Species Of Action Research Articles

Which Comes First—Acting or Judging?

It is one of the crucial insights of pragmatism that our judging is itself a discursive practice. Our judgments are normatively determined performances for which we are responsible. Therefore, judgments are a species of action. For in both actions and judgments, we subject ourselves and others to justifiable norms. Since these insights can already be found in Hegel, Hegel is now often interpreted as a champion of pragmatism. Hegel’s logic is thereby mainly understood as the continuation of the Kantian project of transcendental philosophy. Based upon this pragmatist interpretation of Hegel, the paper reads F. H. Jacobi’s philosophy as an alternative pragmatism which is explicitly founded on our life praxis rather than our practice of judgment.

High-valence CuIICuIII species in action: demonstration of aliphatic C-H bond activation at room temperature.

The electrochemically generated CuIICuIII mixed-valence species promotes activation of strong aliphatic C-H bonds (i.e. toluene) at room temperature. The mechanistic pathway turns from stoichiometric to catalytic upon addition of base, hence demonstrating that such high-valence dicopper species can be key reactive intermediates in copper-based oxidative processes.

In-depth understanding of core-shell nanoarchitecture evolution of g-C3N4@C, N co-doped anatase/rutile: Efficient charge separation and enhanced visible-light photocatalytic performance

Herein, we demonstrated the simultaneous formation of multi-component heterojunction consisting graphitic carbon nitride (g-C3N4) and C, N co-doped anatase/rutile mixed phase by using facile sol-gel assisted heat treatment. The evolution of core-shell nanostructures heterojunction formation was elucidated by varying the temperature of heat treatment from 300°C to 600°C. Homogeneous heterojunction formation between g-C3N4 and anatase/rutile mixed phase was observed in gT400 with C and N doping into TiO2 lattice by O substitution. The core-shell nanoarchitectures between g-C3N4 as shell, and anatase/rutile mixed phase as core with C and N atoms are doped at the interstitial positions of TiO2 lattice was observed in gT500. The result indicated that core-shell nanoarchitectures photocatalyst (gT500) prepared at 500 ◦C exhibited the highest photocatalytic activity in the degradation of methyl orange under visible light irradiation. Meanwhile, the possible mechanisms of charge generation, migration, action species and reaction that probably occur at the gT500 sample were also proposed. The photodegradation results of gT500 correlated completely with the results of the PEC and photoluminescence analysis, which directly evidenced improved charge separation and migration as the crucial parameters governing photocatalysis. It is worthy to note that, the simultaneous formation of multicomponent heterojunction with core-shell structure provided an enormous impact in designing highly active photocatalyst with superior interfacial charge transfer.

