Species Of External Parasites Research Articles

English

Ectoparasites are a major concern in sheep and goat flocks, wherever sheep and goat are kept. A cross-sectional study was carried out in the districts of Kola Tembien and Tanqua Abergelle from September 2014 to June 2017 with the objectives of identifying external parasites to their species level. Randomly selected sheep and goats were clinically examined for the presence of ectoparasites or lesions and identified in National Animal Health Diagnostic and Investigation Center (NAHDIC) by using taxonomical and entomological examination. A total of 237 sheep and goats were examined randomly for the presence of external parasites. Eight species of external parasites were identified and found on both species of animals. The species of external parasites with their prevalence included Amblyomma variegatum (35.4%), Rhipicephalus parvus (22.8%), Rhipicephalus praetextatus (8.4%), Rhipicephalus pulchellus (7.6%), Ctenocephalides felis felis (5.1%), Linognathus africanus (11.8%), Rhipicephalus evertsi (2.5%), Hyalomma truncatum (6.5%). Both in sheep and goats, there was no significant difference between infestation of external parasites and the associated risk factors except for Amblyomma variegatum which was higher in Tanqua Abergelle (25.7%) than Kola Tembien (9.7%). The odd of infestation by Amblyomma variegatum in goat was 3.5 higher than in sheep. To minimize the prevalence of external parasites urgent and well-coordinated external parasites control measures should be taken. Key words: External parasites, identification, kola tembien, small ruminant, Tanqua Abergelle.

Seasonal variation and site specificity of external parasites in gold fish (Carassius auratus L.) and koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Rambadagalle Ornamental Fish Breeding Center, Sri Lanka

Seasonal variation and site specificity of external parasites in gold fish ( Carassius auratus ) and koi carp ( Cyprinus carpio ) cultured at Rambadagalle fish breeding and training center were estimated during wet (February-July) and dry (August-November) seasons in 2013. According to the proportion of the total harvest, samples of 30 gold fish and 50 koi carps in same cohort were collected from two separated harvesting ponds. Their gills, skin scrape and fins were examined in the laboratory for ectoparasites, and the percentage prevalence of parasites at each site of two fish species during two seasons were calculated and compared statistically. Ten external parasite species ( Trichodina sp., Apiosoma sp., Tripartiella sp., Chilodonella sp., Ichthyobodo necator , Gyrodactylus sp., Dactylogyrus sp., Centrocestus sp., Posthodiplostomum cuticola , Argulus sp.) were recorded from both fish species during two seasons. Posthodiplostomum cuticola and Chilodonella sp. were not recorded from koi carp while Argulus sp. was not detected from gold fish. Koi carps were highly parasitized during dry season while it was wet season for gold fish. During two seasons, for both fish species, percentage prevalence of Trichodina sp. (skin: ranged from 58%-100%, fins: 12% -97%) and Apiosoma sp. (skin: ranged from koi 28% - 100%, fins: 12% -82%) were high in skin and fins. In contrast, during two seasons, for both fish species high percentage prevalence of Dactylogyrus sp. (ranged from 37%-54%) and Centrocestus sp. (ranged from 62%-90%) were recorded from gills. For each fish species, total number of parasites infected in skin, fins and gills were significantly different (p<0.05) between two seasons. Keywords. Gold fish, koi carp, external parasites, seasonal variation, site specificity

The risk of exposure to parasitic mites and insects occurring on pets in Southern Poland

Companion animals, including pets, can be infested by many species of parasitic mites and insects, which can pose a threat to the health of both animals and humans. The aim of this study is to evaluate the risk of exposure of companion animals to various species of external parasites which can be transferred to humans and cause many skin diseases. External parasites were collected in 2012–2014 from the patients of veterinary clinics in the provinces of Silesia and Malopolska (Southern Poland). Parasitic mites and insects were collected using preparation needles. Parasites were classified to species and life stage under a Stemi 2000-C stereomicroscope (Zeiss) or an ECLIPSE E-200 optical microscope (Nikon). They were then analysed by an Optika Vision Pro system (Nikon). In total, 77 samples were taken: 62 from the Malopolska and 15 from Silesia. A total of 999 specimens of parasitic mites and 225 specimens of parasitic insects were isolated from the samples. The dominant mite species was Otodectes cynotis var. cati (Astigmatina, Psoroptidae) with 855 isolated specimens (85.6% of the total number of isolated mites). Polyplax spinulosa was the predominant parasitic insect species: 209 specimens were identified, constituting 92.9% of all examined insects. Our findings indicate that companion animals and their owners have a high risk of exposure to ectoparasites.

