Species Of Brown Algae Research Articles

Investigating the Anti-Inflammatory Activity of Various Brown Algae Species.

This literature review investigated the anti-inflammatory properties of brown algae, emphasizing their potential for dermatological applications. Due to the limitations and side effects associated with corticosteroids and immunomodulators, interest has been growing in harnessing therapeutic qualities from natural products as alternatives to traditional treatments for skin inflammation. This review explored the bioactive compounds in brown algae, specifically looking into two bioactive compounds, namely, fucoidans and phlorotannins, which are widely known to exhibit anti-inflammatory properties. This review synthesized the findings from various studies, highlighting how these compounds can mitigate inflammation by mechanisms such as reducing oxidative stress, inhibiting protein denaturation, modulating immune responses, and targeting inflammatory pathways, particularly in conditions like atopic dermatitis. The findings revealed species-specific variations influenced by the molecular weight and sulphate content. Challenges related to skin permeability were addressed, highlighting the potential of nanoformulations and penetration enhancers to improve delivery. While the in vivo results using animal models provided positive results, further clinical trials are necessary to confirm these outcomes in humans. This review concludes that brown algae hold substantial promise for developing new dermatological treatments and encourages further research to optimize extraction methods, understand the molecular mechanisms, and address practical challenges such as sustainability and regulatory compliance. This review contributes to the growing body of evidence supporting the integration of marine-derived compounds into therapeutic applications for inflammatory skin diseases.

Biostimulant Effects of Algae Species, Arbuscular Mycorrhizal Fungi, and Their Combinations on Yield and Quality of Yellow Tomato Landrace Under Different Crop Cycles

Recent agricultural research has prioritized the development of environmentally friendly management strategies to ensure food security, among which the application of biostimulants such as brown algae extracts, arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi (AMF), and their combination are included. The experimental protocol was based on the factorial combination of two planting times (4 May and 1 June) and seven biostimulant treatments (three brown algae species, Cystoseria tamariscifolia—C.t.; Fucus vesiculosus—F.v.; Padina pavonica—P.p.; arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi—AMF; C.t. + AMF; F.v. + AMF; P.p. + AMF) plus an untreated control. The earlier transplant resulted in a higher yield, due to the higher number of fruits per plant, and a higher plant fresh and dry biomass. The treatments with P.p. and F.v. extracts and the combination P.p. + AMF led to the highest yields (56.7 t ha−1), mainly due to the highest fruit number per plant. The earlier planting time led to higher values of dry residue, soluble solids, firmness, and colour component ‘a’. The highest values of fruit dry residue were recorded under the F.v. and P.p. extracts, and the combinations F.v. + AMF and P.p. + AMF, the highest soluble solid content with P.p. treatment, and firmness under P.p. + AMF. The highest levels of ‘L’ and ‘a’ fruit colour components were obtained under the P.p. extract treatment, of ‘b’ upon the application of P.p. and F.v. extract, and AMF + P.p. and AMF + F.v. The later planting time led to significantly higher values of the antioxidant parameters, as did the application of the P.p. extract and P.p. + AMF. CAT activity was more intense corresponding to the later tomato crop cycle, P.p. extract, and AMF + P.p. Overall, our study highlights the potential of biostimulants, particularly brown algae extracts and their combination with AMF, to improve tomato yield, antioxidant properties, and biochemical activities.

Isochrysis Crisis

Isochrysis galbana, a brown algae, was trialed to grow at the CFK aquaculture lab but failed until we tried comparing different tank salts to create a wellbalanced base. Our objective was to demonstrate and compare the different saltwater mixes that can be used in cultivating brown algae. Isochrysis galbana and other green algae that are grown at the CFK lab play a very important part in the aquaculture system. Algae is used as a good source of food and nutrients for many primary producers. Algae are one of the most important animals on earth. They create most of the oxygen that we breathe, and they filter every part of the water around the world. Brown algae is known around Florida because of certain species, like sargassum. We are currently having an issue with sargassum, so learning about different brown algae species can benefit everyone around the world. If Isochrysis sp. is kept at a stable salinity of 35ppt then it will easily and successfully grow. The samples were grown according to the standard measures but with different salt bases one was raw salt water, live aquaria and REEF salt. The raw seawater sample grew over a 1–2-day period with salinity that usually stayed around 40. The samples mixed into each artificial reef salt took about a week or more to grow color and cultivate the algae.