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BioTechniquesVol. 41, No. 6 WebWatchOpen AccessWebWatchKevin AhernKevin AhernSearch for more papers by this authorPublished Online:21 May 2018https://doi.org/10.2144/000112323AboutSectionsPDF/EPUB ToolsAdd to favoritesDownload CitationsTrack Citations ShareShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditEmail Designer GenesThe title of this molecular biology site may attract a few poor spellers looking for Calvin Klein, but they'll almost certainly be disappointed. On the other hand, molecular biologists who'd like to reverse translate the one letter protein sequence “c-a-l-v-i-n-k-l-e-i-n” won't be. Home to a simple, yet powerful set of software applications for basic molecular biological analyses, Gene Design is aimed at researchers who want to manipulate genes, but don't want to pay for a commercial package to do so. The site's online tools allow users to alter codons in a sequence without disturbing the reading frame, insert or remove silent mutations, and perform basic analyses. These include open reading frame identification, restriction enzyme analysis/identification, and oligonucleotide design.@ slam.bs.jhmi.edu/gdOut of the MuckA staple of any biology laboratory class involving a microscope and a bit of murky pond water, the euglenoids are protists known for their extensive endomembrane system. With a full complement of organelles, including an extensive endoplasmic reticulum and a pellicular cell surface unique among eukaryotes, these tiny dynamos are not just fun to watch swimming around under the'scope, they're also lab curiosities. Witness their three membrane chloroplasts or the large dictyosomes within their Golgi apparati. Richard Triemer's “The Euglenoid Project” is an NSF-funded effort between academic institutions, botanical gardens, water-related institutes, and museums to help spread the word and advance research on these little green bundles. From movies that will bring back memories of your first biology class to phylogenetic sequence alignments, The Euglenoid Project has something for almost anyone fascinated by living systems.@ bio.rutgers.edu/euglenaGastropodally YoursPop quiz—which mollusk genus has more than 3000 species, contains organisms that make potent conotoxins that are the substance of 80 patents, and is more diverse than any other marine gastropod? Give yourself a gold star if you guessed Conus. If you didn't, consider entering the URL below in your browser. There, at The Conus Biodiversity site, you'll find a cornucopia of information about these organisms that double their number of species every six million years. Hosted by Alan Kohn at the University of Washington, the pages provide an amazing collection of pictures in the Type Gallery, videos of Conus species in action, and an extensive organism catalogue.@ biology.burke.washington.edu/conusNot SappyA K-16 educational resource on all things botanical, Science and Plants for Schools (SAPS), lists three main aims. The common theme of all of them is stated in the last one—to “interest young people in plants and molecular biology.” The target audience of SAPS is not primarily students, but instead teachers, for whom there is a lot of material to revel in. They will welcome kits (including PCR) that provide classroom exercises, as well as downloadable books, workshops, and a free newsletter. Young scholars aren't totally left out of the picture, thanks to a Question/Answer section where experts provide feedback to their inquiries. If you've ever wondered about problems ranging from the causes of root callusing to the nutritional needs of fast plants, you too may benefit from this informative site.@ www-saps.plantsci.cam.ac.ukPublic DomainThe free exchange of ideas is a foundation of modern science, but traditional publishing models have, through increasing subscription prices, provided a barrier, at least by some perspectives. Might the open access movement, which has revolutionized software design, provide a better model for the distribution of scientific information? At the Public Library of Science (PLoS), the answer is a resounding “Yes!” With seven peer-reviewed journals in the biological sciences and a policy that allows for unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, as long as the original work is cited, PLoS is both popular and positioned to grow.@ www.plos.org/index.phpFiguresReferencesRelatedDetails Vol. 41, No. 6 Follow us on social media for the latest updates Metrics Downloaded 171 times History Published online 21 May 2018 Published in print December 2006 Information© 2006 Author(s)PDF download

Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in the Action of Ciprofloxacin againstEscherichia coli

Ciprofloxacin is an important and commonly used member of the fluoroquinolone group of antibiotics. Ciprofloxacin inhibits DNA topoisomerase II and DNA topoisomerase IV activities, eventually leading to bacterial cell death. In addition, an increase of reactive oxygen species in the bacterial cells in response to ciprofloxacin has been shown. We investigated the role of reactive oxygen species in the antibacterial action of ciprofloxacin by studying the effects of different antioxidant compounds on ciprofloxacin susceptibility of Escherichia coli. Among the antioxidants checked, glutathione and ascorbic acid provided substantial protection against ciprofloxacin. The involvement of superoxide anion (O2-) and hydrogen peroxide (H2O2) in the antibacterial action of ciprofloxacin was analyzed using superoxide dismutase, catalase, and alkyl hydroperoxide reductase knockout strains of E. coli. The effects of multicopy sod genes on ciprofloxacin susceptibility of E. coli were also analyzed. On the basis of our results, we conclude that O2- and H2O2 may be involved in antibacterial action of ciprofloxacin. Our findings that glutathione gave protection against other fluoroquinolones and not against nonfluoroquinolone antibiotics imply that reactive oxygen species may have a similar role in the antibacterial action of all these fluoroquinolones and that glutathione-mediated protection is not a general phenomenon but specific to fluoroquinolones. These observations are of significance, as fluoroquinolones are important antibiotics with immense therapeutic value, and the effectiveness of treatment by these drugs may be affected by dietary intake and cellular levels of these antioxidants.

Contract or War? On the Consequences of a Broader View of Self-Interest in Economics

The first principle of Economics is that every agent is actuated only by self-interest. The workings of this principle may be viewed under two aspects, according as the agent acts without, or with, the consent of others affected by his actions. In wide senses, the first species of action may be called war, the second, contract. (This abstract was borrowed from another version of this item.)

