Species Of Inocybe Research Articles

Inocybe ahmadii sp. nov. and a new record of I. leptocystis from Pakistan

Two smooth-spored Inocybe species, I. ahmadii (a new taxon) and I. leptocystis, were collected from moist temperate forests of Pakistan and identified based on molecular phylogenetic analysis and assessment of macro- and micro-morphological characters. Inocybe ahmadii is described as new based on its smooth phaseoliform to sub-amygdaliform basidiospores, pinkish brown lamellae, white stipe surface that is brownish at the apex, broadly lageniform hyaline pleurocystidia, and similar but more frequent cheilocystidia. Our I. leptocystis specimen, molecularly supported as conspecific with specimens from Austria, China, Italy, and Finland, represents a first record of the species from Pakistan.

Molecular characterization and RFLP profile of an Inocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) species isolated from Tlaxcala (Mexico): evidence for a new species in the subgenus Mallocybe

Molecular characterization and RFLP profile of an Inocybe (Inocybaceae, Agaricales) species isolated from Tlaxcala (Mexico): evidence for a new species in the subgenus Mallocybe

A new species of Inocybe representing the Nothocybe lineage

Inocybe distincta sp. nov. is described from Kerala State, India. A comprehensive description, photographs, line drawings and comments are provided. The nuclear ribosomal internal transcribed spacer region (ITS), a portion of the nuclear ribosomal large subunit (nrLSU) and a portion of the nuclear second-largest subunit of RNA polymerase II (RPB2) gene of this species were sequenced and analyzed. BLASTn searches using nrLSU and RPB2 sequences and subsequent ML phylogenetic analysis of combined nrLSU and RPB2 sequences confirmed that Inocybe distincta is a representative of the Nothocybe lineage. As the Nothocybe lineage is assumed to have affinities to I. cutifracta, and as there are different interpretations of that species, we examined the holotype of I. cutifracta collected by T. Petch and another collection from Sri Lanka identified as I. cutifracta by D. N. Pegler, and we present here our observations on these collections.

New and noteworthy species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from tropical India

Eleven species of Inocybe, a highly diverse genus of ectomycorrhizal Agaricales, are documented from tropical India in Kerala State. Seven species are described as new. Furthermore, I. pileosulcata is reported from India for the first time. I. virosa, not previously validated, is validated here. Gross morphological and microscopic descriptions, illustrations, and phylogenetic affiliations are provided. Seven species feature nodulose or spinose basidiospores and belong to the Inocybe clade. The remaining four species are characterized by the combination of smooth spores and absence of pleurocystidia. Two of these share an alliance with the Pseudosperma clade, and the other two with the Inosperma clade. All 11 species likely share an ecological association with lowland tropical Dipterocarpaceae. The new combination I. mucidiolens is made (formerly I. calamistrata var. mucidiolens).

Five new species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from tropical India

Five new species of Inocybe, I. iringolkavensis, I. keralensis, I. kuruvensis, I. muthangensis and I. wayanadensis, are described from Kerala state, India, based on morphological and molecular data. All are associated with trees belonging to Dipterocarpaceae. Inocybe iringolkavensis is characterized by nodulose to somewhat stellate basidiospores, 1–4-spored basidia, and caulocystidia restricted to the stipe apex. Inocybe keralensis has a yellowish brown pileus, lamellae with whitish, serrate edges, smooth, ellipsoidal basidiospores and a duplex pileipellis with the superficial hyphae devoid of encrustations and encrusted hyphae beneath. The diagnostic features of I. kuruvensis include a dark brown pileus, stipe with a whitish base and grayish brown, floccose-fibrillose surface, nodulose basidiospores with saddle-shaped projections and faintly encrusted paracystidia with refractive contents. Violet basidiomata with a rimose, hygrophanous pileus, densely pruinose stipe with a marginate-bulbous base, and nodulose basidiospores are the major features of I. muthangensis. Inocybe wayanadensis is characterized by small, whitish basidiomata, a viscid pileus with a rimulose surface, a densely pruinose and fibrillose stipe with a marginate-bulbous base, nodulose basidiospores, thick-walled pleuro- cheilo- and caulocystidia and an ixotrichoderm-type pileipellis. The phylogenetic relationships of these new species are inferred from an analysis of nuc rDNA sequences of the internal transcribed spacers (ITS1-5.8S-ITS2) and the 28S gene. Except I. keralensis, which belongs to the Pseudosperma clade, all other species belong to the Inocybe clade. This study represents the second report of an Inocybe species (I. muthangensis) that combines violet basidiomata with nodulose basidiospores.

