Species Of Gladiolus Research Articles

Gladiolus izzet-baysalii (Iridaceae, Crocoideae), a new species from Turkey

Gladiolus izzet-baysalii is described and illustrated as a new species from Karaman province in Southern Anatolia. Gladiolus izzet-baysalii is not morphologically close to any of the species of Gladiolus in Turkey. Although it has some similarities with G. illyricus and G. hamzaoglui in terms of habitus, G. izzet-baysalii differs significantly in tunic structure, number of leaves, inflorescence, perianth, anther, style, capsule and seed features. In this study, the diagnostic morphological features, distribution, conservation status, habitat and ecological characteristics of the new species are discussed. Micromorphological characteristics of G. izzet-baysalii, G. illyricus and G. hamzaoglui seeds are also examined and compared using stereomicroscope and SEM analyses.

<p><strong><em>Gladiolus aladagensis</em> (Iridaceae), a new species from Turkey</strong></p>

Gladiolus aladagensis is described and illustrated as a new species from Bolu province in Northwestern Anatolia, Turkey. Gladiolus aladagensis is morphologically close to G. italicus and G. kotschyanus. In this study, the diagnostic morphological features, distribution, conservation status, habitat and ecological characteristics of the new species are discussed. Micromorphological characteristics of G. aladagensis, G. italicus and G. kotschyanus seeds are also examined and compared using LM and SEM analyses. In addition, a new diagnostic key is given for all species of Gladiolus in Turkey.

Resource use indicators and carbon stocks in different genotypes and species of gladiolus for precision farming

The present study was carried out to quantify variations in growth, resource use indicators and carbon stocks in different genotypes and different species of Gladiolus for precision production practices. Growth, biomass and nutrient accumulation pattern, and physiological parameters showed significant variations among genotypes of Gladiolus hybrida and species of gladiolus. Leaf area was significantly higher in Arka Kum kum (1557.9 cm2 plant−1). Biomass accumulation was 54% of the total in above ground parts like leaf and spikes, and 46% in below ground corms. Among genotypes of G. hybrida, Arka Amar registered higher total biomass (8159 kg ha−1). Multiple regression indicated significant negative effect of leaf and spike weight on corm biomass (Y corm biomass=˗0.03013–1.0725leaf biomass˗0.4975spike biomass, R 2=0.98) was noticed. Nitrogen removal varied significantly among genotypes of G. hybrida (185–297 kg ha−1). There were marginal differences in P uptake (7.6–11.7 kg ha−1) both among genotypes and species. The potassium requirement was 200 kg K2O ha−1. Higher partial factor productivity and internal utilization efficiency and lower partial nutrient imbalance for P imply that P fertilizer application was more than nutrient demand. Gladiolus system is efficient in carbon sequestration and total carbon stocks in G. hybrida genotypes (19.81–21.63 t ha−1), Gladiolus callianthes (20.76 t ha−1) and Gladiolus psittacinus (22.65 t ha−1). The study indicated differences in nutrient acquisition capacity in genotypes and the need for precision nutrient application to reduce production cost. It is clear that adequate nutrient stocks in the non-harvestable parts are required for below ground corm biomass production.

Anatomical and Palynological studies of three species of Gladiolus L. of Family Iridaceae

This study was conducted to evaluate anatomical and palynological studies of three Gladiolus species ( G. atroviolaceus, G. italicus and G. kotschyanus ) taken from herbarium of Sciences collage/Salahaddin University/Erbil/Iraq. A study on the anatomical difference in stems and leaves of three Gladiolus species was under taken. The shape of stem is difference between the species, present the fibers under parenchyma cells layers, secretory canals are present in the stems. The large vascular bundles present in the adaxial and abaxial surfaces of midrib and above the vascular bundles present fibers, the margin shape is difference between the species, also in adaxial and abaxial surfaces present papilla. The Ca-oxalate crystals present in the leaf transvers sections. In Gladiolus species the pollen grains were colporate. The shape of equatorial view is sub-prolate, prolate to elongate and poler view is semi-circular to circular

