Hosta Species Research Articles

Microclonal propagation and some regularities of morphogenesis of daylily and hosta in vitro

Technology of express propagation of daylilies and hosta species in vitro is elaborated. The results of comparative morphologo-anatomical study of regeneration in florets explants of daylily and hosta species are described, with particular emphasis on their similarity and differences. The possibility of obtaining the regenerants via direct organogenesis is demonstrated. Morphogenesis in two daylily species is going in a similar way. The distinctive peculiarity of hosta morphogenesis in vitro is its high regeneration activity which due to the formation of several collateral buds in the axillar complex.

Isolation and characterization of microsatellite markers from the hosta species Hosta albomarginata (Liliaceae)

Hostas are very popular ornamental plants in gardens in the United States, Europe, and East Asia. We have developed nine microsatellite loci from an enrichment library of genomic DNA in Hosta albomarginata. We characterized these nine microsatellite loci for 20 individuals from a population of H. albomarginata. The primers developed in this study yielded an average of 12.4 alleles per locus (range five to 20) and an average expected heterozygosity of 0.86 (range 0.65 to 0.95). These markers will be powerful tools for breeding programmes of hosta cultivars, studies of population genetics, and the conservation of wild hosta species.

Phylogenetic relationships among Puccinia hemerocallidis, P. funkiae, and P. patriniae (Uredinales) inferred from ITS sequence data

Puccinia hemerocallidis and P. funkiae resemble each other morphologically; however, they are biologically and taxonomically distinct, with telia of the former being restricted to species of Hemerocallis and the latter to Hosta species. However, both fungi share a macrocyclic and heteroecious life cycle with Patrinia villosa as the spermogonial and aecial host. An additional microcyclic rust fungus, P. patriniae, is also known on P. villosa. This microcyclic fungus is similar to the two macrocyclic fungi in its telial structure and teliospore morphology. These similarities in morphology and host relationships suggest the three fungi may also share a close evolutionary relationship. To determine the phylogenetic relationships of the three species, a portion of the nuclear ribosomal DNA repeat encoding the ITS and 5.8S subunit regions was amplified by PCR, sequenced, and analyzed. The resulting phylogenetic trees showed that P. hemerocallidis and P. funkiae share a recent common ancestor and that P. patriniae is closely allied with P. hemerocallidis. The results suggest a possible evolutionary derivation of microcyclic P. patriniae from macrocyclic heteroecious P. hemerocallidis, which fits the evolutionary interpretation of correlated species known as Tranzschel's law.

Virus infection of ornamental plants in Hungary

Recently the economic importance of the ornamental plant production has shown remarkable growth. Following the country's joint to the EU increased competition has become characteristic of the Hungarian market. More than 20 viruses have been isolated in the various vegetatively propagated Petunia species and varieties [Richert (1992), Lesemann and Dalchow (1995), Bellardi et al. (1996), Mavric et al. (1996) Salamon (1996), Richert-POggeler and Shepherd (1997), Feldhof et al. (1998), Boonham et al. (1999), Alexandre et al. (2000)]. Metelik et al. (1994, 1996), Mokrd and Gfitzovd (1994), Lesemann and Winter (2002) as well as Pham et al., (2002) examined the health condition of Zanthedeschia aetiopica and other Zanthedeschia species. The presence of Bean yellow mosaic virus (BYMV), Dasheen mosaic virus (DsMV), Cucumber mosaic virus (CMV), Konjac mosaic virus (KoMV) and Tomato spotted wilt vims (TSVW) were detected. Hosta virus X (HVX) and Impatiens necrotic spot vims (INSV) were isolated in the examined Hosta species (Lockhart 2002). Lockhart et al. (2002) verified the presence of Turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) in Heuchera samples and that of Alfalfa mosaic vims (AIMV) in Pulmonaria species. The goal of our work was to make a virological survey of herbaceous ornamental plants in Hungary.

Plantainlily rust fungus is distinct from daylily rust fungus

Plantainlily rust fungus, Puccinia funkiae, was proven to host-alternate between Hosta species (plantainlilies) and a patrinia, Patrinia villosa. Unlike Puccinia hemerocallidis (daylily rust fungus), P. funkiae was not pathogenic on Patrinia scabiosaefolia or on Hemerocallis species (daylilies). The urediniospores were also larger and thicker-walled than those of the daylily rust fungus. The two or three urediniospore germ pores of the plantainlily rust fungus were equatorially distributed, whereas there were several germ pores in P. hemerocallidis spores, and they were scattered over the wall. Thus, P. funkiae is biologically and taxonomically distinct from P. hemerocallidis.