The Effect of Cloride Acid Concentration to The Phenolic Compound and The Antioxidant Activity in Methanol Extract of Sargassum oligocystum

Sargassum oligocystum is a species of brown algae that has many biological activities. The aim of this research is to analyze the polyphenol compound and antioxidant activity with methanol solvent at varying acid concentrations. Addition of hydrochloric acid in methanol solvent at various concentrations of 0.1 N; 0.2 N, 0.3 N in Sargassum oligocystum showed an increase in polyphenol compound, 2.82 mg GEA/g; 3.27 mg GEA/g and 3.88 mg GAE/g, respectively. The increase in polyphenol compound is proportional to the increase in antioxidant activity, 0.92 mg; 0.55 mg and 0.29 mg, respectively. The results showed that methanol extraction with variations of hydrochloric acid in Sargassum oligocystum contained polyphenols and antioxidant activity which increased with increasing acid concentration. Keywords: Antioxidant activity; cloride acid; methanolic extract; phenolic compound; Sargassum oligocystum

Neuroprotective effect of acetoxypachydiol against oxidative stress through activation of the Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 pathway

BackgroundExcessive oxidative stress in the brain is an important pathological factor in neurological diseases. Acetoxypachydiol (APHD) is a lipophilic germacrane-type diterpene extracted as a major component from different species of brown algae within the genus Dictyota. There have been no previous reports on the pharmacological activity of APHD. The present research aims to explore the potential neuroprotective properties of APHD and its underlying mechanisms.MethodsThe possible mechanism of APHD was predicted using a combination of molecular docking and network pharmacological analysis. PC12 cells were induced by H2O2 and oxygen–glucose deprivation/reoxygenation (OGD/R), respectively. Western blot, flow cytometry, immunofluorescence staining, and qRT-PCR were used to investigate the antioxidant activity of APHD. The HO-1 inhibitor ZnPP and Nrf2 gene silencing were employed to confirm the influence of APHD on the signaling cascade involving HO-1, Nrf2, and Keap1 in vitro.ResultsAPHD exhibited antioxidant activity in both PC12 cells subjected to H2O2 and OGD/R conditions by downregulating the release of LDH, the concentrations of MDA, and ROS, and upregulating SOD, GSH-Px, and GSH concentrations. APHD could potentially initiate the Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 signaling cascade, according to the findings from network pharmacology evaluation and molecular docking. Furthermore, APHD was observed to increase Nrf2 and HO-1 expression at both mRNA and protein levels, while downregulating the protein concentrations of Keap1. Both Nrf2 silencing and treatment with ZnPP reversed the neuroprotective effects of APHD.ConclusionsAPHD activated antioxidant enzymes and downregulated the levels of LDH, MDA, and ROS in two cell models. The neuroprotective effect is presumably reliant on upregulation of the Keap1-Nrf2/HO-1 pathway. Taken together, APHD from brown algae of the genus Dictyota shows potential as a candidate for novel neuroprotective agents.

Nanocrystalline cellulose from Arctic brown algae Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima

Nanocrystalline cellulose (NCC) was successfully obtained from two Arctic brown algae species, Laminaria digitata and Saccharina latissima. The production process involved a sequential extraction of non-cellulosic compounds, an environmentally friendly bleaching process with hydrogen peroxide, and subsequent acidic hydrolysis, resulting in the formation of nanosized rod-like particles. Comprehensive assessments were conducted to evaluate the influence of hydrolysis conditions, specifically using hydrochloric and sulfuric acids, on the key characteristics of the nanocellulose. The resulting NCC was characterized using various techniques including Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FTIR), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA, DTG), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), laser diffraction, and low-temperature nitrogen sorption. The obtained algal NCC demonstrated a yield of 76–91%, a degree of polymerization of 150–230 units, and a crystallinity index of 69–80%. The choice of acid during the production significantly influenced the thermal stability, particle size distribution, and porous properties of the samples. Remarkably, the algal NCC, acquired in the form of stable gel-like suspensions, exhibited robust stability during extended storage. These materials showcase promising potential for applications in biomedicine, serving as versatile components for hydro/aerogels, matrices, and fillers in the development of advanced medical dressings.