New species of Gladiolus L. and Moraea Mill. (Iridaceae) from Tanzania and Mozambique

Summary. Gladiolus clivorum and G. exalatus are new species of this large African and Eurasian genus of Iridaceae subfamily Crocoideae, both from Tanzania. These additions bring the total in the genus in tropical Africa to 84 species and the entire genus to 270 species. Moraea niassensis (subg. Grandiflorae Goldblatt) is a new, montane species of northern Niassa Province, Mozambique. The Africa and western Eurasian Moraea now includes some 225 species, 25 of which occur in tropical Africa. An identification key to the large-flowered species of subg. Grandiflorae in East Africa and Mozambique is provided. The new species are documented with a map, photographs and a conservation assessment.

Hugo Zapałowicz’s species of Iris and Gladiolus (Iridaceae): Typification of his names

Iridaceae Jussieu (1789: 57) includes more than 60 genera and about 800 species (Goldblatt & Manning 2008) widely distributed in tropical, subtropical, and temperate regions, and especially numerous in Africa south of the Sahara, the eastern Mediterranean, western and eastern Asia, and Central and South America (Takhtajan 2009). Ten genera and about 100 species occur in Europe, some of which were described from Europe. We have reviewed the Herbarium of the Władysław Szafer Institute of Botany PAS (KRAM). Consequently, we here lectotypify two Iridaceae taxa described by H. Zapałowicz.

Three new species of <i>Gladiolus<i/> (Iridaceae) from South Africa, a major range extension for <i>G. rubellus<i/> and taxonomic notes for the genus in southern and tropical Africa

Three new species of Gladiolus L. are described from South Africa. G. dolichosiphon is the second known member of series Blandus from the mountains of the Little Karoo in Western Cape, and is distinguished from other members of the long tubed, pink-flowered G. carneus complex by its 5 or 6 linear leaves, creamy pink to salmon flowers with a tube 30-50 mm long and longer than the dorsal tepal, and its late summer flowering. G. karooicus from the Klein Roggeveld and the northern foothills of the Witteberg, is a spring-flowering species allied to G. permeabilis but has bright, canary-yellow flowers with the lower part of the lower tepals involute and conspicuously auriculate. G. reginae is an edaphic endemic of the Sekhuk- huneland Centre of Floristic Endemism in Mpumalanga, and flowers in autumn. It is evidently a glabrous member of section Densiflorus series Scabridus, distinguished by its long-tubed flowers, streaked with red on the lower tepals and blotched with red in the throat. Anomalously, however, it has the tubular inner bracts and large capsules diagnostic of section Ophiolyza series Oppositiflorus. A re-examination of the morphology suggests that series Scabridus is better placed in section Ophiolyza and a slightly revised classification of Gladiolus in southern Africa is proposed. We also propose the replacement name G. sulculatus for the Tanzanian species, G. sulcatus Goldblatt, a later homonym of G. sulcatus Lam. Finally, a recent sighting of what appears to be G. rubellus from northern Namibia constitutes the first record of this species in the country and a major range extension from its previous known occurrence in southeastern Botswana.

