of the segment and from which arise trace bundles that supply leaves and axillary buds. A compact arrangement of vascular bundles seems to correlate with the woody habit. Regardless of the degree of compactness of the primary vascular system, the structural identity of the individual sympodia is maintained. The total number of vascular bundles at a particular level is related to the number of axial bundles in the system, the number of traces per leaf and per axillary bud, and the number of internodes traversed by the traces prior to entering a lateral appendage. Shrubs and trees have more vascular bundles than herbs. Data from this study and the literature indicate that the vascular system is predominantly of the open type in dicotyledonous plants which have helically arranged leaves and, further, that in such plants with a 3-trace, trilacunar nodal structure, the number of sympodia coincides with the number of orthostichies (which is also the denominator of the phyllotactic fraction). In open systems leaf gaps cannot be morphologically delimited. Because of the resemblance of the open type of angiosperm vascular system to that of certain gymnosperms, previously interpreted to have evolved from a protostele, we suggest that the eustele of angiosperms is homologous with the stele of gymnosperms. We believe, also, that angiosperms, like gymnosperms, are probably not characterized by leaf gaps of filicinean type. We provide, furthermore, a rationale for the view that the axial bundle of a sympodium is a cauline structure.

COMPARATIVE MORPHOLOGY OF THE PRIMARY VASCULAR SYSTEMS IN SOME SPECIES OF ROSACEAE AND LEGUMINOSAE

The structural patterns of the primary vascular systems in some species of Leguminosae and Rosaceae have been determined by tracing the longitudinal course of the vascular bundles in terminal stem segments. These systems are interpreted as consisting of sympodia. Each sympodium is composed of an axial bundle which is continuous through the length of the segment and from which arise trace bundles that supply leaves and axillary buds. A compact arrangement of vascular bundles seems to correlate with the woody habit. Regardless of the degree of compactness of the primary vascular system, the structural identity of the individual sympodia is maintained. The total number of vascular bundles at a particular level is related to the number of axial bundles in the system, the number of traces per leaf and per axillary bud, and the number of internodes traversed by the traces prior to entering a lateral appendage. Shrubs and trees have more vascular bundles than herbs. Data from this study and the literature indicate that the vascular system is predominantly of the open type in dicotyledonous plants which have helically arranged leaves and, further, that in such plants with a 3‐trace, trilacunar nodal structure, the number of sympodia coincides with the number of orthostichies (which is also the denominator of the phyllotactic fraction). In open systems leaf gaps cannot be morphologically delimited. Because of the resemblance of the open type of angiosperm vascular system to that of certain gymnosperms, previously interpreted to have evolved from a protostele, we suggest that the eustele of angiosperms is homologous with the stele of gymnosperms. We believe, also, that angiosperms, like gymnosperms, are probably not characterized by leaf gaps of filicinean type. We provide, furthermore, a rationale for the view that the axial bundle of a sympodium is a cauline structure.

DEVELOPMENT AND MORPHOLOGY OF STELAR COMPONENTS IN THE STEMS OF SOME MEMBERS OF THE LEGUMINOSAE AND ROSACEAE

Two species of Leguminosae and five species of Rosaceae have been studied in an attempt to determine the relationship between the development of primary vascular bundles and their morphology, and the variation in morphology among vascular bundles of different types in the stem. A residual meristem occurs in all species. The direction of differentiation of provascular tissue and primary phloem is acropetal and continuous, but differentiation of primary xylem is usually basipetal in the stem. Rare acropetal differentiation of primary xylem was observed in two species only, and in these it is restricted to axial bundles. In order to identify the different types of vascular bundles and to understand their relationship to each other and to the organs they supply, the architecture of the primary vascular system was determined. The several types of vascular bundles are highly variable in size and tracheary cell content. Of all the vascular bundles, the leaf traces are the largest and contain the greatest number of files of tracheary elements. Whereas leaf traces gradually increase in size from the levels of their divergence from axial bundles to the levels at which they enter leaf bases, axial bundles maintain a size in approximate proportion to the diameter of the vascular cylinder. Branch traces decrease in size acropetally. In axial bundles there are usually only one or two files of tracheary elements in contrast to as many as nine files in the median leaf traces of some species. In apical regions where the axial bundles are the sole means of continuous longitudinal transport in the stem, effective water and mineral conduction occur through a relatively small number of tracheary elements. In leaf traces, the much larger number of tracheary elements may have, among other functions, adaptive value in compartmentalization of transport.