Possible Involvement of Reactive Oxygen Species in Action of Some Anti-Blast Fungicides

A mode of action of three commercial fungicides against rice blast disease was studied using susceptible cultivar. Tricyclazole or fthalide when added to fungal nutrient medium altered melanin pigmentation of spores. The spores from treated cultures lost their pathogenicity. Simultaneously they acquired an enhanced sensitivity to inhibition of germination by leaf diffusates, intensive light, and superoxide-generating model system, perhaps due to decreased tolerance to active oxygen mediating these damages. Probenazole had no such action on fungus. In soil application of tricyclazole this substance (or its derivatives) liberated from leaf into infective drop in quantities sufficient, to alter pigmentation of a fungal mycelium and to prevent the disease. Treatment of rice plants with each of three fungicides also stimulated oxygen activation in leaf excretions. It was expressed in an overproduction of chemically detected superoxide and in correlative enhancement of the fungitoxicity mediated with O2- and H2O2. In infected plants these effects were observed only with kinds of fungicide application prevented the disease. It is concluded that the antioxidative capacity of a parasite is one of the conditions of its pathogenicity. Inhibition of this capacity and/or stimulation of oxygen activation in host may be additional causes of disease-controlling action of fungicides tested.

SPECTROSCOPIC STUDIES OF COUMARIN IN MICELLES

Steady-state and time-resolved emission spectroscopic techniques have been employed to characterize the coumarin species and identify which species is solubilized in the hydrocarbon core micelles of triton X-100 (neutral), hexadecyltrimethyl ammonium bromide (cationic) and dodecyl lithium sulfate (anionic) solutions under physiological conditions at 77 K. The emission and absorption spectra for the following species of coumarin-monomer, hydrogenbonded complex, molecular aggregation and strong hydrophobic aggregates-were recorded in methylcyclohexane (MCH), ethanol, buffers and aqueous solutions. The fluorescence and phosphorescence emissions of monomer in MCH at 77 K are assigned as resulting from 1(pi, pi*)1 and 3(pi, pi*)1 states, respectively, originated from the ethylenic bond and carbonyl of the pyrone ring. Molecular orbital calculations using the Hydrogenic Atoms in Molecule, version 3, method were carried out to help interpretation of the spectroscopic results. The photophysical properties from each species are used to probe which species penetrates in the hydrophobic region of micelles. It was found that a fifth species of coumarin assigned as the "action species" is solubilized into the interior of micelles. These observations could lend some insight into the mechanism of transporting coumarins across the membrane.

A model for deliberation, action, and introspection

This thesis investigates the problem of controlling or directing the reasoning and actions of a computer program. The basic approach explored is to view reasoning as a species of action, so that a program might apply its reasoning powers to the task of deciding what inferences to make as well as to deciding what other actions to take. A design for the architecture of reasoning programs is proposed. This architecture involves self-consciousness, intentional actions, deliberate adaptations, and a form of decision-making based on dialectical argumentation. A program based on this architecture inspects itself, describes aspects of itself to itself, and uses this self-reference and these self-descriptions in making decisions and taking actions. The program's mental life includes awareness of its own concepts, beliefs, desires, intentions, inferences, actions, and skills. All of these are represented by self-descriptions in a single sort of language, so that the program has access to all of these aspects of itself, and can reason about them in the same terms.

A Puzzle About the Character of God

The following assumptions seem plausible from the point of view of (relatively) orthodox Christianity: (1) is omnipotent; (2) is omniscient; (3) created the world; and (4) can perform miracles. In asserting that is all-powerful, I am asserting that there does not exist a specific transformation which could not effect, except for those transformations the descriptions of which are logically contradictory or entail logical contradictions. In asserting that is all-knowing, I am asserting that knows every true proposition and believes only true ones. In addition to assuming the truth of (1) (4), I also assume that each is meaningful. This final assumption requires that every predicate term which is used in a true sentence of the form God is such-andsuch must be understood as falling within the scope of the analysis of the logically necessary and sufficient conditions for the correct application of that predicate term. This requirement holds for both univocal predication and for analogical predication. On the hand, the assumption that (1) (4) are meaningful renders my conclusions irrelevant to those who think that is essentially unknowable-a wholly other being whose nature we can only intimate by metaphors. The argument of this paper will be that the list of four assumptions is not self-consistent, once certain necessary truths are accepted. My strategy will be to show that creating and performing miracles are both species of action and that an all-knowing being could not possibly perform an action. In executing this strategy I shall consider three plausible but mistaken ways to argue for the conclusion and then consider what I take to be a sound argument. The following seems to be a necessary truth:

SLEEP THE RESULT OF DIFFERENTIATION.