Radiation of Pollination Systems in the Iridaceae of sub-Saharan Africa

Seventeen distinct pollination systems are known for genera of sub-Saharan African Iridaceae and recurrent shifts in pollination system have evolved in those with ten or more species. Pollination by long-tongued anthophorine bees foraging for nectar and coincidentally acquiring pollen on some part of their bodies is the inferred ancestral pollination strategy for most genera of the large subfamilies Iridoideae and Crocoideae and may be ancestral for the latter. Derived strategies include pollination by long-proboscid flies, large butterflies, night-flying hovering and settling moths, hopliine beetles and sunbirds. Bee pollination is diverse, with active pollen collection by female bees occurring in several genera, vibratile systems in a few and non-volatile oil as a reward in one species. Long-proboscid fly pollination, which is apparently restricted to southern Africa, includes four separate syndromes using different sets of flies and plant species in different parts of the subcontinent. Small numbers of species use bibionid flies, short-proboscid flies or wasps for their pollination; only about 2 % of species use multiple pollinators and can be described as generalists. Using pollination observations for 375 species and based on repeated patterns of floral attractants and rewards, we infer pollination mechanisms for an additional 610 species. Matching pollination system to phylogeny or what is known about species relationships based on shared derived features, we infer repeated shifts in pollination system in some genera, as frequently as one shift for every five or six species of southern African Babiana or Gladiolus. Specialized systems using pollinators of one pollination group, or even a single pollinator species are the rule in the family. Shifts in pollination system are more frequent in genera of Crocoideae that have bilaterally symmetric flowers and a perianth tube, features that promote adaptive radiation by facilitating precise shifts in pollen placement, in conjunction with changes in flower colour, scent and tube length. Diversity of pollination systems explains in part the huge species diversity of Iridaceae in sub-Saharan Africa, and permits species packing locally. Pollination shifts are, however, seen as playing a secondary role in speciation by promoting reproductive isolation in peripheral, ecologically distinct populations in areas of diverse topography, climate and soils. Pollination of Iridaceae in Eurasia and the New World, where the family is also well represented, is poorly studied but appears less diverse, although pollination by both pollen- and oil-collecting bees is frequent and bird pollination rare.

First Report of Sclerotinia minor on Allium vineale in North Carolina.

Allium vineale L. (wild garlic) is a bulbous perennial that emerges in early spring in many agricultural fields. The soilborne fungus Sclerotinia minor Jagger is a major pathogen found in many peanut (Arachis hypogaea L.) production areas of northeastern North Carolina. During September 2002, symptoms of bleached, water-soaked foliage and wilting were observed on several wild garlic plants growing in a 0.8-ha (2-acre) peanut research plot in Perquimans County, NC. We had previously observed similar symptoms on wild garlic at another location. Two symptomatic wild garlic plants were collected from the field. In the laboratory, symptomatic tissues were excised into 1- to 2-cm sections, rinsed in tap water, towel dried, and placed on potato dextrose agar (PDA) for fungal isolation and identification. Pure cultures with small, black, irregular-shaped sclerotia (<2 mm) scattered abundantly over the culture surface were distinctive of S. minor. Pathogenicity of isolates was tested by inoculating leaf blades near the leaf axils of two symptom-free wild garlic plants (vegetative stage, 4 cm high) with fungal mycelium from 2-day-old cultures. Mycelial agar plugs (4 mm in diameter) were held in place with self-sticking bandaging gauze. Plants were misted, enclosed in plastic bags, and incubated at an ambient temperature (24°C) on the laboratory countertop. Fluffy mycelium developed on leaves within 2 days. Plants wilted and bleached water-soaked lesions formed within 6 days after inoculation. Sclerotia were produced on leaf blades after approximately 14 days. Following the incubation period, S. minor was reisolated from the inoculated plants. Two plants treated similarly with plugs of pure PDA remained healthy over the incubation period. The performance of Koch's postulates confirmed that wild garlic is a host of S. minor. Although few monocots have been reported as hosts of S. minor, the fungus has been reported on two other species of Allium (A. cepa and A. satium), Gladiolus spp., and Cyperus esculentus (1,2). Weed hosts may support populations of S. minor during rotations to nonhosts, serve as reservoirs of inoculum, or act as infection bridges in peanut fields.