Pit membranes in hardwoods?Fine structure and development

1. The structure and development of the membranes (intervessel, vessel-parenchyma, parenchymal-intercellular and interparenchymatous) in wood cells of several Leguminosae species were investigated. 2. In very young cell elements the pit membrane represents the continuation of the middle lamella and primary walls of the adjacent cells, displaying however more structural details than inside the cell wall. 3. During the course of development, the intervessel pit membrane swells and loses dense incrusting material, becoming very transparent to electrons. This also happens to the vessel-parenchyma pit membranes, but assymmetrically, the modification being more accentuated in the layers of the vessel side. Subsequently, dense substances reappear and in completely developed membranes they can be quite abundant. 4. In vessel-parenchyma pits an additional layer (protective layer) is deposited between the plasmalemma of the parenchyma cell and the pit membrane. It is formed after degeneration of the vessel cytoplasm and shows a spongy texture. A similar layer is found at the parenchymal-intercellular membranes, thus suggesting the function of protecting the living cytoplasm against an external different medium, only from which it is separated by a thin permeable membrane. 5. Significant evidence was found indicating that vessel membranes consist of various fibrillar lamellae alternating with granular layers (incrusting material). At each side from the median plane, there are at least two possibly monofibrillar layers. The microfibrils of the more internal layers tend to group in a parallel arrangement and are continuous with the primary wall of the vessel. The more external ones show a loose, crossed texture. 6. Typical for the interparenchymatous pit membranes is the perforation by numerous plamsodesmata, a common feature of pit membranes separating living protoplasts. No openings were seen in developed vessel pit membranes up to 100,000X.

Broadbean Necrosis Virus

Only a little has been known about the causal virus of the soil-borne broadbean necrosis of Japan, although the disease has long been investigated. This paper deals with the description of the characteristics of the causal virus, broadbean necrosis virus (BNV), especially its host rage, physical properties, and electron microscopy.BNV is transmitted by plant juice. It causes systemic mild mottling and necrotic symptoms on a few species of Leguminosae, such as broadbean, pea and sweetpea. Local chlorotic lesions or quasi-necrotic ring lesions are formed on serveral varieties of bean, Nicotiana rustica, N. clevelandii, Chenopodium amaranticolor, and Tetragonia expansa. Other plant species tested were not susceptible to BNV. BNV in expressed juice is inactivated at termperatures of 50-55°C in 10 minutes exposure, at dilutions of 10-3 to 10-4, and in 8 to 17 days aging at 20°C. Under the electron microscope, BNV paticles appear to be straight rods about 25mμ in diameter. Two distinct peaks of the distribution of particle length are observed at the lengths of 150 and 250mμ. Only partial protective effect of BNV against tobacco rattle virus was observed in a cross immunity test on sweetpea. From the host range, properties, cross immunity, and particle morophology, it is concluded that BNV is distinct from tobacco rattle virus and also pea early-browing virus, which are infectious to legumes and belong to the TRV-group according to Brandes' classification of elongated viruses.

Studies on the adzuki-bean mosaic virus

The causal virus of the seed-borne mosaic disease of adzuki-bean (AzMV) is infectious only to leguminous plants. Among 30 species of Leguminosae, Phaseolus angularis alone shows mosaic, and Astragalus sinicus shows vein-clearing. Canavalia ensiformis, C. gladiata, Phaseolus lunatus, Vigna sesquipedalis and V. sinensis seems to be symptomless carriers. Phaseolus vulgaris var. Master Piece shows symptomless local infection.Thermal inactivation point of the virus lies between 55 and 60°C, and its longevity in vitro is f und to be between 0 and 24 hours at 20°C. Dilution end point lies between 1:100 and 1:1, 000.All the isolates of viruses obtained through seeds of adzuki-bean caused mosaic symptoms on adzuki-bean, but not on asparagus-bean, so far as the present tests concerned.The results of cross immunity tests indicated that the plants infected with Adzuki-bean Mosaic Virus protected the infection of Asparagus-bean Mosaic Virus (ApMV). Consequently the virus is considered to be a strain of Asparagus-bean Mosaic Virus.