Two species of Inocybe from Trans–Himalayan Ladakh (J&K), India

Two species of Inocybe from Trans–Himalayan Ladakh (J&K), India

Inocybe kohistanensis, a new species from Swat, Pakistan

Inocybe kohistanensis, a new species, is described from Swat, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa, Pakistan, on the basis of morphological characters as well as molecular phylogenetic analyses. The new species is characterized by a fibrillose reddish brown pileus, pruinose stipe with a prominent marginate bulb, and nodular spores. Sequences from the internal transcribed spacer region suggest that I. Kohistanensis is distinct from all other Inocybe species sampled.

Characterisation of seven Inocybe ectomycorrhizal morphotypes from a semiarid woody steppe.

Ectomycorrhizas (ECM) of Inocybe species (Inocybaceae, Basidiomycota) formed by three host plant species (Populus alba, Salix rosmarinifolia and Pinus nigra) in a semiarid woody steppe of Hungary were studied. To identify the fungal partners, we performed phylogenetic analyses of nucleotide sequences for the internal transcribed spacer region of nuclear DNA (nrDNA ITS) together with sequences gained from public databases. Seven Inocybe ectomycorrhiza morphotypes were morpho-anatomically characterised. Five morphotypes were identified (I. phaeoleuca, I. psammophila, I. semifulva, I. splendens and I. subporospora), whereas two morphotypes represented unidentified Inocybe species. Differences were discernible among the morphotypes, and they showed general anatomical characteristics of Inocybe ECM, such as the slightly organised plectenchymatic mantle (types A, B and E and the gelatinous C). The ECM of I. subporospora and I. phaeoleuca were detected from the introduced Pinus nigra. These two fungi are probably native to the area but capable of forming a novel ectomycorrhizal association with the invasive host.

A key to reddening species of Inocybe in Britain

A key to reddening species of Inocybe in Britain

A common new species of Inocybe in the Pacific Northwest with a diagnostic PDAB reaction

A species of Inocybe common in Washington, Oregon and British Columbia is documented and described as new. The species, I. chondroderma, is characterized by these features: pileus with a fulvous disk and ochraceous to chamois margin, presence of a cortina, densely mycelioid stipe base, smooth spores and fall phenology. The most reliable and distinctive feature of the species is a blue-green or turquoise reaction in response to application of a solution of p-dimethylaminobenzaldehyde (PDAB), indicating the presence of what is most likely an indole alkaloid. PDAB use provides a quick and diagnostic character easily implemented in a laboratory setting. ITS sequences from recent collections of I. chondroderma and from materials collected in the 1940s in Washington and Oregon fully match numerous mislabeled sequences from specimens in British Columbia and Oregon. The species is most closely related to an unclarified taxon from Colorado and Japan (I. cf. chondroderma) and a rare European species, I. subnudipes. Nine different species names in Inocybe and one in Hebeloma attributed to I. chondroderma based on GenBank BLASTN searches of the ITS locus match with 99–100% similarity, reinforcing concerns about taxonomic inaccuracies in public DNA sequence databases. A complete morphological description, illustrations and phylogenetic assessment are provided.

Some new British Inocybe species

Some new British Inocybe species

Eleven new boreal species of Inocybe with nodulose spores

The diversity and characteristics of species within Inocybe section Inocybe Singer were investigated in Finland. As a result, 11 species are described here as new: Inocybe acutoides, I. amicta, I. boreocarelica, I. bufonia, I. ericetorum, I. kittilensis, I. lapponica, I. paludicola, I. porcorum, I. pseudoteraturgus, and I. silvae-herbaceae. Detailed macroscopic and microscopic descriptions, habitat information, and ITS sequence data are included. The new species are compared with each other and with similar species within the section, and a key is provided for the European boreal species. The types of Inocybe acuta, I. alpigenes, I. borealis, I. cicatricata, I. giacomi, I. heterochrominea, I. hinnulea, I. johannae, I. proximella, I. purpureobadia, I. putilla, I. striaepes, I. taxocystis, I. teraturgus, I. tetragonospora, and I. umbrinodisca are treated. The often poorly understood Inocybe acuta, I. borealis, I. giacomi, and I. proximella, as well as the recently described I. purpureobadia, are characterised on the basis of our own material. Inocybe borealis, I. giacomi, and I. purpureobadia are reported from the boreal zone for the first time. Inocybe borealis appears to be a remarkably variable species. Inocybe striata and I. umbrinodisca are reduced to synonyms of I. proximella, I. heterochrominea is reduced to a synonym of I. borealis, and I. tetragonospora to a synonym of I. alpigenes. In addition, Inocybe hinnulea and I. striaepes are reduced to synonyms of I. giacomi, and the previously supposed synonymy of I. johannae with I. giacomi is supported by ITS analysis.