UJI ORGANOLEPTIK dan DAYA HAMBAT EKSTRAK ALGA COKLAT (Sargassum Polycystum) TERHADAP JAMUR Candida albicans

Background: Candida albicans, a fungal normal flora that causes Denture stomatitis. Sargassum polycystum is a brown algae species (Phaeophyceae) which grows almost along the coasts of Indonesia islands, known to have antifungal and antibacterial activities. Purpose: To determine the inhibition of brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum)’s on the growth of Candida albicans and determine whether Sargassum polycystum extract works as denture cleanser material through organoleptic test. Methods: The sample was Candida albicans equal to 0,5 McFarland (108 CFU/ml). The experiment groups comprises negative control group (K-) with 1% DMSO, positive control group (K+) with 0,2% chlorhexidine gluconate, and treatment groups 1-4 (P1;P2;P3;P4) consecutively with 2,5%; 5%; 10%; 20% Sargassum polycystum ethanol extract macerated for 15 minutes in 5 (Ø 6mm) paper discs. SDA medium was incubated for 24 hours and the visible transparent zone was calculated. Organoleptic test was conducted by asking 10 panelists about the observation on color, smell, and homogeneity level of brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) with the concentrations of 2,5%; 5%; 10%; and 20%. The experiment result was analyzed with the Kruskal-Wallis test and the Mann-Whitney test. Results: Experiment material’s inhibitory effect was undetectable as Sargassum polycystum ethanol extract against 1% DMSO solvent’s solubility was not homogeneous. The organoleptic test result showed that color, smell, and homogeneity level of brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) was not compliant with antiseptic standards. Conclusion: No inhibitory effect in brown algae extract (Sargassum polycystum) as the organoleptic test proved the antiseptic standards were not fulfilled.

Ishimozuku (Sphaerotrichia firma) lipids containing fucoxanthin suppress fatty liver and improve short chain fatty acid production in obese model mice

Ishimozuku (Sphaerotrichia firma) is one species of edible brown algae in Japan. The lipids contain rich of fucoxanthin and n-3 unsaturated fatty acids. This study analyzed dietary Ishimozuku lipid components and the effects on fatty liver and intestinal metabolite component production in obese model mice. Fatty acid composition and fucoxanthin contents of Ishimozuku lipids were analyzed by gas chromatography (GC) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) analysis. Ishimozuku lipids contained fucoxanthin about 44.71 ± 0.02 mg/g. KK-Ay mice were fed with high-fat diet (Control) and a high-fat diet + 0.5% Ishimozuku lipid diet (Ishimozuku) for 4 weeks. Liver triglyceride contents and serum triglyceride concentrations were significantly lower in the Ishimozuku group than in the Control group. Results show that acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACC) and stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD-1) mRNA expression were suppressed in the livers of Ishimozuku group mice. Furthermore, short chain fatty acid amounts in the cecal contents were greater in the Ishimozuku group mice. These results suggest that dietary Ishimozuku lipid components suppress liver lipid accumulation. Results also indicate Ishimozuku lipid components improve the balance of the intestinal microflora, which is disturbed by a high fat diet, and which promotes short chain fatty acid accumulation in the intestine. That accumulation is related to lipid and glucose metabolism.

Exon shuffling and alternative splicing of ROCO genes in brown algae enables a diverse repertoire of candidate immune receptors.