Effects of Chilling Duration on Time to Shoot Emergence and Subsequent Growth of Hosta

Abstract Eight hosta species or cultivars, Hosta plantaginea, H. ventricosa ‘Aureo Marginata’, H. ‘Tokudama’, H. ‘Francee’, H. ‘Sum and Substance’, H. ‘Fragrant Bouquet’, H. ‘Frances Williams’, and H. sieboldiana ‘Elegans’, were chilled in a walk-in cooler in two-week increments from 2 to 10 weeks at 4C (39F), prior to forcing in a heated greenhouse. More than 80% of all cultivars in all treatments emerged, except for H. ‘Tokudama’. For all cultivars tested, days to shoot emergence and days to first leaf unfurled decreased quadratically as chilling duration increased. Most rapid decreases occurred between 0 and 6 weeks of chilling. In the absence of chilling, H. plantaginea was the first cultivar to emerge, between 34 and 79 days before other cultivars. H. plantaginea was followed by H. ventricosa ‘Aureo Marginata’, H. ‘Sum and Substance’, and H. ‘Fragrant Bouquet’, all of which emerged before H. ‘Frances Williams’. Leaf area index, an indicator of plant vigor, increased linearly as chilling duration increased. Shoot dry weight increased in H. ‘Fragrant Bouquet’, H. ‘ Frances Williams’ and H. ‘Francee’, decreased slightly in H. plantaginea, and did not change in H. ventricosa ‘Aureo Marginata’, H. ‘Tokudama’, H. ‘Sum and Substance’, or H. sieboldiana ‘Elegans’ as chilling duration increased. This study indicates that there is no absolute chilling requirement for shoot emergence or subsequent growth of hosta tested. All cultivars benefited from chilling with quicker shoot emergence and fewer days to first leaf unfurled, with the greatest benefits occurring between 0 and 6 weeks. However, the benefits of chilling, as exemplified by growth and vigor, varied widely among species and cultivars.

Does Puccinia hemerocallidis regularly host-alternate between Hemerocallis and Patrinia plants in Japan?

Daylily rust fungus, Puccinia hemerocallidis, was proven to host-alternate between a wild daylily, Hemerocallis fulva var. longituba, and a patrinia, Patrinia villosa. No proof was obtained for the early belief that the fungus is pathogenic to plantainlilies, Hosta species, in addition to daylilies, Hemerocallis species. The fungus seems to alternate regularly between daylilies and patrinias in Japan because most daylily species are deciduous, and a vegetatively reproducing stage of the pathogen does not seem capable of successfully overwintering free of the living host tissue.

Occurrence of Mosaic Disease of Hosta Plane Caused by Hosta virus X

Systemic virus symptoms caused by a Potexvirus were observed on leaves of infected hosta (Hasta spp.) plants cultivated in Seoul, Korea. Symptoms on diseased hosta plants include mosaic, mottle, irregular blotchy patches, and chlorotic spots on or distortion of the leaves. No other viruses, such as Cucumber mosaic virus, Lily symptomless virus, or Potyvirus, were detected from the same plants by electron microscopy and by Western blot and RT-PCR analyses, indicating that they were singly infected by the potexvirus. The symptoms differed among cultivars and species of hosta, and affected the quality of plants for commercialization, as well as, plant growth and flowering of susceptible cultivars. Most of the cultivars and species investigated were susceptible to the virus, while some were not infected by the virus at all. Purified virus particles were of filamentous type with unaggregated forms 540 nm in length, which is a typical potexviral morphology. The virus consisted of a single-stranded RNA molecule of 6 kb long for genome and single component of coat protein (CP) about 27 kDa. The CP strongly reacted with the antiserum against Hosta vims X (HVX), suggesting that the virus is an isolate of HVX. This is the first report of the occurrence and identification of HVX from hosta plants in Korea.

Genome Size and Pollen Viability as Taxonomic Criteria: Application to the Genus Hosta

Abstract: Genome size (C values) and pollen viability staining were applied as new criteria to investigate the taxonomy of the genus Hosta Tratt. (Hostaceae). Nearly all species of the genus Hosta have the same basic chromosome number (2n = 2x = 60). However, the nuclear DNA contents, as measured by flow cytometry with propidium iodide, could be demonstrated to range between 17.2 to 26.6 pg. This implies that the largest genome contains roughly 1010 more base pairs than the smallest. Therefore, nuclear DNA content is a very relevant taxonomic trait that can be measured simply by flow cytometry. In addition, differences in overall DNA composition were demonstrated by comparing to DAPI fluorescence. In general, genome size data confirmed the division into three subgenera. The geographical distribution of genome sizes indicates the migration pattern of Hosta throughout East Asia. The species belonging to the mainly Korean subgenus Bryocles, with a low nuclear DNA content (17.2 ‐ 19.3 pg), can now largely be distinguished from the mainly Japanese species of the subgenus Giboshi (21.3 ‐ 26.5 pg). The exception is H. longissima, that with only 19.6 pg provides a nice example of a decrease in DNA content. On the mainland, as well as on Honshu, species with increased and decreased DNA content have evolved independently. The usefulness of pollen viability to detect hybrids in Hosta was demonstrated in a large series of artificial crosses between bona fide species. Consequently, pollen viability was measured in all available Hosta described as species. Several had low pollen viability and were concluded to be hybrids. Morphology and DNA content confirmed this in most cases. The resulting 23 species approximate the number of Hosta species that follows from the combined studies by Fujita (197618) on the Japanese species and Chung (1991 a11) on the Korean species.