SYLLABUS. There are no atypical cells in the organisms; for this reason and others there must be something guiding all biologic processes—species in action is identical with vitality. The fundamental functions are assimilation and proliferation; differentiation is the tendency of bringing assimilation and proliferation in contact with the outer world under most favorable conditions. These influences are either food and air or disengaged (cosmic) energy. Food is preeminently chemic change and is carried on a neutral road through the body; cosmic influences are carried in an electrical form also on neutral roads. Blood and nerves are neutral in consequence of their metaplastic nature as hair and nails are. All biologic phenomena are subject to the law of conservation of energy but controlled by species. Trypsinogen and inogen are transformed by a specific irritation into trypsin, or mechanical force, respectively. Similar to this, we have to assume a product in the

On the action of the rays of the solar spectrum on vegetable colours

The author, having prosecuted the inquiry, the first steps of which he communicated in a paper read to the Royal Society in February 1840, relating to the effects of the solar spectrum on the colouring matter of the Viola tricolor , and on the resin of guaiacum, relates, in the present paper, the results of an extensive series of similar experiments, both on those substances, and also on a great number of vegetable colours, derived from the petals of flowers, and the leaves of various plants. In the case of the destruction of colour of the preparations of guaiacum, which takes place by the action of heat, as well as by the more refrangible rays of light, he ascertained that although the non-luminous thermic rays produce an effect, in as far as they communicate heat, they are yet incapable of effecting that peculiar chemical change which other rays, much less copiously endowed with heating power, produce in the same experiment. He also found that the discoloration produced by the less refrangible rays is much accelerated by the application of artificial terrestrial heat, whether communicated by conduction or by radiation; while, on the other hand, it is in no degree promoted by the purely thermic rays beyond the spectrum, acting under precisely similar circumstances, and in an equal degree of condensation. The author proceeds to describe, in great detail, the photographic effects produced on papers coloured by various vegetable juices, and afterwards washed with solutions of particular salts; and gives a minute account of the manipulations he employed for the purpose of imparting to paper the greatest degree of sensitiveness to the action of solar light. This action he found to be exceedingly various, both as regards its total intensity and the distribution of the active rays over the spectrum. He observed, however, that the following peculiarities obtain almost universally in the species of action exerted. First, the action is positive ; that is to say, light destroys colour, either totally, or leaving a residual tint, on which it has no further, or a very much slower action; thus effecting a sort of chromatic analysis, in which two distinct elements of colour are separated, by destroying the one and leaving the other outstanding. The older the paper, or the tincture with which it is stained, the greater is the amount of this residual tint.

XVI. On the magnetism of iron arising from its rotation

As the principles on which phenomena depend can only be discovered by a careful investigation of the circumstances attending every new fact which presents itself, its import­ance must not, in the first instance, be estimated by the magnitude of the effects produced, but by their peculiarity. However minute may be the effects, an inquiry into the laws which govern them, if unattended by any other, will have this advantage, that these laws will serve as an additional test of the correctness of the principles advanced for the ex­planation of the more striking phænomena, firmly establish­ing their truth, if the consequences of those principles, or being incompatible with them, pointing out their fallacy. Thus the severest test that the principle of gravitation has been subjected to, is the explanation of the minute irregula­rities in the planetary motions; and the coincidence of the observed irregularities with those deduced from the applica­tion of this principle would have established its truth beyond dispute, had any doubt previously remained. In the expe­riments which I am about to detail, the effects produced are of this minute character; but as they point out a species of action not hitherto observed, they will not, I trust, be consi­dered unimportant. It has been stated that different effects will be produced on iron, as regards its polarity, when struck, twisted, filed, or scoured in different positions, with respect to the magnetic axis or line of the dip; but I am not aware that it has ever been suspected that the simple rotation of iron, in different direc­tions, would have any effect on the manner in which the iron influenced a magnetic needle. This I have discovered to be the case; and that the laws which govern this peculiar action on the needle are so general and uniform, that I have no doubt their causes are as steady in their operation, as those to which the more striking phenomena of magnetism owe their origin. On observing these magnetical phenomena arising purely from rotation, it appeared to me that they might possibly indicate the cause of the earth's magnetism; and this was a further inducement to me thoroughly to investigate the circumstances connected with them. Before giving the particulars of these phenomena, it is necessary that I should mention how I was first led to observe them.