The ROCO family is a family of GTPases characterized by a central ROC-COR tandem domain. Interest in the structure and function of ROCO proteins has increased with the identification of their important roles in human disease. Nevertheless, the functions of most ROCO proteins are still unknown. In the present study, we characterized the structure, evolution, and expression of ROCOs in four species of brown algae. Brown algae have a larger number of ROCO proteins than other organisms reported to date. Phylogenetic analyses showed that ROCOs have an ancient origin, likely originated in prokaryotes. ROCOs in brown algae clustered into four groups and showed no strong relationship with red algae or green algae. Brown algal ROCOs retain the ancestral LRR-ROC-COR domain arrangement, which is found in prokaryotes, plants and some basal metazoans. Remarkably, individual LRR motifs in ROCO genes are each encoded by separate exons and exhibit intense exon shuffling and diversifying selection. Furthermore, the tandem LRR exons exhibit alternative splicing to generate multiple transcripts. Both exon shuffling and alternative splicing of LRR repeats may be important mechanisms for generating diverse ligand-binding specificities as immune receptors. Besides their potential immune role, expression analysis shows that many ROCO genes are responsive to other stress conditions, suggesting they could participate in multiple signal pathways, not limited to the immune response. Our results substantially enhance our understanding of the structure and function of this mysterious gene family.

Screening of Bioactive Compounds of the Brown Algae Turbinaria ornata (Turner) J. Agardh, 1848 From The Coastal Waters of Aboru Village, Central Maluku Indonesia

One of the most important communities in the seawater ecosystems is the brown algae where Turbinaria ornate is a brown alga species which is rich in nutrients and bioactive compounds. The bioactive components of T. ornata are beneficial for people living along the coast, particularly in Maluku region, an archipelagic region, as well as for the medical and pharmaceutical sectors. The research sample was the brown algae T.ornata obtained from the coastal waters of Aboru Village. Screening of bioactive compounds was carried out qualitatively using different reagents and indicated by the appropriate color change to ensure the presence of bioactive compounds which include phenolics, tannins, flavonoids, saponins, triterpenoids, steroids, alkaloids and anthocyanins. This study's findings demonstrated that while triterpenoids, quinones, and anthocyanins were absent, tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steroids, phenolics, and flavonoids were present in high concentrations. In conclusion, T. ornata includes bioactive compounds like tannins, saponins, alkaloids, steorids, phenolics, and flavonoids, according to this study's findings. Keywords: bioactive compound, brown algae, qualitative screening, Turbinaria ornata

Biostimulatory Impacts of Seed Priming through Botanical Extracts on Crop Production: A Critical Review

Rapid human population increase, food scarcity, and climate change are some of the global challenges in the current scenario. Among these, climate change adversely impacts crop production by creating abiotic stresses such as drought, salinity, and metal toxicity. Seed emergence, the critical stage in crop development, is highly vulnerable to these abiotic stresses. Therefore, short-term approaches to increase seed germination and the initial growth of plants were investigated in advance as a solution. Seed priming is indeed a pre-sowing treatment of seeds. It is a technique used to enhance the germination and early growth of seeds by exposing them to controlled hydration and sometimes other treatments before planting. Seed priming considered a low-cost, eco-friendly, and sustainable technique to promote seed germination and the initial growth of plants. Though various priming methods are available, this review discusses only botanical extracts (both seaweed and plant extracts) used as priming agents in seed priming. Among the seaweed extracts, green and brown algae species such as Ascophyllum nodosum, Sargassum spp., and Ulva spp. enhanced the crop performances even under stress conditions. In addition, leaf extracts derived from drumstick (Moringa oleifera) and neem (Azadirachta indica) are widely used to increase the crop production under stress and non-stress environments. Furthermore, in this review discussed about priming mechanism, different extraction methods and bioextracts behavior under diverse agroecosystems are discussed in detail.

The Draft Genome of the "Golden Tide" Seaweed, Sargassum horneri: Characterization and Comparative Analysis.

