Anthocyanin Species Research Articles

Mathematical Modelling and Chemical Analysis to Characterise Anthocyanin Self-association Interactions Influencing Colour Expression and Stability in Young Red Wines

AbstractAnthocyanins are phenolic compounds that provide colour to young red wines following extraction from grape skins, and their reaction kinetics are not well understood as they exist within a complex pH-dependent multistate system. For commercial wineries to best control anthocyanin colour expression that is a major determinant for red wine quality, there is a critical need for behaviours of all pH-dependent monomeric and self-associated anthocyanins to be considered together. In response, the current study employed mathematical and experimental techniques to reveal kinetic and steady-state behaviours of all species of a model anthocyanin, malvidin-3-O-β-D-glucopyranoside (M3G), within three Shiraz red wines throughout fermentation. Investigator-developed models represented the following: (i) acid–base reactions that form red, purple, and blue anthocyanin monomers; (ii) hydration reactions that result in monomeric colour loss; and (iii.) physical self-association interactions that temporally stabilise anthocyanin colour. Simulations were validated experimentally using high-performance liquid chromatography with diode array detector (HPLC–DAD) and colourimetric analysis of wine samples. Moreover, a unique predictive modelling framework was developed that takes in measured values for anthocyanin concentration, pH, and temperature at the onset of fermentation, and output data describing corresponding wine colour expression and stability characteristics that would arise after fermentation has progressed. Results of the current study elucidate complex reaction kinetics occurring between anthocyanin species under dynamic red wine conditions and provide meaningful predictions for future wine colour and shelf-life characteristics. Outputs may be used to inform key winemaking decisions influencing red wine quality and to optimise the use of winery resources throughout the fermentation process.

Design and Evaluation of pH-Sensitive Pectin Films Infused with Anthocyanin-Rich Extracts from Australian Native Fruits for Intelligent Food Packaging Applications

This study investigates the incorporation of anthocyanin-rich extracts from Mountain Pepper Berry (MPB) and Queen Garnet Plum (QGP) into pectin-based films to develop pH-sensitive indicators. Using glycerol as an extraction solvent, significant differences in anthocyanin composition were identified: MPB extracts contained a diverse range of anthocyanin species, with a total content of 267.13 ± 5.21 mg L⁻¹, compared to the predominantly cyanidin-based QGP extracts, with 222.14 ± 1.61 mg L⁻¹. Differences in anthocyanin structures were elucidated using UPLC-Q-ToF-MS/MS analysis. FTIR and UV-Vis spectroscopy were used to assess the compatibility of the extracts with pectin and the homogeneity of anthocyanins within the film structure. Mechanical testing revealed that MPB films exhibited superior tensile strength (8.53 ± 0.51 MPa), stiffness (2274 ± 158.64 gmm− 1), and energy to failure (141.7 ± 16.23 J m− 3) compared to QGP films, which had lower tensile strength (7.74 ± 0.32 MPa), stiffness (1947 ± 125.82 gmm− 1), and energy to failure (115 ± 18.81 J m− 3). Both film types displayed similar moisture content (MPB: 48.89%, QGP: 48.13%) and water vapour permeability, indicating comparable barrier properties. When exposed to volatile ammonia, QGP films showed a more pronounced colour change, attributed to their anthocyanin profile, with a notable shift from red to brown. This research highlights the potential of glycerol-extracted anthocyanins from Australian native fruits as functional additives in pectin films, offering promising applications for intelligent packaging with enhanced mechanical performance and responsive colour-changing properties.Graphical

Characterization and Quantitation of Anthocyanins of the Pigmented Tea Cultivar TRI 2043 (Camellia sinensis L.) from Sri Lanka