ORNAMENTAL USE OF WILD SPECIES OF GENUS GLADIOLUS

ORNAMENTAL USE OF WILD SPECIES OF GENUS GLADIOLUS

Two New Edaphic Endemic Species and Taxonomic Changes in Gladiolus (Iridaceae) of Southern Africa, and Notes on Iridaceae Restricted to Unusual Substrates

Two new species of the African and Eurasian genus Gladiolus occurring on unusual substrates are described from southern Africa. Gladiolus serpenticola is restricted to serpentine soils in the Barberton District, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, and adjacent Swaziland and G. pavonia occurs on dolomite in Mpumalanga. Gladiolus serpenticola, unusually tall for the genus, stands 75-150 cm high, has small, dry floral bracts, and short-tubed, pale pink flowers. It appears to be most closely related to another Mpumalanga endemic, G. hollandii, and both belong to an alliance of eastern southern African species centered around the widespread G. crassifolius. Gladiolus pavonia has pale pink flowers and is most likely related to a complex of eastern southern African species, mostly of rocky habitats in montane grasslands. Three additional species of Gladiolus from Western Cape Province, South Africa, are recognized here: G. miniatus, G. caeruleus, and G. variegatus. The first is reinstated at species rank after having been reduced to a subspecies of G. floribundus. Gladiolus caeruleus and G. variegatus are raised from infraspecific rank in which they were treated as G. gracilis var. latifolius and G. debilis var. variegatus, respectively. All three of these species are restricted to limestone outcrops. Gladiolus miniatus and G. variegatus occur in the southern part of Western Cape Province, and G. caeruleus is restricted to a small area of the west coast of the Province. These five species join the small number of taxa of African Iridaceae listed here, now totaling 15, known to be endemic or largely restricted to unusual soil types. Botanists have long recognized the striking effects of such azonal substrates as limestone, dolomite, gypsum, serpentine, and heavy metal soils (Kruckeberg & Rabinowitz, 1985; Kruckeberg, 1986). These substrates often harbor unusual plant associations and endemic species, and the new species recognized here fall into this category. As far as is known, relatively few of the estimated 1750 species of the family Iridaceae are narrow edaphic endemics of these unusual substrates, and none were mentioned by Wild (1978) in his survey of daphic endemism in southern Africa. Just a handful of African Iridaceae fall into this category (Table 1), most of which belong in the genus Gladiolus L. To this short list we add five more species, two new to science and three raised from infraspecific rank. The new species are G. serpenticola, restricted to serpentine outcrops in the Barberton District, Mpumalanga Province, South Africa, and adjacent Swaziland, and G. pavonia, an apparently narrow endemic of dry dolomite slopes near Abel Erasmus Pass in the Drakensberg Mountains of Mpumalan-

Seasonal Dynamics of the Accumulation, Distribution and Redistribution of Dry Matter and Mineral Nutrients in a Weedy Species of Gladiolus (Gladiolus caryophyllaceus)

The seasonal dynamics of the accumulation, distribution and redistribution of dry matter and 12 mineral nutrients by a weedy species of gladiolus (Gladiolus caryophyllaceus) were studied at Perth, Western Australia, where it has colonized the nutrient-poor sandy soils. Parent corms sprouted in autumn, and the plants had completed their growth cycle by early summer. The mature replacement corm had 15-25% of the plant's P, Ca, Na, Zn and Cu, 5-15% of its K, N, Cl, Mg, S and dry matter, and < 5% of its Fe and Mn. Seeds had 26% of the plant's dry matter, 60% of its N and P, 21-33% of its S, Mg, Cu and K, 5-20% of its Fe, Mn and Zn, and < 5% of its Ca and Na. The mature vegetative shoot had 47% of the plant's dry matter and over 40% of each nutrient, except for N, P and Cu. Phosphorus, K and N were redistributed from the parent corm with over 85% efficiency, S, Mg, Zn and Cu with 60-70% efficiency, but there was < 10% redistribution of Ca, Na, Cl, Fe and Mn. The efficiency of redistribution from the leafy shoot was over 70% for N and P, 29-52% for K, Mg and Cu, 16-20% for S, Zn and Cl, but negligible for Ca, Na, Fe and Mn. Redistribution from the shoot could have provided the replacement corm and seeds with 53-98% of their Cu, Mg, N, P and K, and 29-38% of their S, Zn and dry matter. Seeds contained over 60% of each nutrient in a capsule, except for Ca, Na and Fe. Redistribution from the capsule walls could have provided 13-19% of the P, Cu and Zn, and 3-7% of the N, K, Mg and dry matter accumulated by seeds. Each plant produced an average of 520 seeds. Removal of flowers and buds at first anthesis resulted in a larger replacement corm containing a greater quantity of most nutrients, indicating competition between the replacement corm and seeds for nutrients. Redistribution from parent to replacement cormlets in the absence of shoot and root development was high, with over 50% of the dry matter and each nutrient, except for Ca, being transferred. Concentration of nutrients were low in all organs of G. caryophyllaceus, especially the replacement corm. It was concluded that the effective redistribution of key nutrients, such as N and P, to reproductive structures and tolerance of low internal concentrations of nutrients contribute to the capacity of G. caryophyllaceus to colonize and persist on infertile soils.