Inocybe tauensis, a new species from the Samoan Archipelago with biogeographic evidence for a Paleotropical origin

Inocybe tauensis is described as a new species from the island of Ta’u, American Samoa. The species occurs in native littoral forest and is associated with the ectomycorrhizal tree Pisonia grandis. Based on an analysis of nLSU, RPB1, and RPB2 sequence data, I. tauensis appears to be derived from ancestors with a Paleotropical biogeographical distribution. Alternative explanations for the unexpected presence of an Inocybe species in the Samoan Archipelago are discussed.

Type studies of Australian species of Inocybe (Inocybaceae)

Type studies of Australian species of Inocybe (Inocybaceae)

Mushroom poisoning from species of genus Inocybe (fiber head mushroom): a case series with exact species identification

Background. Many species of the genus Inocybe (family Cortinariaceae, higher Basidiomycetes) are muscarine-containing mycorrhizal mushrooms, ubiquitous around the world. The few published reports on the poisonous Inocybe mushrooms are often limited by the inadequate identification of the species. The clinical course of patients with typical muscarinic manifestations, in whom Inocybe spp. was unequivocally identified, is reported. Case series. Between November 2006 and January 2008 14 consecutive patients with typical muscarinic syndrome after mushroom ingestion were recorded. The clinical manifestations included combinations of nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, abdominal pain, hypersalivation, diaphoresis, tachycardia, bradycardia, hypotension, lacrimation, blurred vision, miosis, tremor, restlessness, flushing, and syncope. Time to onset of toxicity ranged between 15 min and 2 h after consumption, 5 h in one patient. Treatment was supportive, including intravenous fluids, antiemetics, and 1 mg atropine intravenously. Full recovery ensued within 12 h. In all the cases, an expert mycologist unequivocally identified the leftovers of the consumed mushrooms as Inocybe fastigiata, Inocybe geophylla, and Inocybe patouillardii. Conclusion. In this case series of patients who ingested identified muscarine-containing mushrooms supportive treatment and atropine resulted in recovery in all cases.

A rare and unusual lignicolous species of Inocybe (Agaricales) from eastern North America

Inocybe tubarioides is a rarely collected or recognized agaric with an unusual combination of ecological and morphological characters for this genus, namely a lignicolous habit and a strongly hygrophanous pileus. The species is known only from eastern North America and is reported here for the first time from states in New England and Canada. A taxonomic description is provided, including the first photographic record of the species and discussion of its evolutionary history. Based on molecular phylogenetic analysis the species is most closely related with significant measures of statistical support to two other narrowly endemic species of Inocybe: one also from eastern North America (I. tahquamenonensis) and another from northern Europe (I. relicina), the latter of which is the type of the genus Inocybe. These three species constitute the clade that corresponds with section Inocybe.

Notes on the genus Inocybe of Japan. IV. Species having metuloids collected from Hokkaido, Honshu, and Kyushu

This fourth paper in the series considers fi\\ve species of Inocybe occurring in Hokkaido, Honshu, and Kyushu. (1) Inocybe furfurea (section Tardae) is recorded from Hokkaido as new to Japan. (2) Inocybe luteola sp. nov. (section Tardae) is described from eastern Honshu (Chiba). It has smooth basidiospores and thick-walled caulocystidia descending to the middle of the stipe. (3) Inocybe napiformis sp. nov. [section Inocybe (= Cortinatae)], known from Hokkaido, appears close to Inocybe napipes, but characters of the metuloids distinguish the two species. (4) Inocybe grammata (section Marginatae) is recorded from Hokkaido and Nagano as new to Japan. (5) Inocybe pyriformis sp. nov. (section Marginatae) is described from Kyushu (Miyazaki). It has nodulose basidiospores and caulocystidia wholly covering the stipe surface. However, I. pyriformis is not typical in the section, lacking a marginate bulbous base in its stipe.