Tea leaves are rich in diverse bioactive compounds. The tea accession TRI 2043 is unique due to its pigmented leaves caused by anthocyanins, clonal origin, resistance to blister blight disease, and high pubescence density. Because of its peculiarity, TRI 2043 is used to produce high-quality silver tip tea, a premium type of tea that commands high prices. This study was carried out to clarify and elucidate the types of anthocyanins in this particular accession. Four different anthocyanin species were identified and quantitated as cyanidin-3-O-β-d-galactoside and delphinidin-3-O-β-d-galactoside equivalents for leaf blades and stems of the cultivar TRI 2043. The characterization was performed by comparison with commercially available reference substances and further confirmed using ion mobility high-resolution time-of-flight-mass spectrometry (IMS-HRTOF-MS). Quantitation was carried out using ultra-high-performance liquid chromatography ultraviolet–visible detection (UHPLC-UV-vis) with cyanidin-3-O-β-d-glucoside as an internal standard. E- and Z-geometric isomers of 6-p-coumaroyl derivates of delphinidin and cyanidin-3-O-β-d-galactopyranosides were observed, and collision cross section (CCS) values were determined for all four different anthocyanidin species. The content of anthocyanins in leaf blades of cultivar TRI 2043 was 856.32 ± 41.56 µg/g dry weight, with cyanidin being the more abundant anthocyanin (69.8%). Conversely, the stem material contained an anthocyanin amount of 459.5 ± 44.7 µg/g dry weight, with a higher content of delphinidin (69.6%). In summary, an enrichment strategy using analytical membrane chromatography was established to fully elucidate and quantify the anthocyanin profile of plant samples such as the special tea variety TRI 2043.

Nonlinearity and anthocyanin colour expression: A mathematical analysis of anthocyanin association kinetics and equilibria

Anthocyanins are polyphenolic compounds that provide pigmentation in plants as reflected by pH-dependent structural transformations between the red flavylium cation, purple quinonoidal base, blue quinonoidal anion, colourless hemiketal, and pale yellow chalcone species. Thermodynamically stable conditions of hydrated plant cell vacuoles in vivo correspond to the colourless hemiketal, yet anthocyanin colour expression appears in an important variety of hues within plant organs such as flowers and fruit. Moreover, anthocyanin colour from grape berries is significant in red winemaking processes as it plays a crucial role in determining red wine quality. Here, nonlinear ordinary differential equations were developed to represent the evolution in concentration of various anthocyanin species in both monomeric (chemically reactive) and self-associated (temporally stable) forms for the first time, and simulations were verified experimentally. Results indicated that under hydrating conditions, anthocyanin pigmentation is preserved by self-association interactions, based on pigmented monomeric anthocyanins experiencing colour loss whereas colour-stable self-associated anthocyanins increase in concentration nonlinearly over time. In particular, self-association of the flavylium cation and the quinonoidal base was shown to influence colour expression and stability within Geranium sylvaticum flower petals and Vitis vinifera grape skins. This study ultimately characterises fundamental mechanisms of anthocyanin stabilisation and generates a quantitative framework for anthocyanin-containing systems.

Krmiva s povećanim sadržajem antocijanina u hranidbi životinja

The word anthocyanin comes from the Greek words Anthos, meaning flower, and kyanose, meaning blue. Anthocyanins give red, purple, and blue colors to plants. In acidic conditions, they appear as red pigments and in alkaline conditions, they appear as blue pigments. The intensive nature of agricultural (animal) production, with a high density of individuals in animal production facilities, very often contributes to the occurrence of disorders and diseases in animals that threaten this production. A major problem for the animal organism is the effects and consequences of oxidative stress or excessive production of free radicals, which are the main cause of metabolic disorders in cows in the transition period, and antioxidants can prevent or at least mitigate these conditions. Anthocyanins as a source of natural antioxidants play an important role in increasing the antioxidant potential that protects the cell against oxidative damage. Some anthocyanin species may have an enhancing effect on mRNA expression and superoxide dismutase activity. The bioavailability of anthocyanins is relatively low due to poor absorption in the digestive tract. In our region, colored corn, wheat, barley, and sorghum can be used as anthocyanin sources in the domestic animal diet, black soybean, rye, and black and red rice also have high anthocyanin content. Purple corn can accumulate much more anthocyanins than commercial corn varieties.