Sargassum horneri, a prevalent species of brown algae found along the coast of the northwest Pacific Ocean, holds significant importance as a valuable source of bioactive compounds. However, its rapid growth can lead to the formation of a destructive "golden tide", causing severe damage to the local economy and coastal ecosystems. In this study, we carried out de novo whole-genome sequencing of S. horneri using next-generation sequencing to unravel the genetic information of this alga. By utilizing a reference-guided de novo assembly pipeline with a closely related species, we successfully established a final assembled genome with a total length of 385 Mb. Repetitive sequences made up approximately 30.6% of this genome. Among the identified putative genes, around 87.03% showed homology with entries in the NCBI non-redundant protein database, with Ectocarpus siliculosus being the most closely related species for approximately one-third of these genes. One gene encoding an alkaline phosphatase family protein was found to exhibit positive selection, which could give a clue for the formation of S. horneri golden tides. Additionally, we characterized putative genes involved in fucoidan biosynthesis metabolism, a significant pathway in S. horneri. This study represents the first genome-wide characterization of a S. horneri species, providing crucial insights for future investigations, such as ecological genomic analyses.

Ancient reproductive modes and criteria of multicellularity.

It is demonstrated that the initial method of fertilization in animals (Metazoa), embryophyte plants (Embryophyta), most groups of multicellular oogamous algae, oogamous and pseudoogamous multicellular fungi was internal fertilization (in the broad meaning) in/on the body of a maternal organism. Accordingly, during the bisexual process, the initial method of formation of a daughter multicellular organism in animals was viviparity, and in embryophyte plants and most groups of oogamous multicellular algae - the germination of a zygote in/on the body of maternal organism. The reproductive criteria of multicellularity are proposed and discussed. In this regard, the multicellularity is considered to subdivide terminologically into three variants: 1) protonemal, the most simple, characteristic of multicellular prokaryotes, most groups of multicellular algae and gametophytes of some higher plants; 2) siphonoseptal, found among multicellular fungi, some groups of green and yellow-green algae; 3) embryogenic, most complicated, known in all animals (Metazoa), all sporophytes and some gametophytes of higher plants (Embryophyta), charophyte green algae Charophyceae s.s., oogamous species of green and brown algae, some genera of red algae. In addition to the well-known division of reproduction methods into sexual and asexual, it is proposed to divide the reproduction of multicellular organisms into monocytic (the emergence of a new organism from one cell sexually or asexually) and polycytic (fragmentation, longitudinal / transverse division or budding based on many cells of the body of the mother organism), since these two ways have different evolutionary and ontogenetic origins.

The Development of a Novel Sodium Alginate-Based Edible Active Hydrogel Coating and Its Application on Traditional Greek Spreadable Cheese.

The necessity of reducing the greenhouse effect by decreasing the carbon dioxide fingerprint directed the food packaging technology to use biobased raw materials. Alginates, which are derived from brown algae species, are one of the most promising biobased biopolymers for the development of edible active coatings capable of protecting food from oxidation/bacterial spoilage. In this study, sodium alginate, which was plasticized with glycerol and mixed with a biobased thymol/natural halloysite nanohybrid, was used to develop novel edible active coatings. Nanocomposite coatings were also developed in this project by mixing pure halloysite with sodium alginate/glycerol matrix and were used as reference material for comparison reasons. Instrumental analysis indicated a higher compatibility of a thymol/halloysite nanohybrid with a sodium alginate/glycerol matrix compared to pure halloysite with a sodium alginate/glycerol matrix. Increased compatibility resulted in improved tensile properties, water/oxygen barrier properties, and total antioxidant activity. These edible active coatings were applied to traditional Greek spread cheese and showed a reduction in the mesophilic microbial population over one log10 unit (cfu/g) compared to uncoated cheese. Moreover, the reduction in the mesophilic microbial population increased with the increase in halloysite and thymol content, indicating such sodium alginate/glycerol/thymol/halloysite hydrogels as promising edible active coatings for dairy products.