New species of Gladiolus (Iridaceae) from the southern Cape and the status of G. lewisiae

Gladiolus aquamontanus and G. uitenhagensis are two new species from the southern Cape, South Africa. Gladiolus aquamontanus, related to the G. carneus–G. floribundus alliance, is an evergreen species of perennial streams in the Swartberg, while G. uitenhagensis is closely allied to G. permeabilis and is a local endemic of the eastern Great Winterhoek Mountains near Uitenhage. The discovery of G. caryophyllaceus, a western Cape species, in the Swartberg has led to a re-evaluation of the closely related G. lewisiae. It now seems likely that G. lewisiae is an interspecific hybrid between G. caryophyllaceus and G. tristis. Gladiolus lewisiae is recorded from only one locality where both putative parents are now known to occur and its morphology seems intermediate between them.

Notes on African Iridaceae

Thirty years ago Lewis (1941) expressed the opinion that Acidanthera bicolor Hochst., the type species of Acidanthera Hochst., is a species of Gladiolus 'differing only in having a longer perianth-tube which is more or less equal in diameter throughout its length, and perianth-segments which are very nearly equal'. She argued that elongation of the tube alone cannot be considered a sufficient character upon which to found a new genus, since it is found in many genera which normally have a short, funnel-shaped perianth-tube. In the same article she described G. praelongitubus with a very slender, cylindrical perianth-tube about I cm. long. While it is true that the perianth-segments are more nearly equal in the tropical species of Acidanthera than in the general run of Gladiolus species, the flower itself is distinctly zygomorphic through the often more or less hooded upper segment, the unilateral stamens, and through the blotches on some of the segments in some species. When one considers that Gladiolus also includes plants with regular flowers, e.g. G. symmetranthus Lewis (= G. trichonemifolius Ker-Gawl. forma symmetranthus (Lewis) Bullock), the traditional distinctions between the two genera are shown to be non-existent. I am in full agreement with Dr. Lewis's opinion quoted at the beginning of this article. Mrs. A. A. Mauve (A. A. Obermeyer), who has completed a revision of the South African species of Gladiolus has also expressed the opinion that Acidanthera cannot be maintained as a distinct genus. In the treatment which follows I have cited specimens only where I felt it would be useful. In cases where I have annotated all the available material, citations have been omitted.

Cytological Studies in the Genus &lt;i&gt;Gladiolus&lt;/i&gt;

Four species of Gladiolus and one variety have been cytologically examined. The chromosome numbers of these species have been confirmed and of G. dracocephalus determined for the first time as 2n=80.The behaviour of prochromosomes in G. tristis (2n=30) and G. primulinus (2n=60) has been fully examined. It is shown that the mitotic cycle in species with prochromosomes is essentially the same as in species with large chromosomes.The nucleolus regularly persists to metaphase and sometimes until interphase. This is regarded as supporting the interpretation that the nucleolus, consisting of lipoids (fats), may partly act as a fuel substance.The spindle appears to be compound in structure.Cytomixis has been described in the genus for the first time.The basic number is shown to be 10, not 15 as previously reported.The causes and effects of vegetative reproduction in the genus are briefly discussed.