Effects of four drying methods on the quality, antioxidant activity and anthocyanin components of blueberry pomace

The effects of drying on the quality, antioxidant activity and anthocyanin components of blueberry pomace were investigated using hot air drying (HAD), freeze-drying (FD), microwave vacuum drying (MVD) and microwave freeze vacuum drying (MFD). The quality, antioxidant activity, and individual anthocyanin compositions of blueberry pomace were evaluated and compared with the non-dried control. MVD produced the highest levels of total phenols, total anthocyanins, total sugars and color values in blueberry pomace while HAD gave the lowest. The ABTS +and DPPH radical scavenging abilities of blueberry pomace were significantly high when MVD was used. Moreover, FD, MVD, and MFD resulted in the retention of significantly more anthocyanin species than HAD as determined by HPLC coupled to the mass spectrometer. Overall, MVD proved to be the best technique for preservation of antioxidant capacity and natural color. Therefore, MVD of blueberry pomace can improve efficiency and productivity of the blueberry fruit processing industry while reducing the environmental burden.Graphical

Filling in the gaps: a road map to establish a model system to study developmental programmed cell death

Only a handful of model systems for studying programmed cell death (PCD) exist. The model Arabidopsis thaliana has generated a plethora of knowledge, but it is essential to introduce new models to broaden our understanding of the commonalities of PCD. This review focuses on Aponogeton madagascariensis (the lace plant) as a choice model to study PCD in vivo. PCD plays a key role in plant development and defence. Thus, identifying key regulators across plants is a priority in the field. The formation of perforations in lace plant leaves in areas called areoles is a striking example of PCD. Cells undergoing PCD within areoles can be easily identified from a loss of their anthocyanin pigmentation. In contrast, cells adjacent to veins, non-PCD cells, retain anthocyanins, creating a gradient of cell death. The spatiotemporal pattern of perforation formation, a gradient of cell death within areoles, and the availability of axenic cultures provide an excellent in vivo system to study mechanisms of developmental PCD. The priorities to further develop this model involve sequencing the genome, establishing transformation protocols, and identifying anthocyanin species to determine their medicinal properties. We discuss practical methodologies and challenges associated with developing the lace plant as a model to study PCD.

Structural Analysis and Identity Confirmation of Anthocyanins in Brassica oleracea Extracts by Direct Injection Ion Mobility-Mass Spectrometry.

Anthocyanins are a subclass of plant-derived flavonoids that demonstrate immense structural heterogeneity which is challenging to capture in complex extracts by traditional liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (MS)-based approaches. Here, we investigate direct injection ion mobility-MS as a rapid analytical tool to characterize anthocyanin structural features in red cabbage (Brassica oleracea) extracts. Within a 1.5 min sample run time, we observe localization of structurally similar anthocyanins and their isobars into discrete drift time regions based upon their degree of chemical modifications. Furthermore, drift time-aligned fragmentation enables simultaneous collection of MS, MS/MS, and collisional cross-section data for individual anthocyanin species down to a low picomole scale to generate structural identifiers for rapid identity confirmation. We finally identify anthocyanins in three other Brassica oleracea extracts based on red cabbage anthocyanin identifiers to demonstrate our high-throughput approach. Direct injection ion mobility-MS therefore provides wholistic structural information on structurally similar, and even isobaric, anthocyanins in complex plant extracts, which can inform the nutritional value of a plant and bolster drug discovery pipelines.

Rapid qualitative and quantitative analyses of anthocyanin composition in berries from the Tibetan Plateau with UPLC-quadruple-Orbitrap MS and their antioxidant activities.

Nitraria tangutorum B. (NT), Hippophae rhamnoides L. (HR), Lycium ruthenicum M. (LR), Lycii fructus (LF), Rosa xanthina L. (RX), and Rubuscor chorifolius L. f. (RC) are six berries from Tibetan Plateau. They have been used in traditional folk medicine with a long history, which are rich in anthocyanins. However, detailed study of their anthocyanins remains scarce. Therefore, a method for rapid simultaneous identification and quantification of 12 anthocyanins from berries using UPLC-Quadruple-Orbitrap MS system (UPLC-Q-Orbitrap MS) was established in this work. It was verified with limit of detection (3.86-11.61 µg/L), limit of quantification (3.86-11.61 µg/L), precision (0.95-2.38%), repeatability (0.96-2.08%), stability (0.86-2.31%), mean recovery (95.8-103.1%), recovery range (93.1-107.2%) and RSD less than 5.21%. It was then used in the analysis of anthocyanins in six berries species; 8, 7, 7, 7, 6 and 9 species of anthocyanins have been identified in NT, LF, LR, HR, RC and RX, respectively based on their own retention time and exact mass in positive mode, and for the first time quantified successfully in each berry (31.11 ± 0.42-2978 ± 25.67 μg.g-1). Finally, 2, 2-azinobis (3-ethylbenzthiazoline-6-sulphonic acid) (ABTS) radical scavenging activity (0.92 ± 0.12-5.61 ± 0.23 mM TE/100 g), ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) (1.23 ± 0.15-7.42 ± 0.28 mM TE/100 g) and total antioxidant activity (T-AOC) assays were used to evaluate the antioxidant activities of the six berries.