Notes on the marine algae of the International Biosphere Reserve Seaflower, Caribbean Colombia IX: new records of Lobophora declerckii, Taonia abbottiana and Verosphacela ebrachia for Colombia

Background and Aims: During the Seaflower Scientific Expedition in 2019, extensive seaweed collection was carried out around Old Providence and Santa Catalina islands. Despite the intensive phycological studies realized during the past decade, new reports of macroalgae are still recorded for the Seaflower Biosphere Reserve. The objective of this work is to present three new records of brown algae for Colombia.Methods: The algal sampling was carried out in September 2019 during the Seaflower Scientific Expedition. The samples were collected around the Providencia and Santa Catalina islands in coral patches ecosystems, by SCUBA diving at depths between 3 and 16 m. The algae collected were preserved in a 4% formalin/seawater solution. The identification was carried out using optical and stereoscopic microscopes. All specimens were deposited in the herbarium JIW of the Biology Department of the Universidad Nacional de Colombia, Bogotá, Colombia. Key results: Three species of brown algae are newly reported for Colombia: Lobophora declerckii, Taonia abbottiana and Verosphacela ebrachia. Verosphacela has been reported, to date, only from the type locality in Florida and from Isla Mujeres, in Mexico. Due to its cryptic and small habit, it may be much more common than actually reported. Lobophora declerckii is apparently the most common species of Lobophora in the Archipelago. Taonia abbottiana may be much more common than reported to date, but it is easily confused with Stypopodium zonale. Conclusions: Despite the intense phycological research carried out in the past decade in the Archipelago of San Andrés, Old Providence and Santa Catalina, there is still much to be discovered.

18S rDNA gene metabarcoding of microeukaryotes and epi-endophytes in the holobiome of seven species of large brown algae.

Brown algae (Phaeophyceae) are habitat-forming species in coastal ecosystems and include kelp forests and seaweed beds that support a wide diversity of marine life. Host-associated microbial communities are an integral part of phaeophyte biology, and whereas the bacterial microbial partners have received considerable attention, the microbial eukaryotes associated with brown algae have hardly been studied. Here, we used broadly targeted "pan-eukaryotic" primers (metabarcoding) to investigate brown algal-associated eukaryotes (the eukaryome). Using this approach, we aimed to investigate the eukaryome of seven large brown algae that are important and common species in coastal ecosystems. We also aimed to assess whether these macroalgae harbor novel eukaryotic diversity and to ascribe putative functional roles to the host-associated eukaryome based on taxonomic affiliation and phylogenetic placement. We detected a significant diversity of microeukaryotic and algal lineages associated with the brown algal species investigated. The operational taxonomic units (OTUs) were taxonomically assigned to 10 of the eukaryotic major supergroups, including taxonomic groups known to be associated with seaweeds as epibionts, endobionts, parasites, and commensals. Additionally, we revealed previously unrecorded sequence types, including novel phaeophyte OTUs, particularly in the Fucus spp. samples, that may represent fucoid genomic variants, sequencing artifacts, or undescribed epi-/endophytes. Our results provide baseline data and technical insights that will be useful for more comprehensive seaweed eukaryome studies investigating the evidently lineage-rich and functionally diverse symbionts of brown algae.

Novel Fucoidan Pharmaceutical Formulations and Their Potential Application in Oncology-A Review.

Fucoidan belongs to the family of marine sulfated, L-fucose-rich polysaccharides found in the cell wall matrix of various brown algae species. In the last few years, sulfated polysaccharides have attracted the attention of researchers due to their broad biological activities such as anticoagulant, antithrombotic, antidiabetic, immunomodulatory, anticancer and antiproliferative effects. Recently the application of fucoidan in the field of pharmaceutical technology has been widely investigated. Due to its low toxicity, biocompatibility and biodegradability, fucoidan plays an important role as a drug carrier for the formulation of various drug delivery systems, especially as a biopolymer with anticancer activity, used for targeted delivery of chemotherapeutics in oncology. Furthermore, the presence of sulfate residues with negative charge in its structure enables fucoidan to form ionic complexes with oppositely charged molecules, providing relatively easy structure-forming properties in combination with other polymers. The aim of the present study was to overview essential fucoidan characteristics, related to its application in the development of pharmaceutical formulations as a single drug carrier or in combinations with other polymers. Special focus was placed on micro- and nanosized drug delivery systems with polysaccharides and their application in the field of oncology.