English

A cross sectional study was carried out from October 2013 to March 2014 in and around Bishoftu town with the objectives of determining the prevalence of major external parasite species of calves, preferred predilection sites and determine the associated risk factors. The calves were selected randomly from small holder farms in and around the town. According to this study; out of 384 calves observationally examined, and identified using stereomicroscope/hand lenses, 126(32.8%) were found infested with one or more ectoparasites species. The major ectoparasites identified were lice 26.8% followed by ticks 13.5% and mites 0.5%. Overall, three genera and one subgenus of tick comprising five species and one species of lice and one species of mite were identified in the study. Among the ticks, Rhipicephalus (Boophilus) decoloratus (7.6%), Amblyomma variegatum (5.2%) and Rhipicephalus evertsi evertsi (2.9%) were the most prevalent and the least identified tick species was Rhipicephalus pulchelus (0.5%). In this study, Linognathus vituli was the solitary species of lice identified and the prevalent (26.8%) among all ectoparasite identified. With regard to mites, Psoroptus ovis was the only mite species identified with a prevalence of 0.5%. The difference in the prevalence of ectoparasite species in male and female calves was not statistically significant (p>0.05). There was significant (p 0.05). This study demonstrates that ectoparasites are among the most important health constraints of calves in and around Bishoftu leading to important economic losses and attention should be given to control interventions, developing the knowledge of the farmers and further study on the burden of ectoparasites and their effects on calves was recommended. Key words: Bishoftu, calf, ectoparasite, prevalence, small holder farms.

Parasites of One-Humped Camel (Camelus dromedarius) in Iran: An Abattoir Study

This study was conducted in Tehran and Najaf Abad abattoirs to determine the parasitic infection in Camelus dormedarius in Iran. A total of 286 camels from abattoirs of Tehran and Najaf Abad were examined during July 2011 until August 2012 from which 100 camels were evaluated for protozoa and external parasitic infection, and 186 camels were evaluated for internal parasites. A total 9 nematodes species, 4 cestodes species and 7 species of external parasites were identified as follows: Nematodes: Haemonchus longistipes (36%), Parabronema skrjabini (2.1%), Camelostrongylus mentulatus (5.3%), Trichostrongylus mentulatus (0.5%), Physocephalus sexalatus (0.5%), Nematodirella longissimespiculata (0.5%), Nematodirus oiratianus (0.5%), Nematodirella cameli (1.6%), Onchocerca fasciata (15%). Cestodes: Moniezia expansa (5.9%), Moniezia benedeni (2.6%), Stilesia globipunctata (23.6%), Hydatid cyst (in lung 16.6%, in liver 5.9% and in spleen (1.6%) Arthropoda: Hyalomma dromedarii (63.8%), Hyalomma anatolicum. anatolicum (4.6%) Hyalomma schulzei (0.4%), Hyalomma detritum (0.4%), Rhipicephalus turanicus (0.9%), Cephalopina titillator (48/3%), Linguatula serrate (64/7%). According the results of this study Haemonchus longistipes and Hyalomma dromedarii were more prevalent in camel. The results of this study showed that strategic control, including external and internal parasites of camel should be considered. This is the first report of Hyalomma detritum and Rhipicephalus turanicus from camel in Iran.

Parasites of domestic owned cats in Europe: co-infestations and risk factors.

BackgroundDomestic cats can be infested by a large range of parasite species. Parasitic infestations may cause very different clinical signs. Endoparasites and ectoparasites are rarely explored in the same study and therefore multiparasitism is poorly documented. The present survey aimed to improve knowledge of the prevalence and risk factors associated with ecto- and endoparasite infestations in owned cats in Europe.MethodsFrom March 2012 to May 2013, 1519 owned cats were included in a multicenter study conducted in 9 veterinary faculties throughout Europe (Austria, Belgium, France, Hungary, Italy, Romania and Spain). For each cat, ectoparasites were checked by combing of the coat surface associated with otoscopic evaluation and microscopy on cerumen samples. Endoparasites were identified by standard coproscopical examinations performed on fresh faecal samples. Risk factors and their influence on parasitism were evaluated by univariate analysis followed by a multivariate statistical analysis (including center of examination, age, outdoor access, multipet status, and frequency of treatments as main criteria) with logistic regression models.ResultsOverall, 50.7% of cats resulted positive for at least one internal or one external parasite species. Ectoparasites were found in 29.6% of cats (CI95 27.3-32.0%). Otodectes cynotis was the most frequently identified species (17.4%), followed by fleas (15.5%). Endoparasites were identified in 35.1% of the cats (CI95 32.7-35.7%), including gastro-intestinal helminths in 25.7% (CI95 23.5-28.0), respiratory nematodes in 5.5% (CI95 4.2-7.0%) and protozoans in 13.5% (CI95 11.8-15.3%). Toxocara cati was the most commonly diagnosed endoparasite (19.7%, CI95 17.8-21.8%). Co-infestation with endoparasites and ectoparasites was found in 14.0% of the cats, and 11.9% harbored both ectoparasites and gastro-intestinal helminths.Age, outdoor access, living with other pets, and anthelmintic or insecticide treatments were significantly associated with the prevalence of various parasites.ConclusionsThis survey demonstrates that parasitism is not a rare event in European owned cat populations. The prevalence of multi-parasitism is significantly greater than expected by chance and hence there is tendency for some individual cats to be more prone to infestation by both endo- and ectoparasites due to common risk factors.