Antioxidant activity of high purity blueberry anthocyanins and the effects on human intestinal microbiota

The investigation of the composition, antioxidant activity of blueberry anthocyanins (BA) and the effects on human intestinal microbiota were carried out. The separation of anthocyanins from blueberry (Vaccinum sp.) was performed by liquid chromatography-diode array detector-electrospray ionization-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-DAD-ESI-MS2). 14 anthocyanins were tentatively identified and their concentration was determined. Among them, malvidin-3-O-glucoside was the main anthocyanin species, followed by malvidin-3-O-galactoside and petunidin-3-O-glucoside, they accounted for 44.81% of the total anthocyanins in blueberry extract. The antioxidant activities were evaluated by DPPH, ABTS• +, FRAP, reducing power and superoxide anion radical scavenging activity. The result showed that the EC50 value of BA by ABTS•+assay was lower than the data obtained by DPPH assay, which was 14.99 μg/mL and 26.48 μg/mL, respectively. Furthermore, the impact of BA on human intestinal microbiota were analyzed by high throughput sequencing and bioinformatics analysis. The results demonstrated that BA have impact on the microbial diversity. They could increase the relative abundances of some certain communities including Bifidobacterium spp. Our findings suggest that blueberry and blueberry extracts consumption could exert prebiotic activity which are associated with health benefits.

New Procedure To Calculate All Equilibrium Constants in Flavylium Compounds: Application to the Copigmentation of Anthocyanins.

A new experimental procedure to calculate all equilibrium constants of the multistate of species of anthocyanins and related compounds, including those in basic medium, is reported. The procedure is based on a series of pH jumps monitored by stopped flow from an extended pH range of solutions at pseudo-equilibrium (when there is no significant formation of trans-chalcones) or at equilibrium to pH = 1.0. The experimental procedure is described for the anthocyanin model compound 4′-hydroxyflavylium, which exhibits a peculiar behavior in moderately acidic medium, because the quinoidal base, hemiketal, and cis-chalcone have similar mole fractions at pseudo-equilibrium, permitting good discrimination among these species. The experimental procedure can be extended to the copigmentation phenomenon and allow the calculation of the 1:1 copigmentation constants of the flavylium cation, quinoidal base, hemiketal, and cis- and trans-chalcones (this last from the equilibrium) and their respective ionized forms. The method was applied to calculate the copigmentation constants of the model compound 4′-hydroxyflavylium as well as malvidin-3-glucoside with caffeine. In the last compound, the strongest interaction takes place with the quinoidal base (K = 303 M–1) and flavylium cation (K = 134 M–1) and, to a lesser extent, with the ionized quinoidal base (K = 43 M–1) and cis-chalcone (K = 17 M–1). The caffeine interaction with the hemiketal and the other ionized species is negligible.

Component Analysis of Anthocyanins in Petals at Different Flowering Stages of Three <i>Rosa rugosa</i> Hybrid Cultivars

The species and contents of anthocyanins in plant petals can make plants appear pink, red, violet and blue, etc., and play a major role in the coloration of plants. In this study, the species and contents of anthocyanins in the petals of three R. rugosa hybrid cultivars, R. rugosa “Zizhi”, R. rugosa “Fenzizhi” and R. rugosa “Baizizhi”, were analyzed, and the direct cause of the differences in flower color of three R. rugosa hybrid cultivars was inferred. This paper provides a reference for the coloration mechanism and flower color breeding of R. rugosa. The specific methods are as follows: the petals of five flowering stages of three R. rugosa hybrid cultivars were used as materials, and the types and contents of anthocyanins contained in them were qualitatively and quantitatively analyzed by high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The same six kinds of anthocyanins were identified in R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”, mainly based on the diglycoside of paeoniflorin and cyanidin. The relative contents of the two anthocyanins were higher at budding stage and initial opening stage. In the different flowering stages of R. rugosa “Zizhi”, the content of Pn3G5G was up to 4280.84 ± 20.82 μg·g-1, and the content of Cy3G5G was up to 789.41 ± 1.21 μg·g-1. In R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”, the highest content of Pn3G5G reached 1293.50 ± 17.64 μg·g-1, and the content of Cy3G5G was up to 358.86 ± 3.94 μg·g-1. It could be speculated that the difference in the contents of Pn3G5G and Cy3G5G was the main reason for the difference in coloration between the petals of R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”. A total of five species of anthocyanins were identified in R. rugosa “Baizizhi” and their contents were relatively low. Compared with R. rugosa “Zizhi” and R. rugosa “Fenzizhi”, the presence of Cy3G was not detected. Therefore, we speculated that the two reasons above might be responsible for the visual white flowers of R. rugosa “Baizizhi”.