Preparative three-dimensional GC and nuclear magnetic resonance for the isolation and identification of two sesquiterpene ethers from Dictyota Dichotoma.

Separation science plays a crucial role in the isolation of novel compounds contained in complex matrices. Yet their rationale employment needs preliminary structure elucidation, which usually requires sufficient aliquots of grade substances to characterize the molecule by nuclear magnetic resonance experiments. In this study, two peculiar oxa-tricycloundecane ethers were isolated by means of preparative multidimensional gas chromatography from the brown alga species Dictyota dichotoma (Huds.) Lam., aiming to assign their 3D structures. Density functional theory simulations were carried out to select the correct configurational species matching the experimental NMR data (in terms of enantiomeric couples). In this case, the theoretical approach was crucial as the protonic signal overlap and spectral overcrowding were preventing any other unambiguous structural information. Just after the identification through the density functional theory data matching of the correct relative configuration it was possible to verify an enhanced self-consistency with the experimental data, confirming the stereochemistry. The results obtained further pave the way toward structure elucidation of highly asymmetric molecules, whose configuration cannot be inferred by other means or strategies.

Статика и кинетика операции экстракции целевых компонентов из сухого эктокарпуса водно-спиртовой композицией

Polysaccharides are the most widely used biopolymers in the food industry, for example sodium alginate (food additive E401) taken as an anionic substance. Sodium alginate can act as a thickening agent in jelly-like materials, fillings and gravy products, and as a moisture-retaining ingredient in baked goods and other products. The unique industrial source of sodium alginate in modern conditions is sea brown algae (kelp and fucus). In the Caspian basin Ectocarpus algae can be attributed to the brown algae species rich in alginates. Dry Ectocarpus served as the object of scientific analysis. At present, the emergence of new information on the pharmacological parameters of a number of algae biocomponents has led to an increased interest in the study of technological approaches to the production of functional food substances and their biologically active substances. At the same time, algae can act as a raw material base for producing both independent materials and their derivatives in the form of food premixes leading to an increase in the quality indicators of basic materials while maintaining taste sensations or improving the structural organization, external state and increasing storage time. The purpose of this study was to identify the static patterns of the ratio of the extractant masses and the object of study and the kinetics of extraction of the target components from the dry Ectocarpus with a aqueous-alcohol composition to determine the efficiency and rational time of this operation. The type of kinetic dependences of extraction does not contradict the approved and published data in this field with certain specifics for the product under study and the conditions for this operation. This determines the rationality of the original approaches to improve the efficiency of algal raw materials extraction in the above-mentioned extractant environment.

Optimised protocols for RNA extraction from a broad taxonomic range of algae

AbstractDespite advancements in RNA extraction methods, RNA extraction from sources rich in polyphenols and polysaccharides such as algae and seagrasses remains a challenge. Here we present a RNA extraction strategy using a hexadecyltrimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) extraction buffer and demonstrate its effectiveness on a broad range of red, green, and brown algae, as well as on the cyanobacterium Arthrospira platensis and the seagrass Zostera marina. For the vast majority of tested samples we achieved high yields of RNA comparable to those obtained from higher plants by commercially available kits (ranging from 3.9 to 125.9 µg RNA g−1 fresh weight). Analysis by UV/Vis spectrometry and capillary electrophoresis revealed high purity and integrity of obtained RNA extracts. For highly challenging species of brown algae like Fucus vesiculosus, Fucus serratus and Dictyosiphon foeniculaceus, we established an alternative procedure using a sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) extraction buffer in combination with a commercial kit. With this protocol, even higher RNA yields up to 317.0 µg g−1 fresh weight were extracted from polysaccharide-rich brown algae tissues. This study can serve as a guideline and starting point for the development of RNA extraction protocols for so far unstudied algal species from very diverse taxa.