Studies on the asparagus-bean mosaic virus

The causal virus of mosaic disease of asparagus-bean and cowpea in Japan was investigated and the following results were obtained:1) This virus was easily transmissible by pressed juice and also by aphids, Myzus persicae and Aphis medicaginis. Transmission tests with A. gossypii were unsuccessful. Both acquisition and inoculation feeding thresholds of Myzus persicae were between 10 and 15 seconds.2) Seed transmission rate of this virus was 0.24 per cent in the case of Vigna sesquipedalis, when 2914 seedlings were used for the test.3) Among 38 species of Leguminosae and 8 species of non-leguminous plants tested, the susceptible plants were shown to be as follows: Astragalus sinicus, Canavalia ensiformis, Phaseolus angularis, P. lunatus, Vigna sesquipedalis, and V. sinensis. All these species produced systemic mottling. Cassia tora formed only black local lesions. Phaseolus vulgaris formed faint chlorotic local lesions, or caused symptomless local infection, but some varieties were immune from the disease. Aeschynomene indica and Canavalia gladiata were symptomless carriers. Vicia faba formed reddish-brown local lesions, but was not systemically infected.4) Thermal inactivation point of this virus lay between 55 and 60°C. Longevity in vitro was found to be between 12 and 24 hours. Dilution-end point was between 1: 1, 000 and 1: 2, 500.5) Strains isolated from seed-borne diseased asparagus-bean plants found to be almost the same in respect to host range, physical properties, and transmission.

Additions to the known nodulating species ofLeguminosae

Observations have been made on the nodulation of species ofLeguminosae. Nodulation is recorded for 137 previously unlisted species in 24 genera, including 8 previously unlisted genera, all species being indigenous in Western Australia.

Dark Island heath (Ninety-mile Plain, South Australia). III. The root systems

This paper describes the nature of the root systems of the most important members of the heath community. Several variations of tap-root and fibrous root systems were observed. Tap-rooted species were either shallow rooting (1–2 ft) or deep rooting (6 or more feet into the clay subsoil). Two variations of deep tap-rooted species were observed. The tap-root of one decays with age; the laterals of the other produce frequent sucker shoots. In all forms of the deep tap-rooted species an extensive lateral root system was developed within the surface 12 in. of soil — the organic A1 horizon; the tap-root and occasional secondary vertical descended, often unbranched, to the subsoil. The fibrous root system may arise from stem bases, rhizomes, tubers, or underground stocks (caudices). With the exception of underground stocks, which had extensive roots in the A2 and A3 to B horizons, the other forms of the fibrous root systems were confined to the A1 horizon. The marked concentration of roots in the organic A1 horizon was illustrated in dry weight–depth curves. Most of the roots in the A2, and A1 horizons arose from the caudex of Xanthorrhoea australis R.Br.; the remainder were vertical roots which passed directly into the subsoil from the deep-rooted species. About 70 per cent of the species recorded in the heath had morphological characteristics which enabled them to survive a fire and sprout from perennating buds buried under the surface of the ground. Thus, although the aerial organs of the heath were destroyed by fire, the root systems provided a reserve of food and nutrients for the regenerating heath. The dry weight of the root systems was therefore scarcely influenced by fire and thereafter steadily increased in the organic A1 horizon as the stand aged. The presence of root nodules on species of Leguminosae and Casuarinaoeae as well as of haustoria on Exocarpos sparteus R.Br. and Euphrasia collina R.Br. Is recorded.

A smear technic for some species of Leguminosae.

Carnoy's No. 2 fluid (absolute alcohol-glacial acetic acid-chloroform) modified by saturation with mercuric chloride was found to be an effective killing and fixing agent for microsporocytes of Trifolium pratense, T. incarnatum, T. repens, T. hybridum, and Glycine max. Microsporocytes so fixed were softened in a 0.1N HCl solution at 45°C. for approximately 10 minutes, then smeared by die standard aceto-carmine technic. The modifications enabled chromosome counts to be made successfully in microsporocyte smears, whereas satisfactory smears could not be made when standard technics of killing and fixing were used.