Achieving Complexity at the Bottom. 2,6-Bis(arylidene)cyclohexanones and Anthocyanins: The Same General Multistate of Species.

As in supramolecular chemistry, complexity could also be achieved through a bottom-up approach. Anthocyanins and related compounds such as the compound (E)-6-(dimethylamino)-4-(4-(dimethylamino)-2-hydroxybenzylidene)-1,2,3,4-tetrahydroxanthylium chloride (1), here reported, exhibit this type of complexity. The thermodynamics and kinetics of the complex multistate of species of compound 1 were studied by conventional and stopped-flow UV–visible spectrophotometry as well as by NMR. The system follows the same multistate of species of anthocyanins, except for the presence at moderately basic pH values of a species possessing a spiro carbon. The introduction of two dimethylamino substituents in positions 4′ and 7, modulates deeply the thermodynamic and kinetics of the system. A beautiful pH-dependent palette of colors is obtained, including a blue flavylium cation at unusually high pH values. The protonation of the dimethylamino substituents is the key aspect for explaining the details of the spiro opening kinetics. The system was fully characterized by representing the mole fraction distribution and the relative energy level diagram of all multistate species as a function of pH.

Unique Flavanol-Anthocyanin Condensed Forms in Apache Red Purple Corn

Anthocyanin pigments from purple corn are being explored as a potential alternative to artificial colorants and for their health-promoting properties. However, all pericarp-pigmented corn varieties examined to date primarily contain cyanidin-derived anthocyanins, which produce bluish-red or pink extracts. Here we describe the first pelargonidin-dominant pericarp-pigmented corn lines from the landrace Apache Red (AR). Anthocyanins were characterized from six AR families using high-performance liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry (HPLC-MS). From this, we identified two new flavanol-anthocyanin condensed forms in corn: catechin-(4,8)-pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside and afzelechin-(4,8)-pelargonidin 3,5-diglucoside, which were subsequently confirmed with NMR. Additionally, several apigenin-derived C-glycosyl flavones were identified in abundance. With a diverse flavonoid profile containing an array of different anthocyanin species and flavones, Apache Red will be an important line in which to study control of the flavonoid biosynthesis pathway.

Visualization of the distribution of anthocyanin species in mice eyeball by matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging.

Anthocyanins, which belong to a class of molecules called flavonoids, are known to have beneficial effects for both humans and animals. Many physiological functions have been attributed to anthocyanins since ancient times. The most important function is the relief of eyestrain, but the biodistribution of anthocyanins remains unknown. In this study, we analyzed the kinetics of anthocyanin species in mice eyeballs and surrounding tissues. We used mice that were administered bilberry extract solution intraperitoneally. After harvesting eyeballs, cross-sections were prepared using a cryostat and analyzed using matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization mass spectrometry imaging (MALDI-MSI). Various ions of anthocyanin species, m/z 419, 449, 463, 465, 479, and 493, were observed in MALDI-MSI spectra. Most of these peaks corresponded to places considered to be extraocular muscles with the outer layer of the retina. Through MALDI-MSI and MALDI-MS/MS analyses, we demonstrated that anthocyanin species are distributed at muscle tissues with the outer layer of the retina. It is speculated that anthocyanin species directly improve eyestrain at the extraocular muscles.