A survey of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan.

Information on incidences of camel (Camelus dromedarius) diseases in Jordan is scarce. In this survey, 369 live and 156 slaughtered camels were examined in four Jordanian geographic regions and the proportion of diseased camels was calculated. Intestinal parasite ova were detected in 98% of camels; one or more species of external parasites were found on the skin of all camels; 33% had nasal myiasis; and hydatid cysts were identified in 44% of the slaughtered animals. Sarcoptic mange (Sarcoptes scabiei var. cameli) and trypanasomiasis, two diseases of economic importance, were also diagnosed in 83% and 33% of the 32 and 257 examined camels, respectively. Rabies virus was detected in eight camels by use of fluorescent antibody examination of brain tissues. Foreign-body accumulation within the first and second stomach compartments was the predominant gastrointestinal disease of slaughtered adult camels (22%). Ten percent of slaughtered camels had bacterial pneumonia, with Pasteurella hemolytica most often isolated (56% of pneumonic lungs). Further investigation into the relationship between parasite burden and health in camels is required to assess the significance of the high prevalence of parasites.

Internal and external parasites of possums (Trichosurus vulpecula) from forest and farmland, Wanganui, New Zealand

Abstract The methodology and results of a parasite survey of 209 possums from Wanganui, western North Island, in the spring of 1994 are described. No somatic protozoan parasites were detected, but 23% of possums had coccidia, Eimeria sp. Oocysts in their faeces. Prevalences of intestinal nematodes were: Parastrongyloides trichosuri (55%), Trichos‐trongylus spp. (59%), and Paraustrostrongylus trichosuri (2.4%). Only one animal was found infected with the cestode Bertiella trichosuri. It was demonstrated that prevalence of Parastrongyloides trichosuri was affected by age and habitat and Trichostrongylus spp. by habitat. Four species of external parasites were found: the mites Tricho‐surolaelaps crassipes (49%), Petrogalochirus dycei (65%), Atellana papilio (81%), and Murichirus anabiotus (32%). The parasite fauna of possums in New Zealand appears to be less diverse than that in their native Australia.

Parasites of the blackbuck antelope (Antilope cervicapra) in Texas.

Three blackbuck antelope were examined for external and internal parasites. The latter were listed by location and number present. External parasite species found were as follows: Amblyomma americanum, larval Ixodidae and Tricholipeurus parallelus. Internal parasite species found were as follows: Taenia hydatigena (cysticercus), Camelostrongylus mentulatus, Haemonchus cortortus, Trichostrongylus axei, Trichostrongylus colubriformis, Trichostrongylus probolurus, Nematodirus spathiger, Oesophagostomum sp. and Trichuris sp. C. mentulatus and T. probolurus are two helminth species not indigenous to the United States which have survived translocation from India to parts of Texas.

A List of External Parasites from Birds of the Eastern Part of the United States

DURING the past eight years a special study has been made of the distribution of the various external parasites found on the birds of the United States. Most of the material has been collected by the members of our staff, although many records have been sent to us by bird-banders, naturalists, and other persons interested in the subject. A number of very interesting records have been found, and many new host and distribution records have been accumulated. Most of the records obtained have been from birds in the States east of the Mississippi River. In order to make these data available to other workers this paper has been prepared. There are here recorded 198 different species of external parasites from 255 species and subspecies of wild birds from various States east of the Mississippi River during the years from 1928 to 1935 inclusive. The external parasites considered here are the Mallophaga or biting lice, the Hippoboscidae or bird-flies, the mites, and the ticks. Only records from the files of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine are included, no attempt having been made to complete the list by compiling records from other collections or published data. Previous lists of Mallophaga have been published which may be consulted for additional data (see list of references). Owing to the large number of birds listed and the limits of time and space, it was necessary to confine the distribution data to the States in which each species of parasite was collected. I want to take this opportunity to thank the many persons who have sent material to us for helping to gather the information here presented. I wish also to acknowledge the valuable assistance of the specialists who identified the material recorded in this list. The flies were determined by the late Dr. J. M. Aldrich of the United States National Museum and by Dr. J. Bequaert of Harvard University Medical School, the mites by Dr. H. E. Ewing of the Bureau of Entomology and Plant Quarantine, and the ticks by Dr. F. C. Bishopp and Mr. C. N. Smith of the same bureau. The Mallophaga were all determined by the author. There are some birds from which few kinds of parasites have been obtained. Other birds were found to harbor many species; such were the Bob-white, Song Sparrow, and Robin, from each of which fifteen species of parasites are listed. There are some species of birds found in the region considered in this paper from which no parasites