RAPD Analysis of Hosta Species and Cultivars

The genus of Hosta (plantain lily) is a shade-loving herbaceous plant with attractive foliage. Confusion exists in the genus regarding nomenclature and taxonomy. In this study, the possibility of application of RAPD markers to characterize Hosta species and cultivars was investigated. DNA was extracted from 28 Hosta species and cultivars. Thirty-six of 37 primers generated RAPD markers. Phylogenic analysis and principal components analysis showed groupings among cultivars. Results indicated that H. plantaginea and H. ventricosa were the most distant from the other tested species and cultivars. These results suggest RAPDs may be useful in the identification and analysis of relationships among Hosta.

Isozyme Variation Within and Among Populations of Hosta (Liliaceae) in Korea

Forty-seven populations from seven species of Hosta in Korea and on Tsushima Island, Japan, were analyzed by strach gel electrophoresis to measure variation at six enzyme systems. High levels of isozy

Cytology of species of hemerocallideae from South India.

Cytology of two species of Hosta such as H. lancifolia (2n=60) and H. ovata (2n=120) and one of Hemerocallis, namely H. fulva (2n=22) is reported. The species of Hosta so far known constitute a polyploid series on x=10, while Hemerocallis is based on x=11 and diploid. The karyotypes of species of Hosta were highly asymmetrical with sharp intrakaryotypic chromosome size difference, and that of Hemerocallis graded and symmetrical with large sized chromosomes. It is contended that the high chromosome numbered taxa of Hosta may have arisen by polyploidy on x=10 accompanied by large scale chromosomal structural alterations, mostly involving differential deletion and elimination of chromosome arms of most of the chromosomes.The disputed systematic relationships of Hosta and Hemerocallis are viewed in the light of chromosome data. Both in chromosome number and karyomorphology Hosta appears to be very similar to the Agavaceous genera, and Hemerocallis to Amaryllis type. The separation of Hosta and Hemerocallis from the common tribal fold and treatment of Hemerocallis in a separate monotypic family Hemerocallidaceae proposed by Dahlgren et al. appear to be cytologically justifiable.

Interspecific relationships of some species of the genus Hosta on artificial hybridization experiment

Interspecific relationships of some species of the genus Hosta on artificial hybridization experiment

ギボウシ属植物数種の細胞学的研究 I.

1) In this paper the author deald withh the chromosome numbers and the karyotypes of the following four species of Hosta: H. montana, H. lancifolia, H. chibai and H. capitata.2) The chromosome numbers of the four species were 2n=60.3) The karyotypes of the three species (H. montana, H. lanci folia, H. chibai) were as follows: they were classified into 30 pairs, which were divided into four pairs of large chromosomes, two pairs of medium, and 24 pairs of small ones. One of the two pairs had satellites.4) In H. lancifolia karyotypes of the clones from different source differed more or less in the number of large chromosomes and in the number of satellite chromosomes.5) The karyotype of H. capitata differed from those of the other three species in two satellite chromosomes of large chromosomes and in the position of primary constriction in three pairs of large chromosomes.

STUDIES ON THE STEROIDAL COMPONENTS OF DOMESTIC PLANTS. XLV. CONSTITUENTS OF HOSTA SPECIES.

The steroidal constituents of Hosta montana F.MAEKAWA var. liluflora F. MAEKAWA was investigated, and seven sapogenins were isolated. These sapogenins were tigogenin (Ia), hecogenin (IIa), 9-dehydrohecogenin (IIIa), gitogenin (IVa), neogitogenin (Va), manogenin (VIa) and 9-dehydromanogenin (VIIa).

Cytological Studies in Diploid and Triploid <i>Hosta</i>

1. Eight diploid and one autotriploid species of Hosta were studied cytologically. The formula of the haploid chromosomes in this genus may be given as 4L+Il+1M+3m+13S+8s. This constitution shows great deviation from those of Hemerocallis not only in the chromosome number but also in their sizes, so the writer is of the opinion that the genus, as far as chromosome types are concerned, is to be separated from Hemerocallineae.2. H. clausa is an autotriploid species. The irregular behaviour of the chromosomes in the meiosis in PMC is the cause of pollen sterility. Beside this the degeneration of PMC in the early meiotic phases, the degeneration of the embryo-sac, the non-opening of the corolla caused by the sistution of the growth of the corolla just before the opening stage, all tend to the entire sterility of this species. The cytological derivation of these characters as well as of the species itself is not yet known.The expence for the carrying out this study was partly defrayed out of a grant from the Department of Education, to which the writer wishes to express her thanks. To Einer. Prof. K. Fuari her hearty thanks are due for his kind advices. The writer is also deeply indebted to Prof. T. NAKAI who gave her the interesting material of H. clausa collected by him. Her thanks are also due to Mr. T. TERASAKI who gave her some material for the present study.