Anthocyanins in perilla plants and dried leaves

High-quality perilla leaves are purple on upper and lower surfaces and have a good aroma. The Japanese Pharmacopoeia specifies the content of essential oils in perilla leaves but not that of anthocyanins. Several reports have described the chemical species of anthocyanins in red perilla, but a complete analysis of anthocyanins in perilla has not been reported. In this study, the anthocyanins in the leaves of cultivated and wild species of perilla and those in commercially available perilla herbs were studied. Red perilla and most P. citriodora strains accumulate cyanidin derivatives that differ in the acyl group on the glucose moiety at the 3-O- and 5-O-positions of the anthocyanins. Several strains of P. citriodora contain cyanidin derivatives that are different from those in red perilla and most P. citriodora species. Green perilla and wild species other than P. citriodora do not contain foliar anthocyanins. The anthocyanins in commercially available perilla herbs and natural dyes made from red perilla were in agreement with those in fresh red perilla leaves and most P. citriodora samples. The amounts and types of anthocyanins were not associated with place of cultivation, although some changes occurred due to degradation during storage. These results provide clues regarding the biosynthesis of anthocyanins in perilla and the evolution of red perilla. The characteristics and stability of anthocyanins are discussed.

Identification of Anthocyanins in Red Grape, Plum and Capulin by MALDI-ToF MS

A simple and fast method was developed to identify anthocyanins in red grapes, plums and capulins by MALDI-ToF MS. Three different matrices were used: α-CHCA (α-cyano-4-hydroxycinnamic acid), THA (2’,4’,6’-trihydroxyacetophenone) and DHBA (2,5-dihydroxybenzoic acid). Post-Source Decay (PSD) fragment detection allowed studying the structure of compounds detected. Deprotonated anthocyanin species were assigned in capulin ([Cyanidin-3-glucosidedeprotonated] K+ and [Cyanidin-3-rutinoside-deprotonated]K+), due to these compounds also can be ionized in form of potassium adducts combined with a deprotonation.

Effects of fruit juice concentrate production on individual anthocyanin species in elderberry

SummaryElderberry concentrate is widely used for food colouring. Its production includes several processing steps, which influence pigment composition, thus affecting the quality of final product. In this study, qualitative and quantitative changes in anthocyanin components were followed during the production of elderberry juice concentrate using Haschberg and Samocco varieties. Juice concentration resulted in more than five‐fold concentration increase in anthocyanins; however, clarification, filtration and evaporation steps caused slight but continuous decrease in anthocyanins relative to the dry matter of the product. Pectolytic enzymatic treatment was found to be one of the most critical processing steps that affects anthocyanin yield during production, and this effect on yield can be variety‐dependent. Additionally, two condensed dimeric anthocyanin species generated after heat treatment are reported for the first time to be present in elderberry juice concentrate. Our results suggest that cyanidin‐based anthocyanin conjugates with more complex saccharide moieties are more robust during production.

Abiotic stresses induce different localizations of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis

Anthocyanins are induced in plants in response to abiotic stresses such as drought, high salinity, excess light, and cold, where they often correlate with enhanced stress tolerance. Numerous roles have been proposed for anthocyanins induced during abiotic stresses including functioning as ROS scavengers, photoprotectants, and stress signals. We have recently found different profiles of anthocyanins in Arabidopsis (Arabidopsis thaliana) plants exposed to different abiotic stresses, suggesting that not all anthocyanins have the same function. Here, we discuss these findings in the context of other studies and show that anthocyanins induced in Arabidopsis in response to various abiotic stresses have different localizations at the organ and tissue levels. These studies provide a basis to clarify the role of particular anthocyanin species during abiotic stress.

Biotransformation of anthocyanins from two purple-fleshed sweet potato accessions in a dynamic gastrointestinal system

Cooked, milled purple-fleshed sweet potato (PFSP) accessions, PM09.812 and PM09.960, underwent digestion in a dynamic human gastrointestinal (GI) model that simulates gut digestive conditions to study the bioaccessibility and biotransformation of anthocyanins. Matrix-assisted laser desorption ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry showed accession-dependent variations in anthocyanin release and degradation. After 24h, more anthocyanin species were detected in the small intestinal vessel relative to other vessels for accession PM09.960 whereas more species appeared in the ascending colonic vessel for accession PM09.812. The ferric reducing antioxidant power was increased in the small intestinal vessel for PM09.960 and in the ascending colonic vessel for accession PM09.812, corresponding to the appearance of a majority of anthocyanins for each accession. These results show that intestinal and colonic microbial digestion of PFSP leads to an accession-dependent pattern for anthocyanin bioaccessibility and degradation.