ON THE SIGNIFICANCE OF MYCORRHIZA

IT is now generally recognised that the possession of mycorrhiza is not the characteristic only of a few somewhat abnormal families, but is a widespread phenomenon. Janse (I896), in Java, and Gallaud (I905) were among the first workers to indicate the large numbers of species involved. More recent are the observations of Asai (I934), in Japan, who recorded mycorrhiza in 82 per cent. of the I34 families investigated. McDougall and Glasgow (I929), in America, have recorded mycorrhiza on 28 species of Compositae; and Samuel (I926), in Australia, on 27 species of Leguminosae, 30 species of Gramineae, on Liliaceae, Ranunculaceae, Violaceae, Geraniaceae, Euphorbiaceae, Rosaceae, Plantaginaceae and Myrtaceae. A large number of species typically infected is given in the papers of Peyronel (I920, I922, etc.). My own observations in eastern Australia have also shown that the phenomenon is widespread; Myrtaceae, Lauraceae, Saxifragaceae, Cunoniaceae, Sapindaceae, Rutaceae and Epacridaceae all possess members with mycorrhiza. Besides the above are families such as the Orchidaceae, Burmanniaceae, Ericaceae, Pyrolaceae, etc., which have long been recognised as mycotrophic, and also the large numbers of trees with their well-marked ectophytic mycorrhizas. It was found that mycorrhiza fell naturally into several groups distinguished from one another by well-marked features. Ectophytic and endophytic forms were readily separated; in the former the main

Stelar Anatomy of Cicer arietinum and Glottidium floridanum

American Journal of BotanyVolume 16, Issue 10 p. 781-788 Article STELAR ANATOMY OF CICER ARIETINUM AND GLOTTIDIUM FLORIDANUM Sister Raphaelis Gehlen, Sister Raphaelis Gehlen Sisters of Christian Charity, Maria Immaculata Convent, Wilmette, IllinoisSearch for more papers by this author Sister Raphaelis Gehlen, Sister Raphaelis Gehlen Sisters of Christian Charity, Maria Immaculata Convent, Wilmette, IllinoisSearch for more papers by this author First published: 01 December 1929 https://doi.org/10.1002/j.1537-2197.1929.tb09518.xCitations: 1AboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Citing Literature Volume16, Issue10December 1929Pages 781-788 RelatedInformation

Xerofotic Movements in Leaves

1. Xerofotic movements are paratonic movements, caused by unequal drying effects in direct sunlight, manifested by an upward bend in leaflets or a curling upward of the blade. Greater turgor of the cells of the lower side causes a movement in the direction from which the desiccating energy comes. The xerofotic position decreases the amount of direct radiant energy received per unit area of leaf, reducing the harmful action of intense sunlight upon the chlorophyll as well as checking transpiration. 2. Two classes of xerofotic response were noted. In the localized type the differential turgidity acts in a limited region, such as in the pulvini of leguminous leaflets. In the generalized type the difference in turgidity is between the upper and lower part of the blade. The localized response was characteristic of all observed species of Leguminosae, but is not limited to that family. The generalized type was noted particularly in the monocotyledonous families Poaceae, Araceae, Marantaceae, and Zingiberaceae. 3. In nature the response was brought about by direct stimulation from the sun. It was artificially simulated by the action of the chemical desiccating agents, absolute alcohol and xylol, on Gliricidia sepium and Ipomoea Pes-caprae. 4. The amount of movement varied between 45⚬ and 70⚬ above the horizontal. Movement took place under suitable conditions at any season. The amount of response, even in leaflets of a pair, varied under different conditions of exposure.

IX. Description of some New Genera and Species of Tropical Leguminosae.

Journal Article IX. Description of some New Genera and Species of Tropical Leguminosæ Get access George Bentham, P.L.S. George Bentham, P.L.S. Search for other works by this author on: Oxford Academic Google Scholar Transactions of the Linnean Society of London, Volume os-25, Issue 2, November 1865, Pages 297–320, https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1096-3642.1865.tb00186.x Published: 09 April 2009 Article history Accepted: 22 July 2008 Published: 09 April 2009