Ectomycorrhizal Inocybe species associate with the mycoheterotrophic orchid Epipogium aphyllum but not its asexual propagules.

Epipogium aphyllum is a Eurasian achlorophyllous, mycoheterotrophic forest orchid. Due to its rarity, it is often protected, and its biology is poorly known. The identity and pattern of colonization of fungal associates providing carbon to this orchid have not been studied previously. Using samples from 34 individuals from 18 populations in Japan, Russia and France, the following were investigated: (a) colonization patterns of fungal associates of E. aphyllum by microscopy; (b) their identity by PCR amplification of nuclear ribosomal ITS carried out on rhizome fragments and hyphal pelotons. Microscopic investigations revealed that thick rhizomes were densely colonized by fungi bearing clamp-connections and dolipores, i.e. basidiomycetes. Molecular analysis identified Inocybe species as exclusive symbionts of 75 % of the plants investigated and, more rarely, other basidiomycetes (Hebeloma, Xerocomus, Lactarius, Thelephora species). Additionally, ascomycetes, probably endophytes or parasites, were sometimes present. Although E. aphyllum associates with diverse species from Inocybe subgenera Mallocybe and Inocybe sensu stricto, no evidence for cryptic speciation in E. aphyllum was found. Since basidiomycetes colonizing the orchid are ectomycorrhizal, surrounding trees are probably the ultimate carbon source. Accordingly, in one population, ectomycorrhizae sampled around an individual orchid revealed the same fungus on 11.2 % of tree roots investigated. Conversely, long, thin stolons bearing bulbils indicated active asexual multiplication, but these propagules were not colonized by fungi. These findings are discussed in the framework of ecology and evolution of mycoheterotrophy.

Notes on the genus <i>Inocybe</i> of Japan. IV. Species having metuloids collected from Hokkaido, Honshu, and Kyushu

This fourth paper in the series considers five species of Inocybe occurring in Hokkaido, Honshu, and Kyushu. (1) Inocybe furfurea (section Tardae) is recorded from Hokkaido as new to Japan. (2) Inocybe luteola sp. nov. (section Tardae) is described from eastern Honshu (Chiba). It has smooth basidiospores and thick-walled caulocystidia descending to the middle of the stipe. (3) Inocybe napiformis sp. nov. [section Inocybe (= Cortinatae)], known from Hokkaido, appears close to Inocybe napipes, but characters of the metuloids distinguish the two species. (4) Inocybe grammata (section Marginatae) is recorded from Hokkaido and Nagano as new to Japan. (5) Inocybe pyriformis sp. nov. (section Marginatae) is described from Kyushu (Miyazaki). It has nodulose basidiospores and caulocystidia wholly covering the stipe surface. However, I. pyriformis is not typical in the section, lacking a marginate bulbous base in its stipe.

Ectomycorrhizal fungal community in alkaline-saline soil in northeastern China

Alkaline-saline soil is widespread in arid and semiarid regions of the world and causes severe environmental and agricultural problems. To advance our understanding of the adaptation of ectomycorrhizal fungi (EMF) to alkaline-saline soil, we investigated EMF communities on Mongolian willow (Salix linearistipularis) growing in alkaline-saline soil (up to pH 9.2) in northeastern China. In total, 75 root samples were collected from 25 willow individuals over 4.7 ha. To identify fungal species in ectomycorrhizal root tips, we used terminal restriction fragment length polymorphism and sequencing analyses of the internal transcribed spacer region of ribosomal DNA. We detected 11 EMF species, including species of Inocybe, Hebeloma, and Tomentella of the Basidiomycota and three Ascomycota species. The EMF richness of the study site was estimated to be 15-17 using major estimators. The most abundant species was Geopora sp. 1, while no Geopora-dominated EMF communities have been reported so far. Phylogenetic analysis showed that the phylogroup including Geopora sp. 1 has been found mostly in alkaline soil habitats, indicating its adaptation to high soil pH. Because EMF are indispensable for host plant growth, the EMF species detected in this study may be useful for restoration of alkaline-saline areas.